簡介:西方語言學流派漫談SCHOOLSOFLINGUISTICSSOMERANDOMTHOUGHTS,北京外國語大學中國外語教育研究中心劉潤清,為何要講流派問題,我主張,進入一個研究領(lǐng)域時,第一要宏觀,第二要對思想(IDEAS感興趣。宏觀做研究,別一下扎到一個小領(lǐng)域、小題目里去,那樣會見木不見林。了解宏觀背景,讓你不失迷方向。對思想、哲學理念感興趣,比只對純技術(shù)性的東西感興趣,更有意義。技術(shù)是手段,提高認識是追求。,1區(qū)分流派與分支,11流派多指思潮,有代表人物,代表著作,主要觀點,研究方法,盛行時代,有其影響,往往有歷史視角。(它未必對領(lǐng)域中的諸多問題都有論述。)SCHOOLSREFERTOTRENDSOFTHOUGHT,WITHTHEIRREPRESENTATIVEFIGURES,WORKS,UNIQUEIDEAS,METHODSANDINFLUENCEONLATERDEVELOPMENTADIACHRONICPERSPECTIVE,區(qū)分流派與分支,12分支多指領(lǐng)域,研究范圍,也有經(jīng)典著作,有影響的人物,多用共時觀點??赡芏鄠€流派都對它有過貢獻。BRANCHESREFERTOAREASOFSTUDY,WITHTHEIRCLASSICS,ANDINFLUENTIALFIGURESOFTENASYNCHRONICPERSPECTIVE,1區(qū)分流派與分支,13歷史視角和共時視角一起可以畫出一個十字,像一個坐標THEDIACHRONICANDSYNCHRONICPERSPECTIVESWILLFORMACROSS,WHICHLIKEACOORDINATE,,DISTINCTIONBETWEENSCHOOLSANDBRANCHES,,,,1區(qū)分流派與分支,12語言學的分支BRANCHES從內(nèi)部分語音學,音系位學,詞匯學,形態(tài)學,句法學,語義學,語用學DISTINCTIONFROMWITHINPHONETICS,PHONOLOGY,LEXICOLOGY,MORPHOLOGY,SYNTAX,SEMANTIC,PRAGMATICS,1區(qū)分流派與分支,從外部分心理語言學,社會語言學,計算語言學,神經(jīng)語言學,文化語言學,人類語言學,語料庫語言學等。DISTINCTIONFROMWITHOUTPSYCHOLINGUISTICS,SOCIOLINGUISTICS,COMPUTATIONLINGUISTICS,NEUROLINGUISTICS,ANTHROPOLOGICALLINGUISTICS,CULTURALLINGUISTICS,CORPUSLINGUISTICS,ETC,1區(qū)分流派與分支,大分類理論語言學,應(yīng)用語言學THEORETICALLINGUISTICSANDAPPLIEDLINGUISTICS,1區(qū)分流派與分支,13語言學流派傳統(tǒng)語法600BC18世紀TRADITIONALGRAMMAR歷史語言學19世紀100年HISTORICALLINGUISTICS現(xiàn)代語言學開端索緖爾,20世紀初THEBEGINNINGOFMODERNLINGUISTICS,1區(qū)分流派與分支,歐洲功能主義20世紀2050EUROPEANFUNCTIONALISM倫敦學派194050THELONDONSCHOOL系統(tǒng)功能語法1960現(xiàn)在HALLIDAY’SSYSTEMICFUNCTIONALGRAMMAR,1區(qū)分流派與分支,美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學193050AMERICANSTRUCTURALISM美國轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法1957現(xiàn)CHOMSKY’SGENERATIVEGRAMMAR認知語言學(TODAY)COGNITIVELINGUISTICS,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,21形式派注重分析語言的形式,結(jié)構(gòu),成分和成分的分布,對語言進行形式描寫和描寫的形式化,考慮語言的心理性THEFORMALSCHOOLEMPHASIZETHEFORMAL,STRUCTURALASPECTSOFL,ANDDISTRIBUTIONOFELEMENTSFORMALIZETHEDESCRIPTIONOFLAPSYCHOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,22功能派注重分析語言的功能,分析不同層次上的成分的語義功能,認為功能決定形式,考慮語言的社會性THEFUNCTIONALSCHOOLEMPHASIZETHEFUNCTIONALNATUREOFLANALYZETHESEMANTICFUNCTIONOFELEMENTSONALLLEVELSFUNCTIONDETERMINESFORMASOCIOLINGUISTICPERSPECTIVE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,23兩派的區(qū)別形式主義者認為語言是心理現(xiàn)象功能主義者說語言是社會現(xiàn)象THEFORMALCAMPSAYLANGUAGEISAPSYCHOLOGICALFACTTHEFUNCTIONALCAMPSAYLANGUAGEISASOCIALFACT,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,2形式主義者說語言普遍現(xiàn)象是人類生理遺傳功能主義者說是來自社會對語言的普遍運用THEFORMALCAMPSAYLINGUISTICUNIVERSALSAREMEN’SBIOLOGICALINHERITANCETHEFUNCTIONALCAMPSAYLANGUAGESIMILARITIESCOMEFROMTHECOMMONUSEOFLANGUAGE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,3形式主義者說兒童習得語言是人類的內(nèi)在能力功能主義者說這是兒童交際的需要和能力的發(fā)展THEFORMALCAMPSAYTHATCHILDRENAREBORNWITHTHEABILITYTOACQUIRELANGUAGETHEFUNCTIONALCAMPSAYTHATLANGUAGELEARNINGCOMESFROMCHILDREN’SNEEDSANDDEVELOPMENT,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,4形式主義者把語言當成獨立系統(tǒng)研究;功能主義者把語言放在社會功能中研究。THEFORMALISTSREGARDLANGUAGEASANINDEPENDENTSYSTEMTHEFORMALISTSSTUDYLANGUAGEINTHESOCIALCONTEXTBYREFERRINGTOITSSOCIALFUNCTION,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,24韓禮德20世紀下半葉的基本對立陣營不是結(jié)構(gòu)主義與生成語法。最根本的兩大陣營是以組合關(guān)系為取向的形式派(形式語法,源于邏輯和哲學),和以聚合關(guān)系為取向的功能派(功能語法,源于修辭和人種學)。形式派把語言看成一系列的結(jié)構(gòu),這些結(jié)構(gòu)之間可以找出固定的關(guān)系(所以才有轉(zhuǎn)換一說);他們強調(diào)語言的普遍性,把語法(他們稱之為句法)看成是語言的基礎(chǔ)(所以語法是任意的),因此語法圍繞著句子而展開。,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,HALLIDAYTHEBASICOPPOSITIONISNOTTHATBETWEEN‘STRUCTURAL’AND‘GENERATIVE’GRAMMARSTHEMOREFUNDAMENTALOPPOSITIONISBETWEENTHOSETHATAREPRIMARILYSYMTAGMATICINORIENTATIONBYANDLARGETHEFORMALGRAMMARS,WITHTHEIRROOTSINLOGICANDPHILOSOPHY,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,ANDTHOSETHATAREPRIMARILYPARADIGMATICBYANDLARGETHEFUNCTIONALONES,WITHTHEIRROOTSINRHETORICANDETHNOGRAPHYTHEFORMERINTERPRETALANGUAGEALISTOFSTRUCTURES,AMONGWHICH,REGULARRELATIONSHIPSMAYBEESTABLISHED,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,HENCETHEINTRODUCTIONOFTRANSFORMATIONTHEYTENDTOEMPHASIZEUNIVERSALFEATURESOFLANGUAGE,TOTAKEGRAMMARWHICHTHEYCALLSYNTAXASTHEFOUNDATIONOFLANGUAGEHENCETHEGRAMMARISARBITRARY,ANDSOTOBEORGANIZEDAROUNDTHESENTENCE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,功能派把語言看成是一個關(guān)系網(wǎng),其基本關(guān)系借助于結(jié)構(gòu)加以實現(xiàn);他們強調(diào)語言之間的不同點,把語義看做語言的基礎(chǔ)(所以語法是自然的),因此語法是圍繞著文本或語篇而展開的。兩個陣營之間有許多交叉,也有互相借鑒,但從思潮上講二者是很不同的,兩大陣營開展對話也很困難。,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,THEFUNCTIONALISTSINTERPRETLANGUAGEASANETWORKOFRELATIONS,WITHSTRUCTURESCOMINGINASTHEREALIZATIONOFTHESERELATIONSHIPSTHEYTENDTOEMPHASIZEVARIABLESAMONGLANGUAGES,TOTAKESEMANTICSASTHEFOUNDATIONHENCETHEGRAMMARISNATURAL,ANDSOTOBEORGANIZEDAROUNDTHETEXT,ORDISCOURSE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,THEREAREMANYCROSSCURRENTS,WITHINSIGHTSBORROWEDFROMONETOTHEOTHERBUTTHEYAREIDEOLOGICALLYFAIRLYDIFFICULTANDITISOFTENDIFFICULTYTOMAINTAINADIALOGUE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,韓禮德還說功能語法屬于應(yīng)用研究,形式語法屬于純理論研究;功能語法更近于修辭,形式語法更近于邏輯;功能語法研究實際語言能力,形式語法研究理想的語言能力;功能語法研究文本/語篇,形式語法研究句子。功能語法把文本分析看做行為方式,語言理論是成事之手段。,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,HALLIDAYINGENERALTHEFUNCTIONALAPPROACHLEANSTOWARDSTHEAPPLIEDRATHERTHANTHEPURE,THERHETORICALRATHERTHANTHELOGICAL,THEACTUALRATHERTHEIDEAL,THEFUNCTIONALRATHERTHANTHEFORMAL,THETEXTRATHERTHANTHESENTENCE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,THEEMPHASISISONTEXTANALYSISASAMODEOFACTION,ATHEORYOFLANGUAGEASAMEANSOFGETTINGTHINGSDONE研究流派更具理論價值從哲學上看,如何看待世界就如何看待語言從心理學上看,“白板說”和“內(nèi)容說”也區(qū)分兩派從方法論上看,歸納法,演繹法,證實,證偽,還是二者結(jié)合等,也有不同。,3流派與分支的價值SIGNIFICANCEOFTHETWO,IT’SMORETHEORETICALLYSIGNIFICANTTOSTUDYSCHOOLSTHEYINVOLVEPHILOSOPHY,PSYCHOLOGYBLANKSLATE/CONTENTAPPROACH,ANDMETHODOLOGYINDUCTION,DEDUCTION,VERIFICATION,FALSIFICATION,ABDUCTION,3流派與分支的價值SIGNIFICANCEOFTHETWO,研究分支更具使用價值語言內(nèi)部分支也有理論價值,但有更多的使用價值外部分支既有理論價值,又有應(yīng)用價值IT’SMORESIGNIFICANTINPRACTICETOSTUDYTHEVARIOUSBRANCHESOFLINGUISTICS,NOTWITHOUTTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCE,3流派與分支的價值SIGNIFICANCEOFTHETWO,任何學科內(nèi),不應(yīng)該只注重應(yīng)用研究,基礎(chǔ)理論研究十分重要。基礎(chǔ)研究費時費力,見效慢;應(yīng)用研究見效快。INANYDISCIPLINEWESHOULDTAKESERIOUSLYBOTHBASIC,PURERESEARCHANDAPPLIEDRESEARCHBOTHAREUSEFULANDIMPORTANT,5流派介紹傳統(tǒng)語法,41傳統(tǒng)語法從希臘語到拉丁語,再從拉丁語到其他歐洲語言注重語音和詞匯,句法很少,以教學語法為主,多為規(guī)定性語法,不是描寫性語法影響很大,時間很長其貢獻是創(chuàng)造了描寫工具其術(shù)語今天還在使用TRADITIONALGRAMMARFOCUSONPHONETICSANDWORDSSCHOOLGRAMMAR,PRESCRIPTIVEINFLUENTIALITSTERMSSTILLINUSETODAY,5流派介紹歷史語言學,42歷史語言學語言比較,語言歷史,語言譜系,語音變化規(guī)律其后期的新語法學派為避免20世紀培養(yǎng)了人才歷史語言學為避免20世紀現(xiàn)代語言學開端鋪平道路。HISTORICALLINGUISTICSLANGUAGECOMPARISON,FAMILYTREESOFLANGUAGESLAWSOFSOUNDCHANGENEOGRAMMARIANSPAVEDTHEWAYFORMODERNLINGUISTICSINTHE20THCENTURY,5流派介紹歷史語言學,5流派介紹歷史語言學,,6流派介紹現(xiàn)代語言學開端,43索緒爾現(xiàn)代語言學鼻祖區(qū)分了語言和言語,歷時語言學和共時語言學,語言符號的任意性,所指和能指都是任意的語言是一個系統(tǒng),一個關(guān)系系統(tǒng)在系統(tǒng)中的位置決定其意義語言是符號學中最典型的代表其理論影響深遠SAUSSUREFATHEROFMODERNLINGUISTICSLANGUAGE/SPEECHARBITRARINESSOFLANGUAGESYNCHRONIC/DIACHRONICSIGNIFIER/SIGNIFIEDSYSTEMOFSIGNS,德克海姆EDURKHEIM,佛洛依德SIGMUNDFREUD,6流派介紹現(xiàn)代語言學開端,德國哲學家ERNSTCASSIRER把索緒爾與伽利略相提并論“INTHEWHOLEHISTORYOFSCIENCETHEREISPERHAPSNOMOREFASCINATINGACHAPTERTHANTHERISEOFTHENEWSCIENCEOFLINGUISTICSINITSIMPORTANCEITMAYVERYWELLBECOMPAREDTOTHENEWSCIENCEOFGALILEO,WHICHINTHE17THCENTURY,CHANGEDOURWHOLECONCEPTOFTHEPHYSICALWORLD”,7流派介紹早期功能學派,44歐洲功能學派布拉格學派,哥本哈根學派貢獻音位學,已知信息和待傳信息主位和述位主題和評述影響大功能主義鼻祖。FUNCTIONALSCHOOLSINEUROPETHEPRAGUESCHOOLTHECOPENHAGENSCHOOLCONTRIBUTIONTOPHONOLOGYGIVEN/NEWINFORMATIONTHEME/RHEMETOPIC/COMMENTINFLUENTIALAROUND192040,8流派介紹美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義,45美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義博厄斯,薩裴爾,布龍菲爾德,哈利斯,豪克特等薩裴爾沃爾夫假說,又稱語言相對論哲學上的實證主義和“百板說”心理學上的行為主義AMERICANSTRUCTURALISMFBOAZ,ESAPIR,LEONARDBLOOMFIELD,ZHARISS,CHOCKETT,THESAPIRWHORFHYPOTHESIS,EMPIRICISMINPHILOSOPHY,‘BLANKSLATE’,BEHAVIORISMINPSYCHOLOGY,博厄斯BOAZ,薩佩爾SAPIR,LBLOOMFIELD,布龍菲爾德,馮特WUNDT,華生WATSON,斯金納SKINNER,8流派介紹美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義,嚴格的“發(fā)現(xiàn)程序”,二分法,不問意義和功能,看結(jié)構(gòu)分布重證據(jù),不看主觀印象教學上的“聽說法”影響外語教學幾十年豪克特的確16個語言設(shè)計特征十分重要RIGID‘PROCEDUREOFDISCOVERY’,BINARYCUTTING,IGNOREMEANINGDISTRIBUTIONOFELEMENTSEMPHASISONEVIDENCETHANIMPRESSIONAUDIOLINGUALMETHODINTEACHINGDESIGNFEATURESOFLANGUAGE,9流派介紹喬姆斯基生成語法,45美國的喬姆斯基生成語法語言上的一場革命其語言觀,哲學上的唯理主義,心理學上認知主義語言與生俱來,強調(diào)大腦的初始狀態(tài)目標是揭示語言本質(zhì)和人類本質(zhì)CHOMSKY’SGENERATIVEGRAMMARAREVOLUTIONRATIONALISMINPHILOSOPHYCOGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGYLANGUAGEISINNATEINITIALSTATEOFMINDREVEALNATUREOFLTOSHOWNATUREOFMAN,喬姆斯基CHOMSKY,流派介紹喬姆斯基生成語法,萊茵斯評喬氏“CHOMKY’SPOSITIONISNOTONLYUNIQUEWITHINLINGUISTICSATTHEPRESENTTIME,BUTISPROBABLYUNPRECEDENTEDINTHEWHOLEHISTORYOFTHESUBJECTRIGHTORWRONG,CHOMSKY’STHEORYOFGRAMMARISUNDOUBTEDLYTHEMOSTDYNAMICANDINFLUENTIAL,ANDNOLINGUISTWHOWISHESTOKEEPABREASTOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSINHISSUBJECTCANAFFORDTOIGNORECHOMSKY’STHEORETICALPRONOUNCEMENTS”–JOHNLYONS,CHOMSKY,“ITSEEMSPLAINTHATLANGUAGEACQUISITIONISBASEDONTHECHILD’SDISCOVERYOFWHATFROMAFORMALPOINTOFVIEWISADEEPANDABSTRACTTHEORY–AGENERATIVEGRAMMAROFHISLANGUAGE–MANYOFTHECONCEPTSANDPRINCIPLESOFWHICHAREONLYREMOTELYRELATEDTOEXPERIENCEBYLONGANDINTRICATECHAINSOFTHEUNCONSCIOUSQUASIINFERENTIALSTEPSACONSIDERATIONOFTHECHARACTEROFTHEGRAMMARTHATISACQUIRED,THE,CHOMSKY,DEGENERATEQUALITYANDNARROWLYLIMITEDEXTENTOFTHEAVAILABLEDATA,THESTRIKINGUNIFORMITYOFTHERESULTINGGRAMMAR,ANDTHEIRINDEPENDENCEOFINTELLIGENCE,MOTIVATION,ANDEMOTIONALSTATE,OVERWIDERANGEOFVARIATION,LEAVELITTLEHOPETHATMUCHOFTHESTRUCTUREOFTHELANGUAGECANBELEARNEDBYANORGANISMINITIALLYUNINFORMEDASTOITSGENERALCHARACTERCHOMSKY1965ASPECTSOFTHETHEORYOFSYNTAX,,“顯然,語言習得基于兒童發(fā)現(xiàn)從形式角度看是一種深奧、抽象的理論即母語的一種生成語法。這種語法的許多概念和原則必須經(jīng)過漫長、復雜的無意識的亞推理過程,才與經(jīng)驗稍稍相連。稍微想一想兒童習得的語法性質(zhì),他接觸到的語料質(zhì)量之差和范圍之小,兒童習得語言與智力、動機、情緒毫無關(guān)系,而且他們的環(huán)境因素千差萬別,最后所得語法的卻驚人地相似,讓我們很難相信,一個對語法沒有大致了解的有機體,能夠?qū)W到這麼多語言結(jié)構(gòu)知識?!眴淌?,1965句法理論面面觀,9流派介紹喬姆斯基生成語法,語言描寫力求形式化句法獨立,句法為核心觀察充分,描寫充分,解釋充分其影響深遠,令人耳目一新喬氏理論對哲學,心理學,計算機語言,形式化等,都有貢獻TOFORMALIZETHEDESCRIPTIONOFLINDEPENDENCEOFSYNTAXEMPHASISONEXPLANATORYPOWERCONTRIBUTIONTOPHILOSOPHY,PSYCHOLOGY,COMPUTERSCIENCEBIOLOGYBIOLINGUISTICS,CHOMSKY語言天賦,IN“THEARCHITECTUREOFLANGUAGE”200250HEWROTE“LOTSOFPEOPLEREJECTTHEPROPOSALTHATLANGUAGEISINNATEBUTNOBODYANSWERSTHEMTHEREASONWHYNOBODYANSWERSISTHATTHEIRARGUMENTSWOULDMAKENOSENSETHERE’SNOWAYTOANSWERTHEMTOSAYTHAT‘LANGUAGEISNOTINNATE’ISTOSAYTHATTHEREISNODIFFERENCEBETWEENMYGRANDDAUGHTER,AROCKANDARABBITINOTHERWORDS,IFYOUTAKEAROCK,ARABBITAND,CHOMSKY語言天賦,MYGRANDDAUGHTERANDPUTTHEMINACOMMUNITYWHEREPEOPLEARETALKINGENGLISH,THEY’LLALLLEARNENGLISHIFPEOPLEBELIEVETHAT,THENTHEYBELIEVETHATLANGUAGEISNOTINNATEIFTHEYBELIEVETHATTHEREISADIFFERENCEBETWEENMYGRANDDAUGHTER,ARABBITANDAROCK,THENTHEYBELIEVETHATLANGUAGEISINNATE”,CHOMSKY語言教學,CHOMSKY1988”TEACHINGSHOULDNOTBECOMPAREDTOFILLINGABOTTLEWITHWATERBUTRATHERTOHELPINGAFLOWERTOGROWINITSOWNWAYASANYGOODTEACHERKNOWS,THEMETHODSOFINSTRUCTIONANDRANGEOFMATERIALCOVEREDAREOFSMALLIMPORTANTASCOMPAREDWITHTHESUCCESSINAROUSINGTHENATURALCURIOSITYOFTHESTUDENTS喚起學生的自然好奇心ANDSTIMULATINGTHEIRINTERESTIN,CHOMSKY語言教學,EXPLORINGONTHEIROWN激勵他們?nèi)プ晕姨剿鞯呐d趣WHATTHESTUDENTSLEARNPASSIVELYWILLBEQUICKLYFORGOTTENWHATTHESTUDENTSDISCOVERFORTHEMSELVESWHENTHEIRNATURALCURIOSITYANDCREATIVEIMPULSESAREAROUSEDNOTONLYWILLBEREMEMBEREDBUTWILLBETHEBASISFORFURTHEREXPLORATIONANDINQUIRYANDPERHAPSSIGNIFICANTINTELLECTUALCONTRIBUTIONS,10流派介紹系統(tǒng)功能語言學,46倫敦語言學派英國有悠久語言研究傳統(tǒng),人造語言、速寫、拼法改革等起于英國,著名語音學家丹尼爾瓊
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