簡介:5700英文單詞,英文單詞,29萬英文字符,中文萬英文字符,中文9500字文獻出處文獻出處AVENTWHATISSAFETYSCIENCEJSAFETYSCIENCE,2014,67671520WHATISSAFETYSCIENCETERJEAVENABSTRACTTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEISSUEOFHOWTOUNDERSTANDSAFETYSCIENCEASACONCEPTSEVERALDEFINITIONSOFSAFETYAREREVIEWEDANDDISCUSSED,INCLUDINGTHEINTERPRETATIONSTHATSAFETYISTHEABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDACCIDENTSANDTHATSAFETYISTHEANTONYMOFRISKREFLECTIONSAREALSOMADEONWHATSCIENCEMEANSINRELATIONTOSAFETYITISARGUEDTHATSAFETYSCIENCECANBEVIEWEDASKNOWLEDGEABOUTSAFETYRELATEDISSUES,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCONCEPTS,THEORIES,PRINCIPLESANDMETHODSTOUNDERSTAND,ASSESS,COMMUNICATEANDMANAGEINABROADSENSESAFETYINADDITIONWEMAYSPEAKABOUTSCIENCESAFETYASADISCIPLINE,COVERINGTHETOTALITYOFRELEVANTEDUCATIONALPROGRAMMES,JOURNALS,PAPERS,RESEARCHERS,RESEARCHGROUPSANDSOCIETIES,ETCKEYWORDSSAFETYCONCEPTSAFETYSCIENCERISKPERSPECTIVERISKASSESSMENT1INTRODUCTIONTOSTUDYTHECONCEPT‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’THENATURALPOINTOFDEPARTUREISTHESCOPEANDAIMSOFTHISJOURNAL,SAFETYSCIENCEWEREADFROMTHEJOURNAL’SWEBSITESAFETYSCIENCESERVESASANINTERNATIONALMEDIUMFORRESEARCHINTHESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYOFHUMANSAFETYITEXTENDSFROMSAFETYOFPEOPLEATWORKTOOTHERSPHERES,SUCHASTRANSPORT,LEISUREANDHOME,ASWELLASEVERYOTHERFIELDOFMAN’SHAZARDOUSACTIVITIESSAFETYSCIENCEISMULTIDISCIPLINARYITSCONTRIBUTORSANDITSAUDIENCERANGEFROMPSYCHOLOGISTSTOCHEMICALENGINEERSTHEJOURNALCOVERSTHEPHYSICSANDENGINEERINGOFSAFETYITSSOCIAL,POLICYANDORGANISATIONALASPECTSTHEMANAGEMENTOFRISKSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCONTROLTECHNIQUESFORSAFETYSTANDARDIZATION,LEGISLATION,INSPECTION,INSURANCE,COSTINGASPECTS,HUMANBEHAVIOURANDSAFETYANDTHELIKESAFETYSCIENCEWILLENABLEACADEMICRESEARCHERS,ENGINEERSANDDECISIONMAKERSINCOMPANIES,GOVERNMENTAGENCIESANDINTERNATIONALBODIES,TOAUGMENTTHEIRINFORMATIONLEVELONTHELATESTTRENDSINTHEFIELD,FROMPOLICYMAKERSANDMANAGEMENTSCIENTISTSTOTRANSPORTENGINEERSTHEJOURNALFOCUSESPRIMARILYONORIGINALRESEARCHPAPERSACROSSITSWHOLESCOPE,BUTALSOWELCOMESSTATEOFTHEARTREVIEWPAPERSANDFIRSTHANDCASEHISTORIESONACCIDENTSANDDISASTERSOFSPECIALSIGNIFICANCETHEEMPHASISISONSAFETYRISKS,ASDISTINCTFROMHEALTHRISKS,BUTMAYINCLUDEBOTHSAFETYSCIENCE,2012THISTEXTPROVIDESSOMEINSIGHTSABOUTTHECONCEPTOF‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’,BUTALSOLEAVESOPENSOMEQUESTIONS,SUCHAS–WHATISSAFETYTHEJOURNALRESTRICTSITSATTENTIONTOHUMANSAFETY,BUTTHECONCEPTOFSAFETYMAYEXTENDBEYONDTHISAREAWHATABOUTENVIRONMENTALISSUESANDASSETS,FOREXAMPLEANDSECURITYMANYDEFINITIONSOFTHESAFETYCONCEPTEXIST,BUTWHICHONESARESUITABLEINTHISSETTING–HOWISSAFETYLINKEDTORISKASWEKNOW,THECONCEPTOFRISKCANBEUNDERSTOODINMANYWAYS–WHATISSCIENCEINTHISCONTEXTHOWISSCIENCEOFSAFETYLINKEDTORESEARCHABOUTSAFETYTHEJOURNALDEFINESARESEARCHPAPERAS‘‘NEWLYCOLLECTEDORANALYSEDDATA,EXPERIMENTALORSURVEYRESULTS,ORAPROPOSEDNEWTHEORYORMODELSUPPORTEDBYANALYSISANDARGUMENTSSAFETYSAFETYANDSAFEWEAVOIDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFADOUBLESETOFDEFINITIONSFORRISKANDSAFETYWHENTHERISKASSESSMENTDESCRIBESRISKINRELATIONTOLOSSOFLIVES,ITASSESSESTHESAFETYATTHESAMETIMETHERECOULDOFCOURSEINPRACTICEBEASPECTSOFIMPORTANCEFORTHESAFETYNOTCAPTUREDBYTHERISKASSESSMENTFOREXAMPLEPSYCHOLOGICALFACTORSINRELATIONTOSOMEACCIDENTEVENTS,YETTHISWOULDNOTBETHERESULTOFDIFFERENCESINTHECONCEPTSBUTDUETOSIMPLIFICATIONSANDLIMITATIONSINTHEASSESSMENTHOWEVER,THISCOMMONPLATFORMFORTHERISKANDSAFETYCONCEPTNEEDSTOBEBASEDONSUFFICIENTLYBROADRISKPERSPECTIVESWHICHGIVEDUEATTENTIONTOTHEUNCERTAINTIES,ASDISCUSSEDINAVEN2009THEUNDERSTANDINGOFSAFETYASABSENCEOFACCIDENTS,LOSSESETC,REPRESENTSACOMPLETELYDIFFERENTWAYATLOOKINGATSAFETYSEEFIG2THISTYPEOFUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESAFETYCONCEPTLEADSTOANEEDFORACHANGEINNORMALNOMENCLATUREASTHEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCESAANDCAREUNKNOWNWHENLOOKINGATTHEFUTURE,WECANNOTREFERTOHIGHORLOWSAFETYWEHAVETOSPEAKABOUTTHEPROBABILITYOFTHESAFETYBEINGLOWORHIGH,ORTHEUNCERTAINTIESABOUTTHESAFETYBEINGHIGHORLOWWEOBSERVETHATSAFETYISINFACTANEVENTWITH‘‘NOOCCURRENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCES’’OR,USINGTHEDEFINITIONOFLEVESON1995,‘‘NOACCIDENTSOCCURRING’’HENCESAFETYISCLOSELYLINKEDTOTHERISKDEFINITIONBYROSA1998,2003FIG1ILLUSTRATIONOFTHEPERSPECTIVETHATIFASITUATIONISCONSIDEREDSAFE,ITHASACCEPTABLERISK,WHENADOPTINGA‘‘NARROW’’RISKVIEWBASEDONPROBABILITIESANDEXPECTEDVALUESIFABROADERRISKPERSPECTIVEISADOPTED,THESAFEAREAANDTHEACCEPTABLERISKAREACOINCIDEFIG2ILLUSTRATIONOFTHEMEANINGOFTHEDEFINITIONOFSAFETYWHICHISBASEDONABSENCEOFACCIDENTS,LOSSESETCRISKISASITUATIONOREVENTWHERESOMETHINGOFHUMANVALUEINCLUDINGHUMANSTHEMSELVESISATSTAKEANDWHERETHEOUTCOMEISUNCERTAIN
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簡介:WHATISSAFETYSCIENCETERJEAVEN?UNIVERSITYOFSTAVANGER,4036STAVANGER,NORWAYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYAVAILABLEONLINE19AUGUST2013KEYWORDSSAFETYCONCEPTSAFETYSCIENCERISKPERSPECTIVERISKASSESSMENTABSTRACTTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEISSUEOFHOWTOUNDERSTANDSAFETYSCIENCEASACONCEPTSEVERALDEFINITIONSOFSAFETYAREREVIEWEDANDDISCUSSED,INCLUDINGTHEINTERPRETATIONSTHATSAFETYISTHEABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDACCIDENTSANDTHATSAFETYISTHEANTONYMOFRISKREFLECTIONSAREALSOMADEONWHATSCIENCEMEANSINRELATIONTOSAFETYITISARGUEDTHATSAFETYSCIENCECANBEVIEWEDASKNOWLEDGEABOUTSAFETYRELATEDISSUES,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCONCEPTS,THEORIES,PRINCIPLESANDMETHODSTOUNDERSTAND,ASSESS,COMMUNICATEANDMANAGEINABROADSENSESAFETYINADDITIONWEMAYSPEAKABOUTSCIENCESAFETYASADISCIPLINE,COVERINGTHETOTALITYOFRELEVANTEDUCATIONALPROGRAMMES,JOURNALS,PAPERS,RESEARCHERS,RESEARCHGROUPSANDSOCIETIES,ETC?2013ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTOSTUDYTHECONCEPT‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’THENATURALPOINTOFDEPARTUREISTHESCOPEANDAIMSOFTHISJOURNAL,SAFETYSCIENCEWEREADFROMTHEJOURNAL’SWEBSITESAFETYSCIENCESERVESASANINTERNATIONALMEDIUMFORRESEARCHINTHESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYOFHUMANSAFETYITEXTENDSFROMSAFETYOFPEOPLEATWORKTOOTHERSPHERES,SUCHASTRANSPORT,LEISUREANDHOME,ASWELLASEVERYOTHERFIELDOFMAN’SHAZARDOUSACTIVITIESSAFETYSCIENCEISMULTIDISCIPLINARYITSCONTRIBUTORSANDITSAUDIENCERANGEFROMPSYCHOLOGISTSTOCHEMICALENGINEERSTHEJOURNALCOVERSTHEPHYSICSANDENGINEERINGOFSAFETYITSSOCIAL,POLICYANDORGANISATIONALASPECTSTHEMANAGEMENTOFRISKSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCONTROLTECHNIQUESFORSAFETYSTANDARDIZATION,LEGISLATION,INSPECTION,INSURANCE,COSTINGASPECTS,HUMANBEHAVIOURANDSAFETYANDTHELIKESAFETYSCIENCEWILLENABLEACADEMICRESEARCHERS,ENGINEERSANDDECISIONMAKERSINCOMPANIES,GOVERNMENTAGENCIESANDINTERNATIONALBODIES,TOAUGMENTTHEIRINFORMATIONLEVELONTHELATESTTRENDSINTHEFIELD,FROMPOLICYMAKERSANDMANAGEMENTSCIENTISTSTOTRANSPORTENGINEERSTHEJOURNALFOCUSESPRIMARILYONORIGINALRESEARCHPAPERSACROSSITSWHOLESCOPE,BUTALSOWELCOMESSTATEOFTHEARTREVIEWPAPERSANDFIRSTHANDCASEHISTORIESONACCIDENTSANDDISASTERSOFSPECIALSIGNIFICANCETHEEMPHASISISONSAFETYRISKS,ASDISTINCTFROMHEALTHRISKS,BUTMAYINCLUDEBOTHSAFETYSCIENCE,2012THISTEXTPROVIDESSOMEINSIGHTSABOUTTHECONCEPTOF‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’,BUTALSOLEAVESOPENSOMEQUESTIONS,SUCHAS–WHATISSAFETYTHEJOURNALRESTRICTSITSATTENTIONTOHUMANSAFETY,BUTTHECONCEPTOFSAFETYMAYEXTENDBEYONDTHISAREAWHATABOUTENVIRONMENTALISSUESANDASSETS,FOREXAMPLEANDSECURITYMANYDEFINITIONSOFTHESAFETYCONCEPTEXIST,BUTWHICHONESARESUITABLEINTHISSETTING–HOWISSAFETYLINKEDTORISKASWEKNOW,THECONCEPTOFRISKCANBEUNDERSTOODINMANYWAYS–WHATISSCIENCEINTHISCONTEXTHOWISSCIENCEOFSAFETYLINKEDTORESEARCHABOUTSAFETYTHEJOURNALDEFINESARESEARCHPAPERAS‘‘NEWLYCOLLECTEDORANALYSEDDATA,EXPERIMENTALORSURVEYRESULTS,ORAPROPOSEDNEWTHEORYORMODELSUPPORTEDBYANALYSISANDARGUMENTSSAFETYSCIENCE,2012HENCEARESEARCHPAPERSEEMSTOBEEITHEREMPIRICALRESEARCHKNOWLEDGEGAINEDBYOBSERVATIONSOREXPERIMENTSORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWTHEORIES,METHODSORMODELSBUTWHATABOUTWORKONCLARIFYINGKEYISSUESINRELATIONTOTHESETHEORIES,METHODSANDMODELSORPERFORMINGTHEORETICALEVALUATIONSOFTHEPROSANDCONSOFASPECIFICMETHODUSEDINRISKASSESSMENTORRISKMANAGEMENTISSUCHWORKNOTRESEARCHORSCIENCEINTHISPAPERWEPERFORMADETAILEDANALYSISOFTHESEISSUES,THEMAINAIMSBEINGTOIMPROVEOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESAFETYSCIENCECONCEPT,ANDTOPRESENTANDARGUEFORSOMENEWDEFINITIONSOFTHISCONCEPTITISSTRESSEDTHATTHEPAPERWHENDISCUSSINGWHATSAFETYSCIENCEMEANS,JUSTADDRESSESSOMEFEWSELECTEDTOPICS,TOLARGEEXTENTLINKEDTOKNOWLEDGEPRODUCTIONOFCONCEPTUALTOOLSSUCHASTHECONCEPTSAFETYANDMETHODSUSEDTODESCRIBETHELEVELOFSAFETYTHESETOPICSHAVENOTBEENGIVENMUCHATTENTIONINTHELITERATUREANDTHEREISASTRONGNEEDFORCLARIFICATIONS09257535/SEEFRONTMATTER?2013ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JSSCI201307026?TEL4751831000/2267FAX4751831750EMAILADDRESSTERJEAVENUISNOSAFETYSCIENCE67201415–20CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTSAFETYSCIENCEJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/SSCIWEACKNOWLEDGETHATBEINGSAFEISASUBJECTIVEJUDGMENTDEPENDENTONINSTITUTIONALPROCESSESTODETERMINEWHATISACCEPTABLERISKANDWHATISNOTITHASBEENANAIMOFTHEABOVEANALYSISTOPROVIDENEWINSIGHTSONTHETWOCOMMONWAYSOFUNDERSTANDINGSAFETY,BYREVIEWINGRELEVANTWORKANDCOMPARETHEUNDERLYINGIDEAS,ANDALSOLINKINGTHE‘‘ABSENCEOFACCIDENTS’’INTERPRETATIONTOESTABLISHEDRISKPERSPECTIVESWHICHHASNOTBEENDONEBEFOREASFARASTHEAUTHOROFTHEPRESENTPAPERISAWAREOFALTHOUGHSAFETYISOFTENVIEWEDINRELATIONTOHUMANBEINGS,WESEEFROMTHEABOVEDEFINITIONSTHATSAFETYCANALSOBEATTRIBUTEDTOENVIRONMENT,FINANCIALASSETS,ETC,ASRISKASACONCEPTHASNOSUCHBOUNDARIESWECANDRAWTHESAMECONCLUSIONWHENUSINGTHE‘‘ABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCE’’TYPEOFDEFINITIONSITISCOMMONTODISTINGUISHBETWEENSAFETYANDSECURITY,WHERESECURITYRELATESTOINTENTIONALSITUATIONSANDEVENTSTERRORISTATTACKS,BURGLARY,ETCINCONTRASTTOSAFETY,WHICHCOVERSTHEACCIDENTTYPEOFSITUATIONSANDEVENTSITIS,HOWEVER,NOPROBLEMTECHNICALLYTOEXTENDTHESAFETY/SAFEDEFINITIONSABOVETOALSOINCLUDEINTENTIONALSITUATIONSANDEVENTS,ASTHERISKCONCEPTDOESNOTDISTINGUISHBETWEENINTENTIONALORNOTINTENTIONAL,ANDABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCESISALSONEUTRALINTHISRESPECTNEVERTHELESS,ITMAYBEATTR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