簡介：農(nóng)村中小學(xué)綜合實踐活動的開展困難及其對策的文獻綜述農(nóng)村中小學(xué)綜合實踐活動的開展困難及其對策的文獻綜述前言隨著國家政策的大力倡導(dǎo)，教育以單一的應(yīng)試模式向多元的素質(zhì)教育模式過渡，教育方式也轉(zhuǎn)向講理論教育與實踐教育相結(jié)合，為此，多種多樣的綜合實踐活動也鱗次櫛比的展開。然而，由于農(nóng)村和城市的教育條件與水平的不同，綜合實踐活動也存在著很大差別，農(nóng)村中小學(xué)的綜合實踐活動課程的開展與實施有很大困難，其中師資缺乏、硬件設(shè)施不足、課程學(xué)科化、活動形式化和評價落后化等都制約著農(nóng)村綜合實踐活動的實施。因此，近年來，教育界對綜合實踐活動實施的關(guān)注的日益密切的同時，綜合實踐活動課程在農(nóng)村中小學(xué)的落實尤其受到重視。而農(nóng)村綜合實踐活動的開展需要一個從上至下的系統(tǒng)來支持，教育管理部門、學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、教師、學(xué)生各負其責(zé)，各歸其位，成了各界對綜合實踐活動在農(nóng)村中小學(xué)實施的重點已成為共識。綜合實踐活動在農(nóng)村中小學(xué)的開展?fàn)顩r已經(jīng)成為新的教育熱點。正文綜合實踐活動課程是在教師引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生自主進行的綜合性學(xué)習(xí)活動,是基于學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗,密切聯(lián)系學(xué)生自身生活和社會實際,體現(xiàn)對知識的綜合應(yīng)用實踐性課程。它包括研究性學(xué)習(xí)、社區(qū)服務(wù)與社會實踐、勞動與技術(shù)教育等領(lǐng)域,并滲透信息技術(shù)教育。因此，綜合實踐活動課程強調(diào)超越教材、課堂和學(xué)校的局限,在活動時空上向自然環(huán)境、學(xué)生的生活領(lǐng)域和社會活動領(lǐng)域延伸,密切學(xué)生與自然、與社會、與生活的聯(lián)系。所以，綜合實踐活動在農(nóng)村的開展存在種種主觀和客觀的困難。一、農(nóng)村中小學(xué)開展綜合實踐活動的困難綜述首先，上級教育管理部門及學(xué)校對綜合實踐活動課程開展的制度支持缺失。由于全日制普通高中課程計劃（實驗稿）所規(guī)定的每周平均3課時，在很多農(nóng)村學(xué)校都不安排或者安排了也是形同虛設(shè)，被挪作“主科”所用。沒有活動經(jīng)費，沒有安全責(zé)任的歸屬，研究性學(xué)習(xí)的外出調(diào)查、參觀等活動就不會實現(xiàn)。特別是現(xiàn)在，“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)談安全色變”的管理之下，更使教師對“組織學(xué)生外出采風(fēng)”提都不敢提，教師本身也唯恐“引火燒身”。其次，學(xué)校的辦學(xué)條件對綜合實踐活動的開展有一定的限制。綜合實踐活動需要大量的資料和信息供學(xué)生查閱，勞動技術(shù)教育要將理論與實踐相結(jié)合，不能片面地只學(xué)習(xí)書本上的勞動技術(shù)，而農(nóng)村中小學(xué)。由于學(xué)校辦學(xué)經(jīng)費十分緊張，使得學(xué)校內(nèi)部的資源如圖結(jié)束語農(nóng)村中小學(xué)作為教育主體的重要組成部分，同時也是教育的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，越來越受到各界的關(guān)注和重視，而綜合實踐活動作為近年來的教育熱點問題在農(nóng)村的開展也存在著很大的忽視或困難，而加強對農(nóng)村綜合實踐活動開展的關(guān)注和重視，有利于農(nóng)村學(xué)生的思維多元化開闊和發(fā)展，改善農(nóng)村中小學(xué)的課程結(jié)構(gòu),更好地落實農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)教育的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，縮小城鄉(xiāng)教育差異，促進農(nóng)村教育模式的良性發(fā)展，使我國整體的教育水平得以提高。參考文獻潘景峰等什么是綜合實踐活動課程基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革提要郭曉琴農(nóng)村學(xué)校綜合實踐活動課程實施難的原因及其對策文史博覽2010年3月劉紅姣城市初中綜合實踐活動課程實施現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查D湖南師范大學(xué)2007年度碩士學(xué)位論文葉開明、程瑋、董衛(wèi)花農(nóng)村中小學(xué)開設(shè)綜合實踐活動課的困境與出路教學(xué)與管理2011年1月20日王嘉毅、楊學(xué)良、趙明仁農(nóng)村中小學(xué)開設(shè)綜合實踐活動?價值、問題與對策課程教材教法第25卷第7期張華論“綜合實踐”課程的本質(zhì)全球教育展望2001年第8期王明祥立足農(nóng)村實際積極開展綜合實踐課程基礎(chǔ)教育課程2005年第5期蔣偉峰農(nóng)村學(xué)校綜合實踐課存在的問題與對策基礎(chǔ)教育參考2004年5月徐燕萍學(xué)習(xí)視域中的綜合實踐活動課程文化和課程管理江蘇教育研究2011年2月童順平楊李娜綜合實踐活動融合項目評價的意義、體系及實踐2011年1月李劍推進綜合實踐活動課程深入開展的策略研究現(xiàn)代教育學(xué)普教研究2011年第1期葉蕾小學(xué)綜合實踐活動課程資源開發(fā)的意義與途徑2011年第2期

簡介：我國數(shù)字出版與傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型綜述我國數(shù)字出版與傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型綜述摘要摘要數(shù)字出版是出版業(yè)發(fā)展的趨勢，是傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)在內(nèi)容和形式上的延伸和拓展。它作為新興的載體形式給出版業(yè)帶來了另一番發(fā)展前景，傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型也引起了廣泛的關(guān)注。本文將對我國數(shù)字出版和傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型研究作以綜述。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞數(shù)字出版；傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)；轉(zhuǎn)型隨著信息技術(shù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的迅速普及，網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)催生了許多新的產(chǎn)業(yè)。2010年被業(yè)界認為是中國的“數(shù)字出版元年”，數(shù)字出版產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛。它的出現(xiàn)不僅大大豐富了出版物的內(nèi)容和形式，也改變了傳統(tǒng)出版物的生產(chǎn)方式和消費理念。何為“數(shù)字出版”數(shù)字出版的概念是相對于傳統(tǒng)出版而言的。傳統(tǒng)出版一般是指紙質(zhì)出版活動，而數(shù)字出版從廣義上說，只要是用二進制這種技術(shù)手段對出版的任何環(huán)節(jié)進行的操作，都是數(shù)字出版的一部分。它包括原創(chuàng)作品數(shù)字化、編輯加工的數(shù)字化、印刷復(fù)制的數(shù)字化、發(fā)行銷售的數(shù)字化和閱讀消費的數(shù)字化。1數(shù)字出版的優(yōu)勢顯而易見海量信息、載體形式多樣、傳輸速度快、檢索方便、更新迅速而又互動性強等。2它以此贏得越來越多受眾的青睞，同時也為出版企業(yè)提供了更為廣闊的發(fā)展空間。本文將主要介紹我國數(shù)字出版業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展瓶頸及未來發(fā)展趨勢與在數(shù)字出版的沖擊下我國傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型問題。一、一、我國的數(shù)字出版業(yè)我國的數(shù)字出版業(yè)（一）我國數(shù)字出版業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀我國數(shù)字出版雖然起步較晚，但在信息化進城加快和新興媒體的推動下，數(shù)字出版產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，數(shù)字化出版物的市場空前提高。我國數(shù)字出版的整體規(guī)模從2000年的159億元發(fā)展到2006年的200億元，2007年的360億元，2008年的530億元人民幣，2009年的750億元，首次超過了傳統(tǒng)書報刊出版物的總值。2010年整體收入達到900億元以上，計劃到2015年將達到1800億元。3出版形態(tài)也多種多樣，目前已經(jīng)過形成了電子書、數(shù)字報紙、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)期刊、網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲、網(wǎng)絡(luò)動漫、播客、手機出版等形態(tài)。4在數(shù)字出版業(yè)界的積極探索下，網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞與資訊出版服務(wù)、電子書、專業(yè)文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫、網(wǎng)游、數(shù)字動漫出版、網(wǎng)絡(luò)期刊雜志、手機書、閱讀器等領(lǐng)域的業(yè)務(wù)模式逐漸清晰，形成了較為穩(wěn)定的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。5合，進而實現(xiàn)“一種內(nèi)容、多種載體、復(fù)合出版”的發(fā)展局面。1414跨界化整合。實力大的出版企業(yè)向產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的下游滲入，由內(nèi)容提供商演變?yōu)閮?nèi)容聚合商或平臺服務(wù)商；技術(shù)供應(yīng)商、網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營商等進入出版產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域，通過實現(xiàn)兼并重組，擠壓傳統(tǒng)出版企業(yè)的上游生存空間；各大出版企業(yè)互通內(nèi)容資源，以此整合成產(chǎn)品與IT企業(yè)、移動運營商、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)等抗衡；產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的上下游產(chǎn)業(yè)實現(xiàn)階段性有限合作，形成利益共同體。1515內(nèi)容價值的核心地位不會改變。技術(shù)供應(yīng)商能夠給予內(nèi)容提供商最先進的技術(shù)生產(chǎn)，但絕不可能代替內(nèi)容的創(chuàng)造價值。1616數(shù)字出版最有價值的還是內(nèi)容，即所謂的“內(nèi)容為王”。內(nèi)容品牌力與內(nèi)容生產(chǎn)力在任何時候都是數(shù)字出版的核心競爭力。二、二、傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展，數(shù)字出版出現(xiàn)并得到了快速發(fā)展，這對傳統(tǒng)出版造成很大的沖擊，使得出版的載體形式、運營模式亦或是傳播方式都發(fā)生了巨大的變化。目前，中國的出版業(yè)正在經(jīng)歷著數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型。（一）傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型的現(xiàn)狀在數(shù)字出版業(yè)發(fā)展一路高歌的背景下，傳統(tǒng)出版社迫于自身的巨大壓力，也開始涉足數(shù)字出版。首先，政府部門主導(dǎo)，新聞出版總署成立了重大工程領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室進行相關(guān)項目的落實，推動傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型。傳統(tǒng)出版單位也紛紛成立了數(shù)字出版部、網(wǎng)絡(luò)部、信息中心或創(chuàng)辦網(wǎng)站。其次，傳統(tǒng)出版單位也參與到了出版電子圖書和開發(fā)電子閱讀器當(dāng)中來，推出了相應(yīng)的手機出版物，如人民日報、廣州日報、北京晨報等主流媒體推出手機報業(yè)務(wù)；一些期刊社推出手機雜志，如三聯(lián)生活周刊、譯林、家庭、時尚旅游等。1717最后，推出在線工具書或進行在線與遠程教育出版，如商務(wù)印書館的在線工具書，上海世紀(jì)出版集團、江蘇鳳凰出版?zhèn)髅郊瘓F、北京出版集團有限責(zé)任公司的在線與遠程教出版等。然而即使如此，截至目前，在數(shù)字出版領(lǐng)域鼓浪弄潮的主要還是和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)密切相關(guān)的企業(yè)（如手機運營商、網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營商等），而并非傳統(tǒng)出版企業(yè)。傳統(tǒng)出版社為何對數(shù)字出版轉(zhuǎn)型采取觀望態(tài)度呢除卻資金、技術(shù)、人才、管理等要素，在目前乃至今后的一段時期，做數(shù)字出版都看不到盈利的希望，但它卻擁有令人眼紅心動的盈利前景。1818現(xiàn)階段出版業(yè)探索出的適合傳統(tǒng)出版集團的數(shù)字出版盈利模式有全媒體盈利模式、數(shù)據(jù)庫在線出版盈利模式、在線學(xué)習(xí)出版盈利模式和手機閱讀盈利模式。1919而目前傳統(tǒng)出版企業(yè)做數(shù)字出版實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品銷售的主要方式有4種一是把紙介質(zhì)圖書數(shù)字化并把電

簡介：目錄目錄1目前的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權(quán)是一個怎樣的現(xiàn)狀22哪些因素影響了鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會的自主性23把握鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權(quán)再造的幾個具體科學(xué)發(fā)展觀問題231堅持官本與民本相轉(zhuǎn)變，體現(xiàn)再造的人性化232堅持宏觀與微觀相統(tǒng)一，體現(xiàn)再造的統(tǒng)籌性333堅持有為和無為相兼容，體現(xiàn)再造的可持續(xù)334堅持一般和個別相結(jié)合，體現(xiàn)再造的全面性34幾種改革方案的可行性分析441對實行鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)自治方案的分析442對改鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府為派出機構(gòu)的理解443對推行鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)長直選的不同認識45結(jié)論5參考文獻62二十世紀(jì)以來，中國的鄉(xiāng)村治理的研究出現(xiàn)過兩次高潮，第一次出現(xiàn)在二十世紀(jì)初中期，第二次則出現(xiàn)在二十世紀(jì)末。近期的鄉(xiāng)村治理研究主要是是圍繞治理格局與模式選擇、鄉(xiāng)村治理與權(quán)威秩序、財稅體制與農(nóng)民負擔(dān)、人地矛盾與土地制度、鄉(xiāng)村治理與農(nóng)民組織、鄉(xiāng)村治理的比較研究等諸方面來展開的，多學(xué)科的介入研究出現(xiàn)了大量的研究成果，但也存在不少問題。1目前目前的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權(quán)是一個怎樣的現(xiàn)狀的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權(quán)是一個怎樣的現(xiàn)狀現(xiàn)階段鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權(quán)現(xiàn)狀主要有兩方面，一方面是經(jīng)濟危機，一方面是政治危機。其中經(jīng)濟危機一是經(jīng)濟來源問題，表現(xiàn)為農(nóng)不養(yǎng)政使大部分鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)斷了經(jīng)濟來源；二是債務(wù)問題，由于財政體制原因加之近年來的農(nóng)村趕超型的發(fā)展使鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)背上了沉重的債務(wù)，有的幾乎積重難返。政治危機一方面是結(jié)構(gòu)性退化，表現(xiàn)為鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系不協(xié)調(diào)，機構(gòu)設(shè)置不合理，政權(quán)的運行成本過高、運作效能低下；一方面是功能性變異，表現(xiàn)為官本位的過重。2哪些因素影響了鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會的自主性哪些因素影響了鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會的自主性第一，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展程度的高低嚴(yán)重影響著鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會自主性的生長進程；第二，鄉(xiāng)村社會的利益分化是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會自主性生長的最基本的前提條件；第三，農(nóng)民與干部素質(zhì)是制約鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)民主制度運行的關(guān)鍵性因素；第四，政府控制和主導(dǎo)社會力量的程度是首屈一指的要素。關(guān)于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展對自主性的影響，由于集體經(jīng)濟的脆弱，村莊精英和村民都會選擇政治冷漠策略，基層政府靠使用更多的強力來控制鄉(xiāng)村社會，完成上級政府硬性下達的各項任務(wù)，結(jié)果只能是增加鄉(xiāng)村社會自治組織對政府的依附。與此形成對比的是，沿海發(fā)達地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的豐盈則導(dǎo)致村民高政治參與積極性并且鄉(xiāng)村社會自治組織對抗政府控制的能力亦增強。3把握鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權(quán)再造的幾個具體科學(xué)發(fā)展觀問題把握鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權(quán)再造的幾個具體科學(xué)發(fā)展觀問題31堅持官本與民本相轉(zhuǎn)變，體現(xiàn)再造的人性化堅持官本與民本相轉(zhuǎn)變，體現(xiàn)再造的人性化以人為本是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)再造的最終落腳點，也是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)再造的首要出發(fā)點。歷史的改革實踐證明，堅持以民為本，改革就會成功；堅持以官為本，改革必然失敗。第一，要樹立民本意識。主要是著眼于從官本意識向民本意識的轉(zhuǎn)換。意識問題是觀念問

簡介：文獻出處FERRUCCIF,BOCKSREALTIMECONTROLOFEXPRESSPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROCESSESINADYNAMICENVIRONMENTJTRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHPARTBMETHODOLOGICAL,2014,63114原文原文REALTIMECONTROLOFEXPRESSPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROCESSESINADYNAMICENVIRONMENTFRANCESCOFERRUCCI；STEFANBOCK1INTRODUCTIONDAILYTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESOFEXPRESSCOURIERSERVICECOMPANIESARECHARACTERIZEDBYAHIGHLYDYNAMICENVIRONMENTINWHICHTHESYSTEMSITUATIONFREQUENTLYCHANGESBYTHEOCCURRENCEOFVARIOUSDYNAMICEVENTSAKEYCHARACTERISTICISTHATDYNAMICALLYARRIVINGREQUESTSHAVETOBETRANSPORTEDFROMPICKUPLOCATIONSTODELIVERYLOCATIONSONTHESAMEDAYSINCEITISHIGHLYDESIREDTHATREQUESTSAREFULFILLEDWITHINGIVENTIMEWINDOWS,TRANSPORTATIONACTIVITIESAREOFTENCARRIEDOUTUNDERHIGHTIMEPRESSUREMOREOVER,ROADNETWORKSAREFREQUENTLYCONGESTEDANDUNRELIABLECONSEQUENTLY,BESIDESTHEARRIVALOFNEWREQUESTS,TRAFFICCONGESTIONANDVEHICLEDISTURBANCES,IE,SLOWDOWNSANDBREAKDOWNS,HAVETOBEMANAGEDINREALTIMETHANKSTOADVANCESININFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES,INFORMATIONABOUTDYNAMICEVENTSWHICHISONLYAVAILABLEDURINGTHEEXECUTIONOFTHETRANSPORTATIONSERVICECANNOWBEUTILIZEDLARSEN,2000ANDGIAGLISETAL,200411CONTRIBUTIONSINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEANEWREALTIMECONTROLAPPROACHFOREFFICIENTLYCOORDINATINGDYNAMICTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESOFEXPRESSCOURIERSERVICECOMPANIESINORDERTOPROVIDEPRACTICALDECISIONSUPPORT,THISAPPROACHISBASEDONANEXTENDEDDYNAMICPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMDPDPTHATINTEGRATESVARIOUSSOURCESOFDYNAMICEVENTSASWELLASSEVERALREALWORLDASPECTSWEDENOTETHISNEWVARIANTASTHEDYNAMICPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMWITHREALTIMECONTROLDPDPRCITISSPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDINORDERTOEFFICIENTLYCONTROLURGENTREALWORLDTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESWHICHAREEXECUTEDBYEXPRESSCOURIERSERVICECOMPANIESTHEMAINCONTRIBUTIONSOFTHISPAPERARETHECONSIDEREDTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESCANBEMODELEDASAVARIANTOFTHEPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMPDPWHICHISAGENERALIZATIONOFTHEWELLSTUDIEDVEHICLEROUTINGPROBLEMVRP,SEETOTHANDVIGO,2002ANDGOLDENETAL,2008ANDASPECIALCASEOFTHEGENERALPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMGPDP,SEESAVELSBERGHANDSOL,1995VARIANTSOFPDPSHAVEBECOMEAVITALRESEARCHAREABECAUSEOFTHEIRPRACTICALRELEVANCEACLOSELYRELATEDPROBLEMTHATFOCUSESONPASSENGERTRANSPORTATIONISTHEDIALARIDEPROBLEMDARP,SEECORDEAUANDLAPORTE,2007,CORDEAUETAL,2007,PAQUETTEETAL,2013ANDKIRCHLERANDWOLFLERCALVO,2013INTHEDARP,ADDITIONALDRIVINGCONSTRAINTSANDCONVENIENCEOBJECTIVESARECONSIDEREDINTHELITERATURE,APPROACHESFORSTATICPDPSAREDISTINGUISHEDFROMDYNAMICCONCEPTSINAPPROACHESFORSTATICPDPSITISASSUMEDTHATTHEPROBLEMDATAISKNOWNINADVANCEWITHCERTAINTYSEE,EG,NANRYANDWESLEYBARNES,2000,LUANDDESSOUKY,2004ANDBARDANDJARRAH,2009HENCE,ONACCOUNTOFTHEABSENCEOFDYNAMICEVENTS,NOPLANADAPTATIONISNECESSARYDURINGTHEEXECUTIONOFTHETRANSPORTATIONSERVICEINCONTRAST,REALTIMECONCEPTSCANHANDLEUNEXPECTEDCHANGESOFTHESYSTEMSITUATIONCAUSEDBYDYNAMICEVENTSSEEGHIANIETAL,2003,MITROVICMINICETAL,2004,MITROVICMINICANDLAPORTE,2004ANDFABRIANDRECHT,2006WITHREGARDTOTHEFOCUSOFTHISPAPER,ONLYREALTIMEAPPROACHESAREDESCRIBEDINWHATFOLLOWSANOVERVIEWABOUTDYNAMICPDPSCANBEFOUNDINBERBEGLIAETAL2010WHILEMOSTAPPROACHESCONSIDERTHEARRIVALOFNEWREQUESTS,OTHERSOURCESOFDYNAMICEVENTSAREALSOCONSIDEREDINSELECTEDRESEARCHWORKMODELINGOFTRAFFICCONGESTIONISCONSIDEREDINTHEWORKOFFLEISCHMANNETAL,2004,ATTANASIOETAL,2007,BARCELóETAL,2007,HAGHANIANDYANG,2007,CORTéSETAL,2008ANDBOCK,2010MOREOVER,VEHICLEDISTURBANCESARECONSIDEREDINLIETAL,2009,LIETAL,2009,BOCK,2010ANDMUETAL,2010RECENTLY,THEREHAVEBEENANUMBEROFAPPROACHESTHATUSESTOCHASTICKNOWLEDGEABOUTEXPECTEDFUTUREREQUESTARRIVALSWHILEMOSTAPPROACHESDEALWITHDYNAMICVRPSSEE,EG,BENTANDVANHENTENRYCK,2004,ICHOUAETAL,2006,HVATTUMETAL,2006,HVATTUMETAL,2007,VANDEKLUNDERTANDWORMER,2010ANDFERRUCCIETAL,

簡介：CONCRETEBRIDGESCONCRETEISTHEMOSTUSEDCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALFORBRIDGESINTHEUNITEDSTATES,ANDINDEEDINTHEWORLDTHEAPPLICATIONOFPRESTRESSINGTOBRIDGESHASGROWNRAPIDLYANDSTEADILY,BEGINNINGIN1949WITHHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELWIRESINTHEWALNUTLANEBRIDGEINPHILADELPHIA,PENNSYLVANIAACCORDINGTOTHEFEDERALHIGHWAYADMINISTRATION’S1994NATIONALBRIDGEINVENTORYDATA,FROM1950TOTHEEARLY1990S,PRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEGONEFROMBEINGVIRTUALLYNONEXISTENTTOREPRESENTINGOVER50PERCENTOFALLBRIDGESBUILTINTHEUNITEDSTATESPRESTRESSINGHASALSOPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINEXTENDINGTHESPANCAPABILITYOFCONCRETEBRIDGESBYTHELATE1990S,SPLICEDGIRDERSPANSREACHEDARECORD100M330FTCONSTRUCTIONOFSEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESBEGANINTHEUNITEDSTATESIN1974CURRETLY,CLOSETO200SEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEBEENBUILTORAREUNDERCONSTRUCTION,WITHSPANSUPTO240M800FTLATEINTHE1970S,CABLESTAYEDCONSTRUCTIONRAISEDTHEBARFORCONCRETEBRIDGESBY1982,THESUNSHINESKYWAYBRIDGEINTAMPA,FLORIDA,HADSETANEWRECORDFORCONCRETEBRIDGES,WITHAMAINSPANOF365M1,200FTTHENEXTYEAR,THEDAMESPOINTBRIDGEINJACKSONVILLE,FLORIDA,EXTENDEDTHERECORDTO400M1,300FTHIGHPERFORMANCECONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHFORMANYYEARSTHEDESIGNOFPRECASTPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEGIRDERSWASBASEDONCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSOF34TO41MPA5,000TO6,000PSITHISSTRENGTHLEVELSERVEDTHEINDUSTRYWELLANDPROVIDEDTHEBASISFORESTABLISHINGTHEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGEINDUSTRYINTHEUNITEDSTATESINTHE1990STHEINDUSTRYBEGANTOUTILIZEHIGHERCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSINDESIGN,ANDATTHESTARTOFTHENEWMILLENNIUMTHEINDUSTRYISPOISEDTOACCEPTTHEUSEOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSUPTO70MPA10,000PSIFORTHEFUTURE,THEINDUSTRYNEEDSTOSEEKWAYSTOEFFECTIVELYUTILIZEEVENHIGHERCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSTHEREADYMIXEDCONCRETEINDUSTRYHASBEENPRODUCINGCONCRETESWITHCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSINEXCESSOF70MPAFOROVER20YEARSSEVERALDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTSHAVEILLUSTRATEDTHATSTRENGTHSABOVE70MPACANBEACHIEVEDFORPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEGIRDERSBARRIERSNEEDTOBEREMOVEDTOALLOWTHEGREATERUSEOFTHESEMATERIALSATTHESAMETIME,OWNERS,DESIGNERS,CONTRACTORS,ANDFABRICATORSNEEDTOBEMORERECEPTIVETOTHEUSEOFHIGHERCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHCONCRETESDURABILITYHIGHPERFORMANCECONCRETEHPCCANBESPECIFIEDASHIGHCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHEG,INPRESTRESSEDGIRDERSORASCONVENTIONALCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHWITHIMPROVEDDURABILITYEG,INCASTINPLACEBRIDGEDECKSANDSUBSTRUCTURESTHEREISANEEDTODEVELOPABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFALLTHEPARAMETERSTHATAFFECTDURABILITY,SUCHASCAPABILITYONTHEBASISOFTHEFHWASTUDY,PCIDEVELOPEDTHEPCIBULBTEESTANDARD,WHICHWASENDORSEDBYBRIDGEENGINEERSATTHE1987AASHTOANNUALMEETINGSUBSEQUENTLY,THEPCIBULBTEECROSSSECTIONWASADOPTEDINSEVERALSTATESINADDITION,SIMILARCROSSSECTIONSWEREDEVELOPEDANDADOPTEDINFLORIDA,NEBRASKA,ANDTHENEWENGLANDSTATESTHESECROSSSECTIONSAREALSOCOSTEFFECTIVEWITHHIGHSTRENGTHCONCRETESFORSPANLENGTHSUPTOABOUT60M200FTSPLICEDGIRDERSSPLICEDCONCRETEIGIRDERBRIDGESARECOSTEFFECTIVEFORASPANRANGEOF35TO90M120TO300FTOTHERSHAPESBESIDESIGIRDERSINCLUDEU,T,ANDRECTANGULARGIRDERS,ALTHOUGHTHEDOMINANTSHAPEINAPPLICATIONSTODATEHASBEENTHEIGIRDER,PRIMARILYBECAUSEOFITSRELATIVELYLOWCOSTAFEATUREOFSPLICEDBRIDGESISTHEFLEXIBILITYTHEYPROVIDEINSELECTIONOFSPANLENGTH,NUMBERANDLOCATIONSOFPIERS,SEGMENTLENGTHS,ANDSPLICELOCATIONSSPLICEDGIRDERSHAVETHEABILITYTOADAPTTOCURVEDSUPERSTRUCTUREALIGNMENTSBYUTILIZINGSHORTSEGMENTLENGTHSANDACCOMMODATINGTHECHANGEINDIRECTIONINTHECASTINPLACEJOINTSCONTINUITYINSPLICEDGIRDERBRIDGESCANBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHFULLLENGTHPOSTTENSIONING,CONVENTIONALREINFORCEMENTINTHEDECK,HIGHSTRENGTHTHREADEDBARSPLICING,ORPRETENSIONEDSTRANDSPLICING,ALTHOUGHTHEGREATMAJORITYOFAPPLICATIONSUTILIZEFULLLENGTHPOSTTENSIONINGTHEAVAILABILITYOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSHIGHERTHANTHETRADITIONAL34MPA5,000PSISIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVESTHEECONOMYOFSPLICEDGIRDERDESIGNS,INWHICHHIGHFLEXURALANDSHEARSTRESSESARECONCENTRATEDNEARTHEPIERSDEVELOPMENTOFSTANDARDIZEDHAUNCHEDGIRDERPIERSEGMENTSISNEEDEDFOREFFICIENCYINNEGATIVEMOMENTZONESCURRENTLY,THESEGMENTSHAPESVARYFROMAGRADUALLYTHICKENINGBOTTOMFLANGETOACURVEDHAUNCHWITHCONSTANTSIZEDBOTTOMFLANGEANDVARIABLEWEBDEPTHSEGMENTALBRIDGESSEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEBECOMEANESTABLISHEDTYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONFORHIGHWAYANDTRANSITPROJECTSONCONSTRAINEDSITESTYPICALAPPLICATIONSINCLUDETRANSITSYSTEMSOVEREXISTINGURBANSTREETSANDHIGHWAYS,RECONSTRUCTIONOFEXISTINGINTERCHANGESANDBRIDGESUNDERTRAFFIC,ORPROJECTSTHATCROSSENVIRONMENTALLYSENSITIVESITESINADDITION,SEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENPROVEDTOBEAPPROPRIATEFORLARGESCALE,REPETITIVEBRIDGESSUCHASLONGWATERWAYCROSSINGSORURBANFREEWAYVIADUCTSORWHERETHEAESTHETICSOFTHEPROJECTAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSSUGGESTTHATSEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONWILLBEUSEDONALARGERNUMBEROFPROJECTSINTHEFUTURESTANDARDCROSSSECTIONSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOALLOWFORWIDERAPPLICATIONOFTHISCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTOSMALLERSCALEPROJECTSSURVEYSOFEXISTINGSEGMENTALBRIDGESHAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHEDURABILITYOFTHISSTRUCTURETYPEANDSUGGESTTHATADDITIONALINCREASESINDESIGNLIFEAREPOSSIBLEWITHTHEUSEOFHPCSEGMENTALBRIDGESWITHCONCRETESTRENGTHSOF55MPA8,000PSIORMOREHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDOVERTHEPAST5YEARSERECTIONWITHOVERHEADEQUIPMENTHASEXTENDEDAPPLICATIONSTOMORECONGESTEDURBANAREASUSEOFPRESTRESSEDCOMPOSITESTEELANDCONCRETEINBRIDGESREDUCESTHEDEADWEIGHTOFTHESUPERSTRUCTUREANDOFFERSINCREASEDSPANLENGTHSLOADRATINGOFEXISTINGBRIDGES

簡介：山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文1外文文獻PROJECTCOSTCONTROLTHEWAYITWORKSBYRMAXWIDEMANINARECENTCONSULTINGASSIGNMENTWEREALIZEDTHATTHEREWASSOMELACKOFUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROL,HOWITISSETUPANDAPPLIEDSOWEDECIDEDTOWRITEUPADESCRIPTIONOFHOWITWORKSPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISNOTTHATDIFFICULTTOFOLLOWINTHEORYFIRSTYOUESTABLISHASETOFREFERENCEBASELINESTHEN,ASWORKPROGRESSES,YOUMONITORTHEWORK,ANALYZETHEFINDINGS,FORECASTTHEENDRESULTSANDCOMPARETHOSEWITHTHEREFERENCEBASELINESIFTHEENDRESULTSARENOTSATISFACTORYTHENYOUMAKEADJUSTMENTSASNECESSARYTOTHEWORKINPROGRESS,ANDREPEATTHECYCLEATSUITABLEINTERVALSIFTHEENDRESULTSGETREALLYOUTOFLINEWITHTHEBASELINEPLAN,YOUMAYHAVETOCHANGETHEPLANMORELIKELY,THEREWILLBEORHAVEBEENSCOPECHANGESTHATCHANGETHEREFERENCEBASELINESWHICHMEANSTHATEVERYTIMETHATHAPPENSYOUHAVETOCHANGETHEBASELINEPLANANYWAYBUTPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISALOTMOREDIFFICULTTODOINPRACTICE,ASISEVIDENCEDBYTHENUMBEROFPROJECTSTHATFAILTOCONTAINCOSTSITALSOINVOLVESASIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFWORK,ASWESHALLSEE,ANDWEMIGHTASWELLSTARTATTHEBEGINNINGSOLETUSFOLLOWTHETHREADOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROLTHROUGHTHEENTIREPROJECTLIFESPANAND,WHILEWEAREATIT,WEWILLTAKETHEOPPORTUNITYTOPOINTOUTTHEPROPERPLACESFORSEVERALSIGNIFICANTDOCUMENTSTHESEINCLUDETHEBUSINESSCASE,THEREQUESTFORACAPITALAPPROPRIATIONFOREXECUTION,WORKPACKAGESANDTHEWORKBREAKDOWNSTRUCTURE,THEPROJECTCHARTERORBRIEF,THEPROJECTBUDGETORCOSTPLAN,EARNEDVALUEANDTHECOSTBASELINEALLOFTHESECONTRIBUTETOTHEORGANIZATIONSABILITYTOEFFECTIVELYCONTROLPROJECTCOSTSFOOTNOTEIAMINDEBTEDTOMYFRIENDQUENTINFLEMING,THEGURUOFEARNEDVALUE,FORCHECKINGANDCORRECTINGMYWORKONTHISTOPICTHEBUSINESSCASEANDAPPLICATIONFOREXECUTIONFUNDINGITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISMOSTEFFECTIVEWHENTHEEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENTRESPONSIBLEHASAGOODUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWPROJECTSSHOULDUNFOLDTHROUGHTHEPROJECTLIFESPANTHISMEANSTHATTHEYEXERCISETHEIRRESPONSIBILITIESATTHEKEYDECISIONPOINTS山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文3THEPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLAN,PROJECTBRIEFORPROJECTCHARTERIFTHEDELIVERABLECONSISTSOFANUMBEROFDIFFERENTELEMENTS,THESEAREIDENTIFIEDANDASSEMBLEDINTOWORKPACKAGESWPSANDPRESENTEDINTHEFORMOFAWORKBREAKDOWNSTRUCTUREWBSEACHWPINVOLVESASETOFACTIVITIES,THE“WORK“THATISPLANNEDANDSCHEDULEDASAPARTOFTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLANNOTE,HOWEVER,THATTHEPLANNINGWILLSTILLBEATARELATIVELYHIGHLEVEL,ANDMOREDETAILEDPLANNINGWILLBENECESSARYDURINGEXECUTIONIFTHEPROJECTISGIVENTHEGOAHEADTHISPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLAN,BYTHEWAY,SHOULDBECOMETHE“BIBLE“FORTHEEXECUTIONPHASEOFTHEPROJECTANDISSOMETIMESREFERREDTOASTHE“PROJECTBRIEF“ORTHE“PROJECTCHARTER“THECOSTOFDOINGTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESISTHENESTIMATEDANDTHESEESTIMATEDCOSTSAREAGGREGATEDTODETERMINETHEESTIMATEDCOSTOFTHEWPTHISAPPROACHISKNOWNAS“DETAILEDESTIMATING“OR“BOTTOMUPESTIMATING“THEREAREOTHERAPPROACHESTOESTIMATINGTHATWELLCOMETOINAMINUTEEITHERWAY,THERESULTISANESTIMATEDCOSTOFTHETOTALWORKOFTHEPROJECTNOTETHATPROJECTRISKMANAGEMENTPLANNINGISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHISEXERCISETHISSHOULDEXAMINETHEPROJECTSASSUMPTIONSANDENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSTOIDENTIFYANYWEAKNESSESINTHEPLANTHUSFAR,ANDIDENTIFYTHOSEPOTENTIALRISKEVENTSTHATWARRANTATTENTIONFORMITIGATIONTHISMIGHTTAKETHEFORMOFSPECIFICCONTINGENCYPLANNING,AND/ORTHESETTINGASIDEOFPRUDENTFUNDINGRESERVESREQUESTFORCAPITALCONVERTINGTHEESTIMATEHOWEVER,ANESTIMATEOFTHEWORKALONEISNOTSUFFICIENTFORACAPITALREQUESTTOARRIVEATACAPITALREQUESTSOMECONVERSIONISNECESSARY,FOREXAMPLE,BYADDINGPRUDENTALLOWANCESSUCHASOVERHEADS,ACONTINGENCYALLOWANCETOCOVERNORMALPROJECTRISKSANDMANAGEMENTRESERVESTOCOVERUNKNOWNSANDPOSSIBLESCOPECHANGESINADDITION,ITMAYBENECESSARYTOCONVERTTHEESTIMATINGDATAINTOAFINANCIALACCOUNTINGFORMATTHATSATISFIESTHECORPORATEORSPONSORSFORMATFORPURPOSESOFCOMPARISONWITHOTHERPROJECTSANDCONSEQUENTFUNDINGAPPROVALINPRACTICEALLTHEDATAFORTHETYPEOF“BOTTOMUP“APPROACHJUSTDESCRIBEDMAYNOTBEAVAILABLEINTHISCASEALTERNATIVEESTIMATINGAPPROACHESAREADOPTEDTHATPROVIDEVARIOUSDEGREESOFRELIABILITYINA“TOPDOWN“FASHIONFOREXAMPLE

簡介：英文文獻翻譯1畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯學(xué)院商學(xué)院專業(yè)國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易班級國貿(mào)0804姓名學(xué)號0811200330指導(dǎo)教師2012年6月英文文獻翻譯3GRILICHES1998JORGENSONANDSTIROH2000DIFFUSIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGYKARSHENASANDSTONEMAN1995GEROSKI2000THEEFFECTOFMARKETSTRUCTUREONINNOVATIONSCHERER1986SUTTON1998MARKETFAILURESRELATEDTOINNOVATIONANDAPPROPRIATEPOLICYRESPONSESMARTINANDSCOTT2000THEECONOMICEFFECTSOFTHEPATENTSYSTEMJAFFE2000ANDTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEINENDOGENOUSMACROECONOMICGROWTHROMER1994GROSSMANANDHELPMAN1994INTHISPARTOFTHEARTICLE,WEPROVIDEAVERYBRIEFGUIDETOSOMEOFTHISRESEARCHINPARTICULAR,WEINTRODUCEAPPROACHESFORMEASURINGTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,WEEXAMINECRITICALASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,ANDWEDESCRIBEMODELINGAPPROACHESANDPOTENTIALMARKETFAILURESRELATINGTOTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONANDDIFFUSION11MEASUREMENTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGETHEMEASUREMENTOFTHERATEANDDIRECTIONOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGERESTSFUNDAMENTALLYONTHECONCEPTOFTHETRANSFORMATIONFUNCTION,10,,?TIYTWHEREYREPRESENTSAVECTOROFOUTPUTS,IREPRESENTSAVECTOROFINPUTS,ANDTISTIMEEQUATION1DESCRIBESAPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITYFRONTIER,THATIS,ASETOFCOMBINATIONSOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSTHATARETECHNICALLYFEASIBLEATAPOINTINTIMETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEISREPRESENTEDBYMOVEMENTOFTHISFRONTIERTHATMAKESITPOSSIBLEOVERTIMETOUSEGIVENINPUTVECTORSTOPRODUCEOUTPUTVECTORSTHATWERENOTPREVIOUSLYFEASIBLEINMOSTAPPLICATIONS,SEPARABILITYANDAGGREGATIONASSUMPTIONSAREMADETHATMAKEITPOSSIBLETOREPRESENTTHEECONOMY’SPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYWITHAPRODUCTIONFUNCTION,2,,,TELKFY?WHEREISNOWAMEASUREOFAGGREGATEOUTPUTFOREXAMPLE,GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,YANDTHELISTOFINPUTSONTHERIGHTHANDSIDEOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONCANBEMADEARBITRARILYLONGFORILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSES,WECONCEIVEOFOUTPUTASBEINGMADEFROMASINGLECOMPOSITEOFCAPITALGOODS,,ASINGLECOMPOSITEOFLABORINPUTS,,ANDAKLSINGLECOMPOSITEOFENVIRONMENTALINPUTS,FOREXAMPLE,WASTEASSIMILATIONAGAIN,ETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEMEANSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEINPUTSANDPOSSIBLEOUTPUTLEVELSCHANGESOVERTIMELOGARITHMICDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONEQUATION2WITH

簡介：英語原文INTELLIGENTTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLBYMARCOWIERINGTHETOPICIPICKEDFOROURCOMMUNITYPROJECTWASTRAFFICLIGHTSINACOMMUNITY,PEOPLENEEDSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTSTOSLOWDOWNDRIVERSFROMGOINGTOOFASTIFTHEREWERENOTRAFFICLIGHTSORSTOPSIGNS,PEOPLE’SLIVESWOULDBEINDANGERFROMDRIVERSGOINGTOOFASTTHEURBANTRAFFICTRENDSTOWARDSTHESATURATION,THERATEOFINCREASEOFTHEROADOFBIGCITYFARLAGSBEHINDRATEOFINCREASEOFTHECARTHEURBANPASSENGERTRAFFICHASALREADYBECOMETHEMAINPARTOFCITYTRAFFICDAYBYDAYANDITHASUSEDABOUT80OFTHEAREAOFROADOFCENTERDISTRICTWITHTHEINCREASEOFPOPULATIONANDINDUSTRYACTIVITY,PEOPLESTRAFFICISMOREANDMOREFREQUENT,WHICHISUNAVOIDABLEWHATMEANSOFTRANSPORTATIONPEOPLEADOPTPRODUCESPRESSURECOMPLETELYDIFFERENTTOCITYTRAFFICACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,IFITIS1TOADOPTTHEAREAOFROADTHATTHEPUBLICTRANSPORTNEEDS,BIKENEEDS57,CARNEEDS1525,EVENTOWALKIS3TIMESMORETHANTOTAKEPUBLICTRANSITSSOONLYBYBUILDINGROADCANTSOLVETHECITYTRAFFICPROBLEMFINALLYYETEVERYLARGECITYOFTHEWORLDINCREASESTHETRAFFICPOLICYTOTHEFIRSTPLACEOFTHEQUESTIONFOREXAMPLE，ACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,WHENTHEAUTOMOBILEOWNINGAMOUNTOFSHANGHAIREACHES800,000OUTSIDECARSCOUNTSEPARATELY,IFITDISTRIBUTESSTILLASNOWFOREXAMPLECENTERDISTRICTACCOUNTSFORGREATPROPORTION,EVENWHENSEVERALLOOPLINESANDARTERIALHIGHWAYSHAVEBEENBUILTUP,THETRAFFICCANNOTBEIMPROVEDMORETHANBEFOREANDTHESITUATIONMIGHTBEEVENWORSESOTHETRAFFICPOLICYSHANGHAIMUSTADOPT,ORCALLEDTRAFFICSTRATEGYISTHATHAVEPRIORITYTODEVELOPPUBLICPASSENGERTRAFFICOFCITY,NARROWTHESCOPEOFUSINGOFTHEBICYCLEPROGRESSIVELY,CONTROLTHESCALEOFGROWTHOFTHECARTRAFFICINTHECENTERDISTRICT,LIMITTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMOTORCYCLESTRICTLYTHEREAREMOREMUNICIPALSPROJECTUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINBIGCITYTHEINFLUENCEONTHETRAFFICISGREATERMUNICIPALINFRASTRUCTURECONSTRUCTIONISORIGINALLYAGOODTHINGOFALLEVIATINGTHETRAFFIC,BUTINTHECOURSEOFCONSTRUCTING,ITUNAVOIDABLYINFLUENCETHELOCALTRAFFICSOMEROADSECTIONSAREBLOCKED,SOMECHANGEINTOANONEWAYLANE,THUSTHEVEHICLECANONLYTAKEADEVIOUSROUTETHECONSTRUCTIONMAKESTHEROADVERYNARROW,FORMINGTHEBOTTLENECK,WHICHSERIOUSLYINFLUENCETHECARFLOWWHENHAVINGSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTS,PEOPLEHAVEATENDENCYTODRIVESLOWERANDRECEIVEINFORMATIONABOUTHOWTODRIVETHROUGHACITYINORDERTOMINIMIZETHEIRWAITINGTIMESTHISMEANSTHATWEARECOPINGWITHACOMPLEXMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOMMUNICATIONANDCOORDINATIONPLAYESSENTIALROLESOURRESEARCHHASLEDTOANOVELSYSTEMINWHICHTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSANDTHEBEHAVIOUROFCARDRIVERSAREOPTIMIZEDUSINGMACHINELEARNINGMETHODSOURIDEAOFSETTINGATRAFFICLIGHTISASFOLLOWSSUPPOSETHEREAREANUMBEROFCARSWITHTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSSTANDINGBEFOREACROSSINGALLCARSCOMMUNICATETOTHETRAFFICLIGHTTHEIRSPECIFICPLACEINTHEQUEUEANDTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTHASTODECIDEWHICHOPTIONIE,WHICHLANESARETOBEPUTONGREENISOPTIMALTOMINIMIZETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMEUNTILALLCARSHAVEARRIVEDATTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSTHELEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSOLVETHISPROBLEMBYESTIMATINGHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEFORACARTOARRIVEATITSDESTINATIONADDRESSFORWHICHTHECARMAYNEEDTOPASSMANYDIFFERENTTRAFFICLIGHTSWHENCURRENTLYTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONGREEN,ANDHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEIFTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONREDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEWAITINGTIMEFORREDANDTHEWAITINGTIMEFORGREENISTHEGAINFORTHECARNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSETTHELIGHTSINSUCHAWAYTOMAXIMIZETHEAVERAGEGAINOFALLCARSSTANDINGBEFORETHECROSSINGTOESTIMATETHEWAITINGTIMES,WEUSEREINFORCEMENTLEARNINGWHICHKEEPSTRACKOFTHEWAITINGTIMESOFINDIVIDUALCARSANDUSESASMARTWAYTOCOMPUTETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESUSINGDYNAMICPROGRAMMINGALGORITHMSONENICEFEATUREISTHATTHESYSTEMISVERYFAIRITNEVERLETSONECARWAITFORAVERYLONGTIME,SINCETHENITSGAINOFSETTINGITSOWNLIGHTTOGREENBECOMESVERYLARGE,ANDTHEOPTIMALDECISIONOFTHETRAFFICLIGHTWILLSETHISLIGHTTOGREENFURTHERMORE,SINCEWEESTIMATEWAITINGTIMESBEFORETRAFFICLIGHTSUNTILTHEDESTINATIONOFTHEROADUSERHASBEENREACHED,THEROADUSERCANUSETHISINFORMATIONTOCHOOSETOWHICHNEXTTRAFFICLIGHTTOGO,THEREBYIMPROVINGITSDRIVINGBEHAVIOURTHROUGHACITYNOTETHATWESOLVETHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLPROBLEMBYUSINGADISTRIBUTEDMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOOPERATIONANDCOORDINATIONAREDONEBYCOMMUNICATION,LEARNING,ANDVOTINGMECHANISMSTOALLOWFORGREENWAVESDURINGEXTREMELYBUSYSITUATIONS,WECOMBINEOURALGORITHMWITHASPECIALBUCKETALGORITHMWHICHPROPAGATESGAINSFROMONETRAFFICLIGHTTOTHENEXTONE,INDUCINGSTRONGERVOTINGONTHENEXTTRAFFICCONTROLLEROPTIONWEHAVEIMPLEMENTEDTHEGREENLIGHTDISTRICT,ATRAFFICSIMULATORINJAVAINWHICHINFRASTRUCTURESCANBEEDITEDEASILYBYUSINGTHEMOUSE,ANDDIFFERENTLEVELSOFROADUSAGECANBESIMULATEDALARGENUMBEROFFIXEDANDLEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSHAVEALREADYBEENTESTEDINTHESIMULATORANDTHERESULTINGAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESOFCARSHAVEBEENPLOTTEDANDCOMPAREDTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHELEARNINGCONTROLLERSCANREDUCEAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESWITHATLEAST10INSEMIBUSYTRAFFICSITUATIONS,ANDEVENMUCHMOREWHENHIGHCONGESTION

簡介：外文資料原文外文資料原文LARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMSRESEARCHLEDDEVELOPMENTALONGWITHCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYSHIGHSPEEDDEVELOPMENT,LEDLIGHTEMITTINGDIODETHESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMTAKESAFTERTHETELEVISION,THEBROADCAST,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINE“THEFIFTHBIGMEDIA”MARCHESINTOTHESOCIALLIFEFASTEACHASPECTITSCOLLECTIONMICROELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,THECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THEINFORMATIONPROCESSINGANDMANAGEMENTTECHNOLOGYINABODY,MAYTHEINFORMATIONTHROUGHTHEWRITING,THEDESIGN,THEANIMATIONANDTHEVIDEOFREQUENCYFOURFORMSDEMONSTRATESWITHMEDIAANDSOONBANKOFTELEVISIONMONITORS,MAGNETISMVANECOMPARES,THELEDLARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMHASTHEDESIGNTOBEARTISTIC,THECOLORISSHARPTHEDESIGN,THECOLORCHANGEARERICH,AREFASTTHELOWPOWERLOSS,THELONGLIFE,THEUSECOSTLOW,WORKSTABLYRELIABLEANDSOONCHARACTERISTICSITDEMONSTRATEDTHECHARTARTICLEANGLEOFVIEWISBIG,THEAPPARENTDISTANCEISFAR,THUSHASWIDELYAPPLIEDINTHELARGESCALESQUARE,THECOMMERCIALADVERTIZING,THESPORTSCOMPLEXES,THEINFORMATIONDISSEMINATION,THENEWSISSUE,THESECURITIESTRADINGITALSOAPPLIESINTHEINDUSTRIALCONTROLANDTHEINDUSTRYREASSIGNMENTSYSTEM,ISADVANTAGEOUSEACHKINDOFPARAMETER,THEALARMPOINT,THETECHNICALPROCESSDEMONSTRATESCLEARLYPERFECT,MAYSATISFYTHEDIFFERENTENVIRONMENTTHENEEDTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISONEKINDOFUSECOMPUTERANDTHECOMPLEXDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGELECTRONADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDASCREENITSSCREENBODYPARTBYTHEMICROPROCESSORISMAINLYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEDRIVINGCIRCUITCONTROLMOVEMENT,DEMONSTRATEDTHEIMAGEORTHEWRITINGOBTAINBYTHECOMPUTEREDITIONSOFTWAREEDITORBECAUSETHELEDDISPLAYMONITORTHISKINDOFNEWGENERATIONINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICEHASTHEDEMONSTRATIONDESIGNTOBESTABLE,THEPOWERLOSSISLOW,LIFELONGANDSOONCHARACTERISTICS,MOREOVERITSYNTHESIZEDEACHKINDOFINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICESSTRONGPOINT,ANDHASOVERCOMEOWNINSUFFICIENCY,BECAUSESPECIALLYADISPLAYMONITORMAYDEMONSTRATETHATTHEDIFFERENTCONTENT,THEDISPLAYMODEISRICHTHEREFOREINTHEPUBLICAREA,ITHASTHEINTENSEADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDAANDTHEINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONEFFECT,ALREADYINTHESOLIDDEMONSTRATEDDAYBYDAYOCCUPIESTHEDOMINANTPOSITIONTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORSPROSPECTSFORDEVELOPMENTAREEXTREMELYBROAD,ATPRESENTTOWARDTHEHIGHLUMINANCE,AHIGHERWEATHERFASTNESS,THEHIGHERLUMINOUSDENSITY,THEHIGHERILLUMINATIONUNIFORMITY,THERELIABILITY,THEPANCHROMATICDIRECTIONISDEVELOPINGISCOMPOSEDOFTHEDIFFERENTMATERIALSSEMICONDUCTORCANSENDOUTTHEDIFFERENTCOLORTHELEDCRYSTALSPOTATPRESENTWHATAPPLIESISBROADESTISRED,THEGREEN,YELLOWLEDBUTTHEBLUECOLORANDTHEPUREGREENLEDDEVELOPMENTHADALREADYACHIEVEDTHEPRACTICALSTAGELEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFICATIONLEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFIEDLEDDISPLAYMONITORISMANYKINDSOFTECHNICALSYNTHESISAPPLICATIONPRODUCT,INVOLVESPHOTOELECTRONICS,THESEMICONDUCTORDEVICE,THEDIGITELECTRONICCIRCUIT,THELARGESCALEINTEGRATEDCIRCUIT,THEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEMICROCOMPUTERANDSOONEACHASPECT,BOTHHASTHEHARDWAREANDTOHAVESOFTWARE4AFTERTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISTAKESTHEBROADCAST,THETELEVISION,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINEANOTHERNEWCOMMUNICATIONMEDIAATPRESENTTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORBASISUSESTHEPLACETOBEDIFFERENT,MAYDIVIDEINTOTHEOUTDOORSCREENANDTHEINDOORSCREENTWOKINDS,ITSMAINDIFFERENCEISPHOTOTOP,FROMTHEDISPLAYPANELTOTHEACTUATIONBOARD,ARRIVESATTHECONTROLPANELAGAIN,CARRIESONTHEHARDWAREPROGRAMMING,AFTERDEBUGGINGSUCCESSFULLY,RECEIVESATELEGRAMTHESOURCEPLATE,FINALLYCOMPLETESTHEDATATRANSMISSIONBOARDANDPCMACHINECONNECTS,CARRIESONTHEPCSOFTWAREPROGRAMMING,COMPLETESTHEDEMONSTRATIONDATATHEPRODUCTION,THEEXTRACTION,PROCESSING,THETRANSMISSIONASWELLASTHEDEMONSTRATIONEFFECTREALTIMECONTROLEACHMODULEUSES8LEDLATTICESTOLIGHTENEACHLINEBYTHELINESCANFORMRED,GREEN,THETRAFFICLIGHT,THEDEMONSTRATIONWRITINGANDTHEIMAGETHELEDLATTICESACTUATION,THEDECODING,THELOCKSAVEANDSOONTOBERESPONSIBLEBYCONTROLPANELSDIGITALCIRCUITITSDATAREADSBYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITFROMTHEMEMORY,SIMULTANEOUSLYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITUSESTHEINTERRUPTMODE,CARRIESONTHETWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHERS232DATALINEANDPCMACHINE,FROMTHEPCMACHINEGAINORDERORTHEDATA,ANDCARRIESOUTTHEMOVEMENTORTHESTOREDDATUMACCORDINGTOTHEORDERNOTONLYBUTPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINESERIALPORTCORRESPONDENCESWITHMANYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,BUTMUSTBERESPONSIBLEFORTHEWRITINGINPUTANDTHETYPESETTING,THEPRODUCTIONLATTICEDATAORTHEORDERCHARACTER,REALIZETHEMANMACHINEINTERACTIONFUNCTIONPRINCIPLEOFWORKTHISARTICLEDESIGNSTHELARGESCALELEDDISPLAYMONITORBECOMESBYTHEDOUBLEPRIMARYCOLORLATTICELEDCOMBINATION,USESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGTHEDISPLAYMODETODEMONSTRATERED,GREEN,THEYELLOWTHREEKINDOFCOLORRANDOMLATTICEINFORMATIONTHEDISPLAYMODULEUSESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGDEMONSTRATIONTHEWAY,ITSCONTROLSYSTEMTAKEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITAT89C52ASACORE,USES62256MEMORIESTOTAKETHEDATACARRIERSTORAGE,ACTUATES88USINGLATCH74HC377AND8GROUPOFLINEDRIVER2083THELEDDISPLAYMODULE,SIMULTANEOUSLYOPENSTHESERIALPORTINTERRUPTANDSUPERIORPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINECORRESPONDENCESTHROUGHREALIZESDISPLAYMONITORSMANYKINDSOFANIMATIONPATTERNTOTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITPROGRAMMINGTODEMONSTRATEROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,ROLLSTHESCREENUPWARDLY,ROLLSTHESCREENDOWNWARD,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,TOTHEZOLACURTAIN,PULLSTHECURTAINTOWARDRIGHT,PULLSTHECURTAINUPWARDLY,PULLSTHECURTAINDOWNWARD,TOTHERIGHTLATERAL,LIGHTENSINTURNFROMLEFTTORIGHT,FROMAMONGTOTWONEARBY,LIGHTENSINTURNANIMATIONSPEEDADJUSTABLEDIVIDESINTO100GRADES,LOWESTIS1FAST,HIGHESTIS100FASTTHEPATTERNCOLORISDIVERSETHEBACKGROUNDACHROMATICCOLOR,THEWRITINGRED/GREEN/YELLOW,THEBACKGROUNDISRED,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THEYELLOW/GREEN,THEBACKGROUNDGREEN,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/YELLOW/RED,THEBACKGROUNDYELLOW,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THERED/GREENMOREOVER,BUTALSOINCREASEDSEVERALDOZENSKINDOFNEONLIGHTEFFECTANIMATIONTHEPCMACHINEONDISPLAYCONTROLSOFTWAREMAYREALIZEFUNCTIONSANDSOONCHINESECHARACTERINPUT,TYPEFACECHOICE,WORDSCHANGE,ANDAFTERCARRYINGONTHEDATAPROCESSING,MAYINLEFTSIDESIMULATETHEDEMONSTRATIONWHOLEEFFECT,SIMULTANEOUSLY“SEESNAMELYOBTAINED”DEMONSTRATIONINUNDERNEATHPREVIEWREGIONMOREOVER,THISCONTROLSOFTWAREALSOHASADDITIONALFUNCTIONSANDSOONTEXTDESIGNATION,MOUSELOCALIZATION,COORDINATETRACING,TIMEDATEPCMACHINEREALIZESTHROUGHTHERS232CONNECTIONWITHTHEDEMONSTRATIONPARTMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSCORRESPONDENCE,INTERRUPTSTHEREALTIMERECEIVEANDTHETRANSMISSIONDATAMESSAGEUSINGTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSERIALPORTHASALSOGIVENDUALATTENTIONTOMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSANTIJAMMINGABILITYINTHESYSTEMDESIGN,ENHANCEDTHESYSTEMSOPERATIONRELIABILITYEFFECTIVELYSHINESTHESECONDLEVELTUBECHARACTERISTICTHELIGHTEMITTERDIODELIGHTEMITTINGDIODE,LED,ISONEKINDTURNSTHEELECTRICALENERGYTHE

簡介：基于單片機的步進電機電路控制設(shè)計英文文獻及翻譯THESTEPPERMOTORCONTROLCIRCUITBEBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERTHEAT89C51ISALOWPOWER,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCOMPUTERWITH4KBYTESOFFLASHPROGRAMMABLEANDERASABLEREADONLYMEMORYPEROMTHEDEVICEISMANUFACTUREDUSINGATMEL’SHIGHDENSITYNONVOLATILEMEMORYTECHNOLOGYANDISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARDMCS51INSTRUCTIONSETANDPINOUTTHEONCHIPFLASHALLOWSTHEPROGRAMMEMORYTOBEREPROGRAMMEDINSYSTEMORBYACONVENTIONALNONVOLATILEMEMORYPROGRAMMERBYCOMBININGAVERSATILE8BITCPUWITHFLASHONAMONOLITHICCHIP,THEATMELAT89C51ISAPOWERFULMICROCOMPUTERWHICHPROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTOMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSFUNCTIONCHARACTERISTICTHEAT89C51PROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGSTANDARDFEATURES4KBYTESOFFLASH,128BYTESOFRAM,32I/OLINES,TWO16BITTIMER/COUNTERS,AFIVEVECTORTWOLEVELINTERRUPTARCHITECTURE,AFULLDUPLEXSERIALPORT,ONCHIPOSCILLATORANDCLOCKCIRCUITRYINADDITION,THEAT89C51ISDESIGNEDWITHSTATICLOGICFOROPERATIONDOWNTOZEROFREQUENCYANDSUPPORTSTWOSOFTWARESELECTABLEPOWERSAVINGMODESTHEIDLEMODESTOPSTHECPUWHILEALLOWINGTHERAM,TIMER/COUNTERS,SERIALPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEMTOCONTINUEFUNCTIONINGTHEOUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT2PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT2PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENT,BECAUSEOFTHEINTERNALPULLUPSPORT2EMITSTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBYTEDURINGFETCHESFROMEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORYANDDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE16BITADDRESSESINTHISAPPLICATION,ITUSESSTRONGINTERNALPULLUPSWHENEMITTING1SDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE8BITADDRESSES,PORT2EMITSTHECONTENTSOFTHEP2SPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERPORT2ALSORECEIVESTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBITSANDSOMECONTROLSIGNALSDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONPORT3PORT3ISAN8BITBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTWITHINTERNALPULLUPSTHEPORT3OUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT3PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT3PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENTIILBECAUSEOFTHEPULLUPSPORT3ALSOSERVESTHEFUNCTIONSOFVARIOUSSPECIALFEATURESOFTHEAT89C51ASLISTEDBELOWPORT3ALSORECEIVESSOMECONTROLSIGNALSFORFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONRSTRESETINPUTAHIGHONTHISPINFORTWOMACHINECYCLESWHILETHEOSCILLATORISRUNNINGRESETSTHEDEVICE

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書英文文獻及中文翻譯班級學(xué)號姓名學(xué)院專業(yè)指導(dǎo)教師CONTENTISRIGHTCHOICE,THENEWCHALLENGEISTOCREATETHEINTERACTIONBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,INTHESEPROCEDURES,THECONTENTOFAWEBPAGEISBASEDONTHEUSERSREQUESTORTHESTATEOFTHESYSTEM,ANDARENOTPREDEFINEDCHARACTERSFORTHEPROBLEMOFANEARLYSOLUTIONISTOUSEACGIBININTERFACEDEVELOPERSWRITETOINTERFACEWITHTHERELEVANTPROCEDURESANDSEPARATEBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,THELATTERTHROUGHTHEWEBSERVERTOINVOKETHEFORMERTHISPLANHASSERIOUSPROBLEMEACHNEWEXTENSIBLECGIREQUIREMENTSINANEWPROCESSONTHESERVERIFMULTIPLECONCURRENTUSERSACCESSTOTHISPROCEDURE,THESEPROCESSESWILLUSETHEWEBSERVEROFALLAVAILABLERESOURCES,ANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMWILLBEREDUCEDTOEXTREMELYLOWSOMEWEBSERVERPROVIDERSHAVETOPROVIDEFORTHEIRSERVERBYPLUGINS“AND“THEAPITOSIMPLIFYTHEWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTTHESESOLUTIONSAREASSOCIATEDWITHCERTAINWEBSERVER,CANNOTSOLVETHESPANMULTIPLESUPPLIERSSOLUTIONSFOREXAMPLE,MICROSOFTSACTIVESERVERMIXASPTECHNOLOGYINTHEWEBPAGETOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTMOREEASILY,BUTALSOCANWORKINMICROSOFTONPERSONALWEBSERVERANDIISTHEREAREOTHERSOLUTIONS,BUTCANNOTMAKEANORDINARYPAGEDESIGNERSCANEASILYMASTERFOREXAMPLE,SUCHASTHESERVLETJAVATECHNOLOGIESCANUSEJAVALANGUAGEINTERACTIONAPPLICATIONSERVERCODEEASIERDEVELOPERSTOWRITESUCHSERVLETTORECEIVESIGNALSFROMTHEWEBBROWSERTOGENERATEANHTTPREQUEST,ADYNAMICRESPONSEMAYBEINQUIRESTHEDATABASETOFINISHTHEREQUEST,THENSENDCONTAINHTMLORXMLDOCUMENTSTOTHERESPONSEOFTHEBROWSERONEISBASEDONAJAVASERVLETJAVATECHNICALOPERATIONINTHESERVERPROGRAMWITHDIFFERENT,THELATTEROPERATINGINTHEAPPLETBROWSERENDINTHISBOOKTHESERVLETCHAPTER4USINGTHISMETHOD,THEENTIREPAGEMUSTHAVEMADEINJAVASERVLETIFDEVELOPERSORWEBMANAGERSWANTTOADJUSTPAGE,YOULLHAVETOEDITANDRECOMPILETHESERVLETJAVA,EVENINLOGICHASBEENABLETORUNUSINGTHISMETHOD,THEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEPAGESTILLNEEDTODEVELOPSKILLSOBVIOUSLY,WHATISNEEDEDISAINDUSTRYTOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEPAGESOFTHESOLUTIONTHISPROGRAMWILLSOLVETHECURRENTSCHEMEARELIMITEDASFOLLOWS

簡介：文獻出處文獻出處HENDERSONVTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSANDECONOMICGROWTHTHESOWHATQUESTIONJJOURNALOFECONOMICGROWTH,2003,814771原文原文THEURBANIZATIONPROCESSANDECONOMICGROWTHTHESOWHATQUESTIONVERNONHENDERSONTHEREISANEXTENSIVELITERATUREONTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSLOOKINGATBOTHURBANIZATIONANDURBANCONCENTRATION,ASKINGWHETHERANDWHENTHEREISUNDEROROVERURBANIZATIONORUNDEROROVERURBANCONCENTRATIONWRITERSARGUETHATNATIONALGOVERNMENTPOLICIESANDNONDEMOCRATICINSTITUTIONSPROMOTEEXCESSIVECONCENTRATIONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEURBANPOPULATIONOFACOUNTRYISCONCENTRATEDINONEORTWOMAJORMETROPOLITANAREASEXCEPTINFORMERPLANNEDECONOMIESWHEREMIGRATIONRESTRICTIONSAREENFORCEDTHESELITERATURESASSUMETHATTHEREISANOPTIMALLEVELOFURBANIZATIONORANOPTIMALLEVELOFURBANCONCENTRATION,BUTNORESEARCHTODATEHASQUANTITATIVELYEXAMINEDTHEASSUMPTIONANDASKEDTHEBASIC“SOWHAT“QUESTIONHOWGREATARETHEECONOMICLOSSESFROMSIGNIFICANTDEVIATIONSFROMANYOPTIMALDEGREESOFURBANCONCENTRATIONORRATESOFURBANIZATIONTHISPAPERSHOWSTHAT1THEREISABESTDEGREEOFURBANCONCENTRATION,INTERMSOFMAXIMIZINGPRODUCTIVITYGROWTH2THATBESTDEGREEVARIESWITHTHELEVELOFDEVELOPMENTANDCOUNTRYSIZE,AND3OVERORUNDERCONCENTRATIONCANBEVERYCOSTLYINTERMSOFPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHTHEPAPERSHOWSALSOTHATPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHISNOTSTRONGLYAFFECTEDBYURBANIZATIONPERSERAPIDURBANIZATIONHASOFTENOCCURREDINTHEFACEOFLOWORNEGATIVEECONOMICGROWTHOVERSOMEDECADESMOREOVER,URBANIZATIONISATRANSITORYPHENOMENONWHEREMANYCOUNTRIESDEVELOPMENTOFER,1977FALLENBUCHL,1977THEMOREEXTENSIVELITERATUREONTHEDEGREEOFURBANCONCENTRATIONANDCHANGESINTHATDEGREEWHICHOCCURSASURBANIZATIONANDGROWTHPROCEEDHASAVARIETYOFSTRANDSCOUNTRIESANDINTERNATIONALPOLICYOFFICIALSWORRYABOUTWHETHERKEYCITIESARETOOBIGORTOOSMALLRENAUD,1981UN,1993WDR,2000ANDOVERTHEYEARSVARIOUSCOUNTRIESSUCHASEGYPT,BRAZIL,KOREA,MEXICO,ANDCHINAHAVEPURSUEDMEDIUMSIZECITYPROGRAMSDESIGNEDTOFORESTALLTHEGROWTHOFLARGERCITIESHENDERSON,1988ADESANDGLAESER,1995INTERNATIONALAGENCIESPRESUMETHATMANYOFTHEWORLDSMEGACITIESAREOVERPOPULATED,ATCONSIDERABLECOSTTOTHOSEECONOMIESTHEUN1993ASKSHOWBAD“THENEGATIVEFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHVERYLARGECITIES“NEEDTOGET“BEFOREITISINTHESELFINTERESTOFTHOSEINCONTROLTOENCOURAGEDEVELOPMENTOFALTERNATIVECENTERS“THESAMEREPORTWARNSOF“UNBALANCEDURBANHIERARCHIES“ANDTHECRIME,CONGESTIONANDSOCIALINEQUALITYINMEGACITIESTHEWORLDDEVELOPMENTREPORT2000HASACHAPTER7ONTHEGRIMLIFEOFPEOPLEINMEGACITIESINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESANDTHEECONOMISTINONEOFITSSPECIALSURVEYSHASPOSEDTHEQUESTIONDIRECTLYJULY29,1995DOTHESPLENDORSOFLARGECITIESOUTWEIGHTHEIRDARKSIDETHEEFFECTSOFURBANCONCENTRATIONONGROWTHDEVELOPMENTINTHISSECTION,IEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFURBANCONCENTRATIONONPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHISTARTWITHURBANCONCENTRATION,ORPRIMACY,BECAUSETHATEXAMINATIONYIELDSTHEKEYRESULTSTHEEXAMINATIONALSODEVELOPSTHEMETHODOLOGYTHATISTHENAPPLIEDTOTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHEEFFECTOFURBANIZATIONONGROWTHTHEFIRSTISSUEISHOWTOMEASUREURBANCONCENTRATIONTHEREARETHREEMEASURESTHATPEOPLEUSEFIRST,WHEATONANDSHISHIDO1981ANDHENDERSON1988USETHESTANDARDHIRSCHMANHERFINDAHLINDEXOFCONCENTRATIONWHICHINANURBANCONTEXTISTHESUMOFSQUAREDSHARESOFEVERYCITYINACOUNTRYINNATIONALURBANPOPULATION

簡介：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院地質(zhì)英語論文系別地球科學(xué)與地球科學(xué)與資源系源系專業(yè)資源勘源勘查工程工程學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號03410501指導(dǎo)教師2012年12月16日FORMEDINTHEGROUNDAFEWKILOMETERSTOTENSOFKILOMETERSTOWTHETOWTHEFORMATIONFORMATIONCONDITIONSCONDITIONSOFOFMAGMATICMAGMATICDEPOSITSDEPOSITSMAGMADEPOSITSAREMAINLYDERIVEDFROMTHEMAGMA,ITISTHECOMBINEDEFFECTSOFTHEPRODUCTBYAVARIETYOFGEOLOGICALFACTORS,WHICHPLAYINGALEADINGROLEISTHEGEOCHEMISTRYOFOREFORMINGELEMENTSTRAITS,THEMAGMATICROCKCONDITIONS,TECTONICCONDITIONSANDPHYSICALANDCHEMICALCONDITIONSANDSOON1、CONTROLTHECONDITIONSOFMAGMATICROCKSFORMEDBYMAGMATICDEPOSITSMAGMAISTHEMAINPROVIDEROFTHEMETALLOGENICMATERIALOFTHEMAGMATICDEPOSITSANDTHEMEDIUMOFCONTAININGMINERALMEDIUMTHEREFORE,HOWMUCHOFTHECONTENTOFUSEFULCOMPONENTSOFMAGMAISTHEPOSSIBILITYOFTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSIMAGMATICROCKSMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONOFMAGMATICROCKSINTHEGENESISOFMAGMATICROCKSWITHENDOGENOUSDEPOSITSSHOWEDREGULARCONTACT,ANDSPECIFICTYPESOFMAGMATICROCKSAREOFTENPRODUCEDSPECIFICTYPESOFDEPOSITSAWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICINTRUSIVEROCKSRELATEDDEPOSITSMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKISTHECOMPLEXIGNEOUSCOMPLEXFORMEDBYTHECOMBINATIONOFAVARIETYOFROCKTYPES,ROCKTYPESFROMASINGLEROCKCOMPOSEDOFROCKMASSISRELATIVELYRARETHESIZEOFTHEROCKMASSRANGINGMOSTLYSMALL,ANDROCKSTRAINS,ROCKCOVER,ROCK,BEDROCKISTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFTHEROCKMASSWITHFACIESANDTHEDIFFERENTCOMBINATIONS,THEMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREETYPESBMINERALDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHSYENITE,NEPHELINESYENITEANDCARBONATEIGNEOUSCOMPLEXRELATINGTOMAGMATICDEPOSITSOFTHESEROCKSAREMOSTLYPRODUCEDWITHTHEFORMOFROCKSTRAIN,THEDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSOFROCKMASSFACIESZONEOFTENHASRINGDISTRIBUTIONIITHEROLEOFTHEVOLATILECOMPONENTSINTHEMAGMATHEMAGMAVOLATILECOMPONENTSHAVETHELOWMELTINGPOINT,HIGHLYVOLATILEANDTHEYCANDELAYTHECONDENSATIONRATEOFTHEMAGMA,MAKETHEMAGMAHAVEMOREFULLYDIFFERENTIATIONIIIMAGMATICASSIMILATIONHAVEANINFLUENCEONTHEMINERALIZATIONOFTHEMAGMADEPOSITSIVBEYONDONEPERIODOFMAGMAINTRUSIONONCONTROLOFTHEMINERALIZATION2、TECTONICCONDITIONSTHATCONTROLTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSTECTONICSHAVEAMAJORIMPACTONTHETYPEOFMAGMATICDEPOSITS,DISTRIBUTION,THEMOSTMAGMATICDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICIGNEOUSROCKSONTHECAUSESANDSPACEMAFICAND

簡介：中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué)涉外學(xué)院科技文獻檢索課程“文獻綜述”評分表學(xué)生姓名尹志剛完成時間2017年1月指導(dǎo)老師彭琛文獻綜述中引用文獻情況（學(xué)生填寫）（學(xué)生填寫）文獻總數(shù)22篇（部），其中期刊論文11篇，教材著作6部，其它文獻5篇（部）文獻時間跨度2001年2015年（以下由教師填寫）（以下由教師填寫）序號評分內(nèi)容滿分實際得分1是否全面收集了有關(guān)的文獻資料202是否充分介紹了與主題內(nèi)容相關(guān)的研究開發(fā)的歷史與現(xiàn)狀303是否總結(jié)了已有的學(xué)術(shù)觀點、理論和方法204是否在已有成果的基礎(chǔ)上闡明本人的觀點55是否能預(yù)示今后可能的發(fā)展趨勢及研究方向56行文是否流暢，綜述能力如何107是否按要求設(shè)置文檔格式10總分100在線考試系統(tǒng)文獻綜述在線考試系統(tǒng)文獻綜述【摘要】【摘要】通過軟件進行考試的方式被稱為無紙化考試,隨著無紙化考試的誕生,原始的考試方式已經(jīng)漸漸地被無紙化考試所取代。在線考試系統(tǒng)是基于C編程技術(shù)把學(xué)科、試題、電腦改卷、結(jié)果查詢的部分管理工作集成到一個同一的平臺,各管理人員能夠及時、準(zhǔn)確的了解學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)生活情況。同時,也可以方便老師針對學(xué)生的不同情況進行分層次幫助引導(dǎo)?？荚囀菍W(xué)生所學(xué)知識檢查、掌握和理解知識程度的重要手段,無紙化的考卷,無紙化考試的隨時性,隨地性,這些特點都是研究并開發(fā)網(wǎng)絡(luò)考試系統(tǒng)具有重要積極的意義,將給學(xué)生和老師帶來了極大的便利。無紙化考試,環(huán)保、節(jié)約資源,適應(yīng)當(dāng)代社會發(fā)展的發(fā)展。本文重點論述了由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的存在擴大了學(xué)校的服務(wù)范圍，為學(xué)校的管理提供了更多的條件。對此做出了詳細的調(diào)查，可行性研究和分析。系統(tǒng)采用了B/S結(jié)構(gòu)，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上建立學(xué)校自己的教育網(wǎng)站。系統(tǒng)開發(fā)經(jīng)歷了系統(tǒng)分析、系統(tǒng)設(shè)計和系統(tǒng)實施三個階段。從設(shè)計方案的提出，經(jīng)過詳細的調(diào)查，分析了方案的可行性和必要性，通過詳細的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，力圖提高系統(tǒng)的集成性和快捷性；并在系統(tǒng)實施階段收集了大量的實驗數(shù)據(jù)，以便測試階段系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性和穩(wěn)定性。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞管理員維護系統(tǒng)，考生考試系統(tǒng)，管理員維護系統(tǒng)，考生考試系統(tǒng)，B/SB/S模式，模式，ASPASP技術(shù)技術(shù)【前言前言】考試是教學(xué)過程中的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，通過考試，教師可以了解學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果，為改進教學(xué)提供依據(jù)；學(xué)生則通過考試了解自己對內(nèi)容的掌握情況，增強學(xué)習(xí)興趣。傳統(tǒng)的考試方式往往使人們受到地域、時間、場所等各種各樣的限制，造成有些人的不便。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)遍布的今天，將考試系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上是現(xiàn)代考試系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢。隨著計算機技術(shù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的快速發(fā)展，人類已經(jīng)進入了信息時代，也有人稱為數(shù)字化時代。在數(shù)字化的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下，學(xué)生希望得到個性化的滿足，根據(jù)自己的情況進行學(xué)習(xí)，同時也希望能夠得到科學(xué)的評價，老師希望有效改進現(xiàn)有的考試模式，提高考試的效率；教育機構(gòu)也希望給網(wǎng)上的學(xué)生提供更全面、靈活的服務(wù)，全面準(zhǔn)確地對學(xué)生進行跟蹤和評論。在線考試系統(tǒng)正是迎合這一時代需求而開發(fā)的，它旨在探索一種以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的考試模式。通過這種新的模式，為學(xué)校創(chuàng)造一種新的考試環(huán)境，提高考試工作效率和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平，使學(xué)校管理者、教師和學(xué)生可以隨時隨地通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行考試。

簡介：華北電力大學(xué)科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論計（論文）附文）附件外文文獻翻譯學(xué)號號071914030401姓名名陳科池所在系別所在系別建筑工程系專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級土木工程07K1班指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師史彩君原文標(biāo)題原文標(biāo)題THEINTRODUCTIONOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDEARTHWORK2011年4月17日2的地點去幫助下一臺鏟運機。斗式鏟運機通常是功率非常大的機械，許多廠家制造的鏟運機鏟斗容量為8M3，滿載時可達10M3。最大的自行式鏟運機鏟斗容量為19立方米（滿載時為25M3），由430馬力的牽引發(fā)動機驅(qū)動。翻斗機可能是使用最為普遍的輪胎式運輸設(shè)備，因為它們還可以被用來送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。翻斗車的車斗位于大橡膠輪胎車輪前軸的上方，盡管鉸接式翻斗車的卸料方向有很多種，但大多數(shù)車斗是向前翻轉(zhuǎn)的。最小的翻斗車的容量大約為05立方米，而最大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型翻斗車的容量大約為45M3。特殊型式的翻斗車包括容量為4M3的自裝式翻斗車，和容量約為05M3的鉸接式翻斗車。必須記住翻斗車與自卸卡車之間的區(qū)別。翻斗車車斗向前傾翻而司機坐在后方卸載，因此有時被稱為后卸卡車。3結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度規(guī)范的主要目的是提供一般性的設(shè)計原理和計算方法，以便驗算結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度。就目前的趨勢而言，安全系數(shù)與所使用的材料性質(zhì)及其組織情況無關(guān)，通常把它定義為發(fā)生破壞的條件與結(jié)構(gòu)可預(yù)料的最不利的工作條件之比值。這個比值還與結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞概率（危險率）成反比。破壞不僅僅指結(jié)構(gòu)的整體破壞，而且還指結(jié)構(gòu)不能正常的使用，或者，用更為確切的話來說，把破壞看成是結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)達到不能繼續(xù)承擔(dān)其設(shè)計荷載的“極限狀態(tài)”。通常有兩種類型的極限狀態(tài)，即（1）強度極限狀態(tài)，它相當(dāng)于結(jié)構(gòu)能夠達到的最大承載能力。其例子包括結(jié)構(gòu)的局部屈曲和整體不穩(wěn)定性；某此界面失效，隨后結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C構(gòu)；疲勞破壞；引起結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀顯著變化的彈性變形或塑性變形或徐變；結(jié)構(gòu)對交變荷載、火災(zāi)和爆炸的敏感性。（2）使用極限狀態(tài)，它對應(yīng)著結(jié)構(gòu)的使用功能和耐久性。器例子包括結(jié)構(gòu)失穩(wěn)之前的過大變形和位移；早期開裂或過大的裂縫；較大的振動和腐蝕。根據(jù)不同的安全度條件，可以把結(jié)構(gòu)驗算所采用的計算方法分成（1）確定性的方法，在這種方法中，把主要參數(shù)看作非隨機參數(shù)。（2）概率方法，在這種方法中，主要參數(shù)被認為是隨機參數(shù)。此外，根據(jù)安全系數(shù)的不同用途，可以把結(jié)構(gòu)的計算方法分為（1）容許應(yīng)力法，在這種方法中，把結(jié)構(gòu)承受最大荷載時計算得到的應(yīng)力與經(jīng)過按規(guī)定的安全系數(shù)進行折減后的材料強度作比較。（2）極限狀態(tài)法，在這種方法中，結(jié)構(gòu)的工作狀態(tài)是以其最大強度為依據(jù)來衡量的。由理論分析確定的這一最大強度應(yīng)不小于結(jié)構(gòu)承受計算荷載所算得的強度（極限狀態(tài)）。計算荷載等于分別乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載與恒載之和。把對應(yīng)于不乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載和恒載的工作（使用）條件的應(yīng)力與規(guī)定值（使用極限狀態(tài)）相比較。根據(jù)前兩種方法和后兩種方法的四種可能組合，我們可以得到一些