簡介：農村中小學綜合實踐活動的開展困難及其對策的文獻綜述農村中小學綜合實踐活動的開展困難及其對策的文獻綜述前言隨著國家政策的大力倡導，教育以單一的應試模式向多元的素質教育模式過渡，教育方式也轉向講理論教育與實踐教育相結合，為此，多種多樣的綜合實踐活動也鱗次櫛比的展開。然而，由于農村和城市的教育條件與水平的不同，綜合實踐活動也存在著很大差別，農村中小學的綜合實踐活動課程的開展與實施有很大困難，其中師資缺乏、硬件設施不足、課程學科化、活動形式化和評價落后化等都制約著農村綜合實踐活動的實施。因此，近年來，教育界對綜合實踐活動實施的關注的日益密切的同時，綜合實踐活動課程在農村中小學的落實尤其受到重視。而農村綜合實踐活動的開展需要一個從上至下的系統(tǒng)來支持，教育管理部門、學校領導、教師、學生各負其責，各歸其位，成了各界對綜合實踐活動在農村中小學實施的重點已成為共識。綜合實踐活動在農村中小學的開展狀況已經成為新的教育熱點。正文綜合實踐活動課程是在教師引導下,學生自主進行的綜合性學習活動,是基于學生的經驗,密切聯系學生自身生活和社會實際,體現對知識的綜合應用實踐性課程。它包括研究性學習、社區(qū)服務與社會實踐、勞動與技術教育等領域,并滲透信息技術教育。因此，綜合實踐活動課程強調超越教材、課堂和學校的局限,在活動時空上向自然環(huán)境、學生的生活領域和社會活動領域延伸,密切學生與自然、與社會、與生活的聯系。所以，綜合實踐活動在農村的開展存在種種主觀和客觀的困難。一、農村中小學開展綜合實踐活動的困難綜述首先，上級教育管理部門及學校對綜合實踐活動課程開展的制度支持缺失。由于全日制普通高中課程計劃（實驗稿）所規(guī)定的每周平均3課時，在很多農村學校都不安排或者安排了也是形同虛設，被挪作“主科”所用。沒有活動經費，沒有安全責任的歸屬，研究性學習的外出調查、參觀等活動就不會實現。特別是現在，“領導談安全色變”的管理之下，更使教師對“組織學生外出采風”提都不敢提，教師本身也唯恐“引火燒身”。其次，學校的辦學條件對綜合實踐活動的開展有一定的限制。綜合實踐活動需要大量的資料和信息供學生查閱，勞動技術教育要將理論與實踐相結合，不能片面地只學習書本上的勞動技術，而農村中小學。由于學校辦學經費十分緊張，使得學校內部的資源如圖結束語農村中小學作為教育主體的重要組成部分，同時也是教育的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，越來越受到各界的關注和重視，而綜合實踐活動作為近年來的教育熱點問題在農村的開展也存在著很大的忽視或困難，而加強對農村綜合實踐活動開展的關注和重視，有利于農村學生的思維多元化開闊和發(fā)展，改善農村中小學的課程結構,更好地落實農村基礎教育的培養(yǎng)目標，縮小城鄉(xiāng)教育差異，促進農村教育模式的良性發(fā)展，使我國整體的教育水平得以提高。參考文獻潘景峰等什么是綜合實踐活動課程基礎教育課程改革提要郭曉琴農村學校綜合實踐活動課程實施難的原因及其對策文史博覽2010年3月劉紅姣城市初中綜合實踐活動課程實施現狀調查D湖南師范大學2007年度碩士學位論文葉開明、程瑋、董衛(wèi)花農村中小學開設綜合實踐活動課的困境與出路教學與管理2011年1月20日王嘉毅、楊學良、趙明仁農村中小學開設綜合實踐活動?價值、問題與對策課程教材教法第25卷第7期張華論“綜合實踐”課程的本質全球教育展望2001年第8期王明祥立足農村實際積極開展綜合實踐課程基礎教育課程2005年第5期蔣偉峰農村學校綜合實踐課存在的問題與對策基礎教育參考2004年5月徐燕萍學習視域中的綜合實踐活動課程文化和課程管理江蘇教育研究2011年2月童順平楊李娜綜合實踐活動融合項目評價的意義、體系及實踐2011年1月李劍推進綜合實踐活動課程深入開展的策略研究現代教育學普教研究2011年第1期葉蕾小學綜合實踐活動課程資源開發(fā)的意義與途徑2011年第2期

簡介：我國數字出版與傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數字化轉型綜述我國數字出版與傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數字化轉型綜述摘要摘要數字出版是出版業(yè)發(fā)展的趨勢，是傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)在內容和形式上的延伸和拓展。它作為新興的載體形式給出版業(yè)帶來了另一番發(fā)展前景，傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的數字化轉型也引起了廣泛的關注。本文將對我國數字出版和傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的轉型研究作以綜述。關鍵詞關鍵詞數字出版；傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)；轉型隨著信息技術和互聯網的迅速普及，網絡技術催生了許多新的產業(yè)。2010年被業(yè)界認為是中國的“數字出版元年”，數字出版產業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛。它的出現不僅大大豐富了出版物的內容和形式，也改變了傳統(tǒng)出版物的生產方式和消費理念。何為“數字出版”數字出版的概念是相對于傳統(tǒng)出版而言的。傳統(tǒng)出版一般是指紙質出版活動，而數字出版從廣義上說，只要是用二進制這種技術手段對出版的任何環(huán)節(jié)進行的操作，都是數字出版的一部分。它包括原創(chuàng)作品數字化、編輯加工的數字化、印刷復制的數字化、發(fā)行銷售的數字化和閱讀消費的數字化。1數字出版的優(yōu)勢顯而易見海量信息、載體形式多樣、傳輸速度快、檢索方便、更新迅速而又互動性強等。2它以此贏得越來越多受眾的青睞，同時也為出版企業(yè)提供了更為廣闊的發(fā)展空間。本文將主要介紹我國數字出版業(yè)的現狀、發(fā)展瓶頸及未來發(fā)展趨勢與在數字出版的沖擊下我國傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的數字化轉型問題。一、一、我國的數字出版業(yè)我國的數字出版業(yè)（一）我國數字出版業(yè)的現狀我國數字出版雖然起步較晚，但在信息化進城加快和新興媒體的推動下，數字出版產業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，數字化出版物的市場空前提高。我國數字出版的整體規(guī)模從2000年的159億元發(fā)展到2006年的200億元，2007年的360億元，2008年的530億元人民幣，2009年的750億元，首次超過了傳統(tǒng)書報刊出版物的總值。2010年整體收入達到900億元以上，計劃到2015年將達到1800億元。3出版形態(tài)也多種多樣，目前已經過形成了電子書、數字報紙、互聯網期刊、網絡游戲、網絡動漫、播客、手機出版等形態(tài)。4在數字出版業(yè)界的積極探索下，網絡新聞與資訊出版服務、電子書、專業(yè)文獻數據庫、網游、數字動漫出版、網絡期刊雜志、手機書、閱讀器等領域的業(yè)務模式逐漸清晰，形成了較為穩(wěn)定的產業(yè)鏈。5合，進而實現“一種內容、多種載體、復合出版”的發(fā)展局面。1414跨界化整合。實力大的出版企業(yè)向產業(yè)鏈的下游滲入，由內容提供商演變?yōu)閮热菥酆仙袒蚱脚_服務商；技術供應商、網絡運營商等進入出版產業(yè)領域，通過實現兼并重組，擠壓傳統(tǒng)出版企業(yè)的上游生存空間；各大出版企業(yè)互通內容資源，以此整合成產品與IT企業(yè)、移動運營商、互聯網企業(yè)等抗衡；產業(yè)鏈的上下游產業(yè)實現階段性有限合作，形成利益共同體。1515內容價值的核心地位不會改變。技術供應商能夠給予內容提供商最先進的技術生產，但絕不可能代替內容的創(chuàng)造價值。1616數字出版最有價值的還是內容，即所謂的“內容為王”。內容品牌力與內容生產力在任何時候都是數字出版的核心競爭力。二、二、傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數字化轉型傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數字化轉型隨著信息技術的發(fā)展，數字出版出現并得到了快速發(fā)展，這對傳統(tǒng)出版造成很大的沖擊，使得出版的載體形式、運營模式亦或是傳播方式都發(fā)生了巨大的變化。目前，中國的出版業(yè)正在經歷著數字化轉型。（一）傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數字化轉型的現狀在數字出版業(yè)發(fā)展一路高歌的背景下，傳統(tǒng)出版社迫于自身的巨大壓力，也開始涉足數字出版。首先，政府部門主導，新聞出版總署成立了重大工程領導小組辦公室進行相關項目的落實，推動傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)數字化轉型。傳統(tǒng)出版單位也紛紛成立了數字出版部、網絡部、信息中心或創(chuàng)辦網站。其次，傳統(tǒng)出版單位也參與到了出版電子圖書和開發(fā)電子閱讀器當中來，推出了相應的手機出版物，如人民日報、廣州日報、北京晨報等主流媒體推出手機報業(yè)務；一些期刊社推出手機雜志，如三聯生活周刊、譯林、家庭、時尚旅游等。1717最后，推出在線工具書或進行在線與遠程教育出版，如商務印書館的在線工具書，上海世紀出版集團、江蘇鳳凰出版?zhèn)髅郊瘓F、北京出版集團有限責任公司的在線與遠程教出版等。然而即使如此，截至目前，在數字出版領域鼓浪弄潮的主要還是和信息網絡技術密切相關的企業(yè)（如手機運營商、網絡運營商等），而并非傳統(tǒng)出版企業(yè)。傳統(tǒng)出版社為何對數字出版轉型采取觀望態(tài)度呢除卻資金、技術、人才、管理等要素，在目前乃至今后的一段時期，做數字出版都看不到盈利的希望，但它卻擁有令人眼紅心動的盈利前景。1818現階段出版業(yè)探索出的適合傳統(tǒng)出版集團的數字出版盈利模式有全媒體盈利模式、數據庫在線出版盈利模式、在線學習出版盈利模式和手機閱讀盈利模式。1919而目前傳統(tǒng)出版企業(yè)做數字出版實現產品銷售的主要方式有4種一是把紙介質圖書數字化并把電

簡介：目錄目錄1目前的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權是一個怎樣的現狀22哪些因素影響了鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會的自主性23把握鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權再造的幾個具體科學發(fā)展觀問題231堅持官本與民本相轉變，體現再造的人性化232堅持宏觀與微觀相統(tǒng)一，體現再造的統(tǒng)籌性333堅持有為和無為相兼容，體現再造的可持續(xù)334堅持一般和個別相結合，體現再造的全面性34幾種改革方案的可行性分析441對實行鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)自治方案的分析442對改鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府為派出機構的理解443對推行鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)長直選的不同認識45結論5參考文獻62二十世紀以來，中國的鄉(xiāng)村治理的研究出現過兩次高潮，第一次出現在二十世紀初中期，第二次則出現在二十世紀末。近期的鄉(xiāng)村治理研究主要是是圍繞治理格局與模式選擇、鄉(xiāng)村治理與權威秩序、財稅體制與農民負擔、人地矛盾與土地制度、鄉(xiāng)村治理與農民組織、鄉(xiāng)村治理的比較研究等諸方面來展開的，多學科的介入研究出現了大量的研究成果，但也存在不少問題。1目前目前的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權是一個怎樣的現狀的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權是一個怎樣的現狀現階段鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權現狀主要有兩方面，一方面是經濟危機，一方面是政治危機。其中經濟危機一是經濟來源問題，表現為農不養(yǎng)政使大部分鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)斷了經濟來源；二是債務問題，由于財政體制原因加之近年來的農村趕超型的發(fā)展使鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)背上了沉重的債務，有的幾乎積重難返。政治危機一方面是結構性退化，表現為鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的權責關系不協調，機構設置不合理，政權的運行成本過高、運作效能低下；一方面是功能性變異，表現為官本位的過重。2哪些因素影響了鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會的自主性哪些因素影響了鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會的自主性第一，經濟發(fā)展程度的高低嚴重影響著鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會自主性的生長進程；第二，鄉(xiāng)村社會的利益分化是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會自主性生長的最基本的前提條件；第三，農民與干部素質是制約鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)民主制度運行的關鍵性因素；第四，政府控制和主導社會力量的程度是首屈一指的要素。關于經濟發(fā)展對自主性的影響，由于集體經濟的脆弱，村莊精英和村民都會選擇政治冷漠策略，基層政府靠使用更多的強力來控制鄉(xiāng)村社會，完成上級政府硬性下達的各項任務，結果只能是增加鄉(xiāng)村社會自治組織對政府的依附。與此形成對比的是，沿海發(fā)達地區(qū)經濟的豐盈則導致村民高政治參與積極性并且鄉(xiāng)村社會自治組織對抗政府控制的能力亦增強。3把握鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權再造的幾個具體科學發(fā)展觀問題把握鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政權再造的幾個具體科學發(fā)展觀問題31堅持官本與民本相轉變，體現再造的人性化堅持官本與民本相轉變，體現再造的人性化以人為本是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)再造的最終落腳點，也是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)再造的首要出發(fā)點。歷史的改革實踐證明，堅持以民為本，改革就會成功；堅持以官為本，改革必然失敗。第一，要樹立民本意識。主要是著眼于從官本意識向民本意識的轉換。意識問題是觀念問

簡介：文獻出處FERRUCCIF,BOCKSREALTIMECONTROLOFEXPRESSPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROCESSESINADYNAMICENVIRONMENTJTRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHPARTBMETHODOLOGICAL,2014,63114原文原文REALTIMECONTROLOFEXPRESSPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROCESSESINADYNAMICENVIRONMENTFRANCESCOFERRUCCI；STEFANBOCK1INTRODUCTIONDAILYTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESOFEXPRESSCOURIERSERVICECOMPANIESARECHARACTERIZEDBYAHIGHLYDYNAMICENVIRONMENTINWHICHTHESYSTEMSITUATIONFREQUENTLYCHANGESBYTHEOCCURRENCEOFVARIOUSDYNAMICEVENTSAKEYCHARACTERISTICISTHATDYNAMICALLYARRIVINGREQUESTSHAVETOBETRANSPORTEDFROMPICKUPLOCATIONSTODELIVERYLOCATIONSONTHESAMEDAYSINCEITISHIGHLYDESIREDTHATREQUESTSAREFULFILLEDWITHINGIVENTIMEWINDOWS,TRANSPORTATIONACTIVITIESAREOFTENCARRIEDOUTUNDERHIGHTIMEPRESSUREMOREOVER,ROADNETWORKSAREFREQUENTLYCONGESTEDANDUNRELIABLECONSEQUENTLY,BESIDESTHEARRIVALOFNEWREQUESTS,TRAFFICCONGESTIONANDVEHICLEDISTURBANCES,IE,SLOWDOWNSANDBREAKDOWNS,HAVETOBEMANAGEDINREALTIMETHANKSTOADVANCESININFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES,INFORMATIONABOUTDYNAMICEVENTSWHICHISONLYAVAILABLEDURINGTHEEXECUTIONOFTHETRANSPORTATIONSERVICECANNOWBEUTILIZEDLARSEN,2000ANDGIAGLISETAL,200411CONTRIBUTIONSINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEANEWREALTIMECONTROLAPPROACHFOREFFICIENTLYCOORDINATINGDYNAMICTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESOFEXPRESSCOURIERSERVICECOMPANIESINORDERTOPROVIDEPRACTICALDECISIONSUPPORT,THISAPPROACHISBASEDONANEXTENDEDDYNAMICPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMDPDPTHATINTEGRATESVARIOUSSOURCESOFDYNAMICEVENTSASWELLASSEVERALREALWORLDASPECTSWEDENOTETHISNEWVARIANTASTHEDYNAMICPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMWITHREALTIMECONTROLDPDPRCITISSPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDINORDERTOEFFICIENTLYCONTROLURGENTREALWORLDTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESWHICHAREEXECUTEDBYEXPRESSCOURIERSERVICECOMPANIESTHEMAINCONTRIBUTIONSOFTHISPAPERARETHECONSIDEREDTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESCANBEMODELEDASAVARIANTOFTHEPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMPDPWHICHISAGENERALIZATIONOFTHEWELLSTUDIEDVEHICLEROUTINGPROBLEMVRP,SEETOTHANDVIGO,2002ANDGOLDENETAL,2008ANDASPECIALCASEOFTHEGENERALPICKUPANDDELIVERYPROBLEMGPDP,SEESAVELSBERGHANDSOL,1995VARIANTSOFPDPSHAVEBECOMEAVITALRESEARCHAREABECAUSEOFTHEIRPRACTICALRELEVANCEACLOSELYRELATEDPROBLEMTHATFOCUSESONPASSENGERTRANSPORTATIONISTHEDIALARIDEPROBLEMDARP,SEECORDEAUANDLAPORTE,2007,CORDEAUETAL,2007,PAQUETTEETAL,2013ANDKIRCHLERANDWOLFLERCALVO,2013INTHEDARP,ADDITIONALDRIVINGCONSTRAINTSANDCONVENIENCEOBJECTIVESARECONSIDEREDINTHELITERATURE,APPROACHESFORSTATICPDPSAREDISTINGUISHEDFROMDYNAMICCONCEPTSINAPPROACHESFORSTATICPDPSITISASSUMEDTHATTHEPROBLEMDATAISKNOWNINADVANCEWITHCERTAINTYSEE,EG,NANRYANDWESLEYBARNES,2000,LUANDDESSOUKY,2004ANDBARDANDJARRAH,2009HENCE,ONACCOUNTOFTHEABSENCEOFDYNAMICEVENTS,NOPLANADAPTATIONISNECESSARYDURINGTHEEXECUTIONOFTHETRANSPORTATIONSERVICEINCONTRAST,REALTIMECONCEPTSCANHANDLEUNEXPECTEDCHANGESOFTHESYSTEMSITUATIONCAUSEDBYDYNAMICEVENTSSEEGHIANIETAL,2003,MITROVICMINICETAL,2004,MITROVICMINICANDLAPORTE,2004ANDFABRIANDRECHT,2006WITHREGARDTOTHEFOCUSOFTHISPAPER,ONLYREALTIMEAPPROACHESAREDESCRIBEDINWHATFOLLOWSANOVERVIEWABOUTDYNAMICPDPSCANBEFOUNDINBERBEGLIAETAL2010WHILEMOSTAPPROACHESCONSIDERTHEARRIVALOFNEWREQUESTS,OTHERSOURCESOFDYNAMICEVENTSAREALSOCONSIDEREDINSELECTEDRESEARCHWORKMODELINGOFTRAFFICCONGESTIONISCONSIDEREDINTHEWORKOFFLEISCHMANNETAL,2004,ATTANASIOETAL,2007,BARCELóETAL,2007,HAGHANIANDYANG,2007,CORTéSETAL,2008ANDBOCK,2010MOREOVER,VEHICLEDISTURBANCESARECONSIDEREDINLIETAL,2009,LIETAL,2009,BOCK,2010ANDMUETAL,2010RECENTLY,THEREHAVEBEENANUMBEROFAPPROACHESTHATUSESTOCHASTICKNOWLEDGEABOUTEXPECTEDFUTUREREQUESTARRIVALSWHILEMOSTAPPROACHESDEALWITHDYNAMICVRPSSEE,EG,BENTANDVANHENTENRYCK,2004,ICHOUAETAL,2006,HVATTUMETAL,2006,HVATTUMETAL,2007,VANDEKLUNDERTANDWORMER,2010ANDFERRUCCIETAL,

簡介：CONCRETEBRIDGESCONCRETEISTHEMOSTUSEDCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALFORBRIDGESINTHEUNITEDSTATES,ANDINDEEDINTHEWORLDTHEAPPLICATIONOFPRESTRESSINGTOBRIDGESHASGROWNRAPIDLYANDSTEADILY,BEGINNINGIN1949WITHHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELWIRESINTHEWALNUTLANEBRIDGEINPHILADELPHIA,PENNSYLVANIAACCORDINGTOTHEFEDERALHIGHWAYADMINISTRATION’S1994NATIONALBRIDGEINVENTORYDATA,FROM1950TOTHEEARLY1990S,PRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEGONEFROMBEINGVIRTUALLYNONEXISTENTTOREPRESENTINGOVER50PERCENTOFALLBRIDGESBUILTINTHEUNITEDSTATESPRESTRESSINGHASALSOPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINEXTENDINGTHESPANCAPABILITYOFCONCRETEBRIDGESBYTHELATE1990S,SPLICEDGIRDERSPANSREACHEDARECORD100M330FTCONSTRUCTIONOFSEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESBEGANINTHEUNITEDSTATESIN1974CURRETLY,CLOSETO200SEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEBEENBUILTORAREUNDERCONSTRUCTION,WITHSPANSUPTO240M800FTLATEINTHE1970S,CABLESTAYEDCONSTRUCTIONRAISEDTHEBARFORCONCRETEBRIDGESBY1982,THESUNSHINESKYWAYBRIDGEINTAMPA,FLORIDA,HADSETANEWRECORDFORCONCRETEBRIDGES,WITHAMAINSPANOF365M1,200FTTHENEXTYEAR,THEDAMESPOINTBRIDGEINJACKSONVILLE,FLORIDA,EXTENDEDTHERECORDTO400M1,300FTHIGHPERFORMANCECONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHFORMANYYEARSTHEDESIGNOFPRECASTPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEGIRDERSWASBASEDONCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSOF34TO41MPA5,000TO6,000PSITHISSTRENGTHLEVELSERVEDTHEINDUSTRYWELLANDPROVIDEDTHEBASISFORESTABLISHINGTHEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGEINDUSTRYINTHEUNITEDSTATESINTHE1990STHEINDUSTRYBEGANTOUTILIZEHIGHERCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSINDESIGN,ANDATTHESTARTOFTHENEWMILLENNIUMTHEINDUSTRYISPOISEDTOACCEPTTHEUSEOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSUPTO70MPA10,000PSIFORTHEFUTURE,THEINDUSTRYNEEDSTOSEEKWAYSTOEFFECTIVELYUTILIZEEVENHIGHERCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSTHEREADYMIXEDCONCRETEINDUSTRYHASBEENPRODUCINGCONCRETESWITHCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSINEXCESSOF70MPAFOROVER20YEARSSEVERALDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTSHAVEILLUSTRATEDTHATSTRENGTHSABOVE70MPACANBEACHIEVEDFORPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEGIRDERSBARRIERSNEEDTOBEREMOVEDTOALLOWTHEGREATERUSEOFTHESEMATERIALSATTHESAMETIME,OWNERS,DESIGNERS,CONTRACTORS,ANDFABRICATORSNEEDTOBEMORERECEPTIVETOTHEUSEOFHIGHERCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHCONCRETESDURABILITYHIGHPERFORMANCECONCRETEHPCCANBESPECIFIEDASHIGHCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHEG,INPRESTRESSEDGIRDERSORASCONVENTIONALCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHWITHIMPROVEDDURABILITYEG,INCASTINPLACEBRIDGEDECKSANDSUBSTRUCTURESTHEREISANEEDTODEVELOPABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFALLTHEPARAMETERSTHATAFFECTDURABILITY,SUCHASCAPABILITYONTHEBASISOFTHEFHWASTUDY,PCIDEVELOPEDTHEPCIBULBTEESTANDARD,WHICHWASENDORSEDBYBRIDGEENGINEERSATTHE1987AASHTOANNUALMEETINGSUBSEQUENTLY,THEPCIBULBTEECROSSSECTIONWASADOPTEDINSEVERALSTATESINADDITION,SIMILARCROSSSECTIONSWEREDEVELOPEDANDADOPTEDINFLORIDA,NEBRASKA,ANDTHENEWENGLANDSTATESTHESECROSSSECTIONSAREALSOCOSTEFFECTIVEWITHHIGHSTRENGTHCONCRETESFORSPANLENGTHSUPTOABOUT60M200FTSPLICEDGIRDERSSPLICEDCONCRETEIGIRDERBRIDGESARECOSTEFFECTIVEFORASPANRANGEOF35TO90M120TO300FTOTHERSHAPESBESIDESIGIRDERSINCLUDEU,T,ANDRECTANGULARGIRDERS,ALTHOUGHTHEDOMINANTSHAPEINAPPLICATIONSTODATEHASBEENTHEIGIRDER,PRIMARILYBECAUSEOFITSRELATIVELYLOWCOSTAFEATUREOFSPLICEDBRIDGESISTHEFLEXIBILITYTHEYPROVIDEINSELECTIONOFSPANLENGTH,NUMBERANDLOCATIONSOFPIERS,SEGMENTLENGTHS,ANDSPLICELOCATIONSSPLICEDGIRDERSHAVETHEABILITYTOADAPTTOCURVEDSUPERSTRUCTUREALIGNMENTSBYUTILIZINGSHORTSEGMENTLENGTHSANDACCOMMODATINGTHECHANGEINDIRECTIONINTHECASTINPLACEJOINTSCONTINUITYINSPLICEDGIRDERBRIDGESCANBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHFULLLENGTHPOSTTENSIONING,CONVENTIONALREINFORCEMENTINTHEDECK,HIGHSTRENGTHTHREADEDBARSPLICING,ORPRETENSIONEDSTRANDSPLICING,ALTHOUGHTHEGREATMAJORITYOFAPPLICATIONSUTILIZEFULLLENGTHPOSTTENSIONINGTHEAVAILABILITYOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSHIGHERTHANTHETRADITIONAL34MPA5,000PSISIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVESTHEECONOMYOFSPLICEDGIRDERDESIGNS,INWHICHHIGHFLEXURALANDSHEARSTRESSESARECONCENTRATEDNEARTHEPIERSDEVELOPMENTOFSTANDARDIZEDHAUNCHEDGIRDERPIERSEGMENTSISNEEDEDFOREFFICIENCYINNEGATIVEMOMENTZONESCURRENTLY,THESEGMENTSHAPESVARYFROMAGRADUALLYTHICKENINGBOTTOMFLANGETOACURVEDHAUNCHWITHCONSTANTSIZEDBOTTOMFLANGEANDVARIABLEWEBDEPTHSEGMENTALBRIDGESSEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEBECOMEANESTABLISHEDTYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONFORHIGHWAYANDTRANSITPROJECTSONCONSTRAINEDSITESTYPICALAPPLICATIONSINCLUDETRANSITSYSTEMSOVEREXISTINGURBANSTREETSANDHIGHWAYS,RECONSTRUCTIONOFEXISTINGINTERCHANGESANDBRIDGESUNDERTRAFFIC,ORPROJECTSTHATCROSSENVIRONMENTALLYSENSITIVESITESINADDITION,SEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENPROVEDTOBEAPPROPRIATEFORLARGESCALE,REPETITIVEBRIDGESSUCHASLONGWATERWAYCROSSINGSORURBANFREEWAYVIADUCTSORWHERETHEAESTHETICSOFTHEPROJECTAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSSUGGESTTHATSEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONWILLBEUSEDONALARGERNUMBEROFPROJECTSINTHEFUTURESTANDARDCROSSSECTIONSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOALLOWFORWIDERAPPLICATIONOFTHISCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTOSMALLERSCALEPROJECTSSURVEYSOFEXISTINGSEGMENTALBRIDGESHAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHEDURABILITYOFTHISSTRUCTURETYPEANDSUGGESTTHATADDITIONALINCREASESINDESIGNLIFEAREPOSSIBLEWITHTHEUSEOFHPCSEGMENTALBRIDGESWITHCONCRETESTRENGTHSOF55MPA8,000PSIORMOREHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDOVERTHEPAST5YEARSERECTIONWITHOVERHEADEQUIPMENTHASEXTENDEDAPPLICATIONSTOMORECONGESTEDURBANAREASUSEOFPRESTRESSEDCOMPOSITESTEELANDCONCRETEINBRIDGESREDUCESTHEDEADWEIGHTOFTHESUPERSTRUCTUREANDOFFERSINCREASEDSPANLENGTHSLOADRATINGOFEXISTINGBRIDGES

簡介：山東建筑大學畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯文1外文文獻PROJECTCOSTCONTROLTHEWAYITWORKSBYRMAXWIDEMANINARECENTCONSULTINGASSIGNMENTWEREALIZEDTHATTHEREWASSOMELACKOFUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROL,HOWITISSETUPANDAPPLIEDSOWEDECIDEDTOWRITEUPADESCRIPTIONOFHOWITWORKSPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISNOTTHATDIFFICULTTOFOLLOWINTHEORYFIRSTYOUESTABLISHASETOFREFERENCEBASELINESTHEN,ASWORKPROGRESSES,YOUMONITORTHEWORK,ANALYZETHEFINDINGS,FORECASTTHEENDRESULTSANDCOMPARETHOSEWITHTHEREFERENCEBASELINESIFTHEENDRESULTSARENOTSATISFACTORYTHENYOUMAKEADJUSTMENTSASNECESSARYTOTHEWORKINPROGRESS,ANDREPEATTHECYCLEATSUITABLEINTERVALSIFTHEENDRESULTSGETREALLYOUTOFLINEWITHTHEBASELINEPLAN,YOUMAYHAVETOCHANGETHEPLANMORELIKELY,THEREWILLBEORHAVEBEENSCOPECHANGESTHATCHANGETHEREFERENCEBASELINESWHICHMEANSTHATEVERYTIMETHATHAPPENSYOUHAVETOCHANGETHEBASELINEPLANANYWAYBUTPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISALOTMOREDIFFICULTTODOINPRACTICE,ASISEVIDENCEDBYTHENUMBEROFPROJECTSTHATFAILTOCONTAINCOSTSITALSOINVOLVESASIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFWORK,ASWESHALLSEE,ANDWEMIGHTASWELLSTARTATTHEBEGINNINGSOLETUSFOLLOWTHETHREADOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROLTHROUGHTHEENTIREPROJECTLIFESPANAND,WHILEWEAREATIT,WEWILLTAKETHEOPPORTUNITYTOPOINTOUTTHEPROPERPLACESFORSEVERALSIGNIFICANTDOCUMENTSTHESEINCLUDETHEBUSINESSCASE,THEREQUESTFORACAPITALAPPROPRIATIONFOREXECUTION,WORKPACKAGESANDTHEWORKBREAKDOWNSTRUCTURE,THEPROJECTCHARTERORBRIEF,THEPROJECTBUDGETORCOSTPLAN,EARNEDVALUEANDTHECOSTBASELINEALLOFTHESECONTRIBUTETOTHEORGANIZATIONSABILITYTOEFFECTIVELYCONTROLPROJECTCOSTSFOOTNOTEIAMINDEBTEDTOMYFRIENDQUENTINFLEMING,THEGURUOFEARNEDVALUE,FORCHECKINGANDCORRECTINGMYWORKONTHISTOPICTHEBUSINESSCASEANDAPPLICATIONFOREXECUTIONFUNDINGITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISMOSTEFFECTIVEWHENTHEEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENTRESPONSIBLEHASAGOODUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWPROJECTSSHOULDUNFOLDTHROUGHTHEPROJECTLIFESPANTHISMEANSTHATTHEYEXERCISETHEIRRESPONSIBILITIESATTHEKEYDECISIONPOINTS山東建筑大學畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯文3THEPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLAN,PROJECTBRIEFORPROJECTCHARTERIFTHEDELIVERABLECONSISTSOFANUMBEROFDIFFERENTELEMENTS,THESEAREIDENTIFIEDANDASSEMBLEDINTOWORKPACKAGESWPSANDPRESENTEDINTHEFORMOFAWORKBREAKDOWNSTRUCTUREWBSEACHWPINVOLVESASETOFACTIVITIES,THE“WORK“THATISPLANNEDANDSCHEDULEDASAPARTOFTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLANNOTE,HOWEVER,THATTHEPLANNINGWILLSTILLBEATARELATIVELYHIGHLEVEL,ANDMOREDETAILEDPLANNINGWILLBENECESSARYDURINGEXECUTIONIFTHEPROJECTISGIVENTHEGOAHEADTHISPROJECTMANAGEMENTPLAN,BYTHEWAY,SHOULDBECOMETHE“BIBLE“FORTHEEXECUTIONPHASEOFTHEPROJECTANDISSOMETIMESREFERREDTOASTHE“PROJECTBRIEF“ORTHE“PROJECTCHARTER“THECOSTOFDOINGTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESISTHENESTIMATEDANDTHESEESTIMATEDCOSTSAREAGGREGATEDTODETERMINETHEESTIMATEDCOSTOFTHEWPTHISAPPROACHISKNOWNAS“DETAILEDESTIMATING“OR“BOTTOMUPESTIMATING“THEREAREOTHERAPPROACHESTOESTIMATINGTHATWELLCOMETOINAMINUTEEITHERWAY,THERESULTISANESTIMATEDCOSTOFTHETOTALWORKOFTHEPROJECTNOTETHATPROJECTRISKMANAGEMENTPLANNINGISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHISEXERCISETHISSHOULDEXAMINETHEPROJECTSASSUMPTIONSANDENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSTOIDENTIFYANYWEAKNESSESINTHEPLANTHUSFAR,ANDIDENTIFYTHOSEPOTENTIALRISKEVENTSTHATWARRANTATTENTIONFORMITIGATIONTHISMIGHTTAKETHEFORMOFSPECIFICCONTINGENCYPLANNING,AND/ORTHESETTINGASIDEOFPRUDENTFUNDINGRESERVESREQUESTFORCAPITALCONVERTINGTHEESTIMATEHOWEVER,ANESTIMATEOFTHEWORKALONEISNOTSUFFICIENTFORACAPITALREQUESTTOARRIVEATACAPITALREQUESTSOMECONVERSIONISNECESSARY,FOREXAMPLE,BYADDINGPRUDENTALLOWANCESSUCHASOVERHEADS,ACONTINGENCYALLOWANCETOCOVERNORMALPROJECTRISKSANDMANAGEMENTRESERVESTOCOVERUNKNOWNSANDPOSSIBLESCOPECHANGESINADDITION,ITMAYBENECESSARYTOCONVERTTHEESTIMATINGDATAINTOAFINANCIALACCOUNTINGFORMATTHATSATISFIESTHECORPORATEORSPONSORSFORMATFORPURPOSESOFCOMPARISONWITHOTHERPROJECTSANDCONSEQUENTFUNDINGAPPROVALINPRACTICEALLTHEDATAFORTHETYPEOF“BOTTOMUP“APPROACHJUSTDESCRIBEDMAYNOTBEAVAILABLEINTHISCASEALTERNATIVEESTIMATINGAPPROACHESAREADOPTEDTHATPROVIDEVARIOUSDEGREESOFRELIABILITYINA“TOPDOWN“FASHIONFOREXAMPLE

簡介：英文文獻翻譯1畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯學院商學院專業(yè)國際經濟與貿易班級國貿0804姓名學號0811200330指導教師2012年6月英文文獻翻譯3GRILICHES1998JORGENSONANDSTIROH2000DIFFUSIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGYKARSHENASANDSTONEMAN1995GEROSKI2000THEEFFECTOFMARKETSTRUCTUREONINNOVATIONSCHERER1986SUTTON1998MARKETFAILURESRELATEDTOINNOVATIONANDAPPROPRIATEPOLICYRESPONSESMARTINANDSCOTT2000THEECONOMICEFFECTSOFTHEPATENTSYSTEMJAFFE2000ANDTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEINENDOGENOUSMACROECONOMICGROWTHROMER1994GROSSMANANDHELPMAN1994INTHISPARTOFTHEARTICLE,WEPROVIDEAVERYBRIEFGUIDETOSOMEOFTHISRESEARCHINPARTICULAR,WEINTRODUCEAPPROACHESFORMEASURINGTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,WEEXAMINECRITICALASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,ANDWEDESCRIBEMODELINGAPPROACHESANDPOTENTIALMARKETFAILURESRELATINGTOTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONANDDIFFUSION11MEASUREMENTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGETHEMEASUREMENTOFTHERATEANDDIRECTIONOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGERESTSFUNDAMENTALLYONTHECONCEPTOFTHETRANSFORMATIONFUNCTION,10,,?TIYTWHEREYREPRESENTSAVECTOROFOUTPUTS,IREPRESENTSAVECTOROFINPUTS,ANDTISTIMEEQUATION1DESCRIBESAPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITYFRONTIER,THATIS,ASETOFCOMBINATIONSOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSTHATARETECHNICALLYFEASIBLEATAPOINTINTIMETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEISREPRESENTEDBYMOVEMENTOFTHISFRONTIERTHATMAKESITPOSSIBLEOVERTIMETOUSEGIVENINPUTVECTORSTOPRODUCEOUTPUTVECTORSTHATWERENOTPREVIOUSLYFEASIBLEINMOSTAPPLICATIONS,SEPARABILITYANDAGGREGATIONASSUMPTIONSAREMADETHATMAKEITPOSSIBLETOREPRESENTTHEECONOMY’SPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYWITHAPRODUCTIONFUNCTION,2,,,TELKFY?WHEREISNOWAMEASUREOFAGGREGATEOUTPUTFOREXAMPLE,GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,YANDTHELISTOFINPUTSONTHERIGHTHANDSIDEOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONCANBEMADEARBITRARILYLONGFORILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSES,WECONCEIVEOFOUTPUTASBEINGMADEFROMASINGLECOMPOSITEOFCAPITALGOODS,,ASINGLECOMPOSITEOFLABORINPUTS,,ANDAKLSINGLECOMPOSITEOFENVIRONMENTALINPUTS,FOREXAMPLE,WASTEASSIMILATIONAGAIN,ETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEMEANSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEINPUTSANDPOSSIBLEOUTPUTLEVELSCHANGESOVERTIMELOGARITHMICDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONEQUATION2WITH

簡介：英語原文INTELLIGENTTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLBYMARCOWIERINGTHETOPICIPICKEDFOROURCOMMUNITYPROJECTWASTRAFFICLIGHTSINACOMMUNITY,PEOPLENEEDSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTSTOSLOWDOWNDRIVERSFROMGOINGTOOFASTIFTHEREWERENOTRAFFICLIGHTSORSTOPSIGNS,PEOPLE’SLIVESWOULDBEINDANGERFROMDRIVERSGOINGTOOFASTTHEURBANTRAFFICTRENDSTOWARDSTHESATURATION,THERATEOFINCREASEOFTHEROADOFBIGCITYFARLAGSBEHINDRATEOFINCREASEOFTHECARTHEURBANPASSENGERTRAFFICHASALREADYBECOMETHEMAINPARTOFCITYTRAFFICDAYBYDAYANDITHASUSEDABOUT80OFTHEAREAOFROADOFCENTERDISTRICTWITHTHEINCREASEOFPOPULATIONANDINDUSTRYACTIVITY,PEOPLESTRAFFICISMOREANDMOREFREQUENT,WHICHISUNAVOIDABLEWHATMEANSOFTRANSPORTATIONPEOPLEADOPTPRODUCESPRESSURECOMPLETELYDIFFERENTTOCITYTRAFFICACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,IFITIS1TOADOPTTHEAREAOFROADTHATTHEPUBLICTRANSPORTNEEDS,BIKENEEDS57,CARNEEDS1525,EVENTOWALKIS3TIMESMORETHANTOTAKEPUBLICTRANSITSSOONLYBYBUILDINGROADCANTSOLVETHECITYTRAFFICPROBLEMFINALLYYETEVERYLARGECITYOFTHEWORLDINCREASESTHETRAFFICPOLICYTOTHEFIRSTPLACEOFTHEQUESTIONFOREXAMPLE，ACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,WHENTHEAUTOMOBILEOWNINGAMOUNTOFSHANGHAIREACHES800,000OUTSIDECARSCOUNTSEPARATELY,IFITDISTRIBUTESSTILLASNOWFOREXAMPLECENTERDISTRICTACCOUNTSFORGREATPROPORTION,EVENWHENSEVERALLOOPLINESANDARTERIALHIGHWAYSHAVEBEENBUILTUP,THETRAFFICCANNOTBEIMPROVEDMORETHANBEFOREANDTHESITUATIONMIGHTBEEVENWORSESOTHETRAFFICPOLICYSHANGHAIMUSTADOPT,ORCALLEDTRAFFICSTRATEGYISTHATHAVEPRIORITYTODEVELOPPUBLICPASSENGERTRAFFICOFCITY,NARROWTHESCOPEOFUSINGOFTHEBICYCLEPROGRESSIVELY,CONTROLTHESCALEOFGROWTHOFTHECARTRAFFICINTHECENTERDISTRICT,LIMITTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMOTORCYCLESTRICTLYTHEREAREMOREMUNICIPALSPROJECTUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINBIGCITYTHEINFLUENCEONTHETRAFFICISGREATERMUNICIPALINFRASTRUCTURECONSTRUCTIONISORIGINALLYAGOODTHINGOFALLEVIATINGTHETRAFFIC,BUTINTHECOURSEOFCONSTRUCTING,ITUNAVOIDABLYINFLUENCETHELOCALTRAFFICSOMEROADSECTIONSAREBLOCKED,SOMECHANGEINTOANONEWAYLANE,THUSTHEVEHICLECANONLYTAKEADEVIOUSROUTETHECONSTRUCTIONMAKESTHEROADVERYNARROW,FORMINGTHEBOTTLENECK,WHICHSERIOUSLYINFLUENCETHECARFLOWWHENHAVINGSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTS,PEOPLEHAVEATENDENCYTODRIVESLOWERANDRECEIVEINFORMATIONABOUTHOWTODRIVETHROUGHACITYINORDERTOMINIMIZETHEIRWAITINGTIMESTHISMEANSTHATWEARECOPINGWITHACOMPLEXMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOMMUNICATIONANDCOORDINATIONPLAYESSENTIALROLESOURRESEARCHHASLEDTOANOVELSYSTEMINWHICHTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSANDTHEBEHAVIOUROFCARDRIVERSAREOPTIMIZEDUSINGMACHINELEARNINGMETHODSOURIDEAOFSETTINGATRAFFICLIGHTISASFOLLOWSSUPPOSETHEREAREANUMBEROFCARSWITHTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSSTANDINGBEFOREACROSSINGALLCARSCOMMUNICATETOTHETRAFFICLIGHTTHEIRSPECIFICPLACEINTHEQUEUEANDTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTHASTODECIDEWHICHOPTIONIE,WHICHLANESARETOBEPUTONGREENISOPTIMALTOMINIMIZETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMEUNTILALLCARSHAVEARRIVEDATTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSTHELEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSOLVETHISPROBLEMBYESTIMATINGHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEFORACARTOARRIVEATITSDESTINATIONADDRESSFORWHICHTHECARMAYNEEDTOPASSMANYDIFFERENTTRAFFICLIGHTSWHENCURRENTLYTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONGREEN,ANDHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEIFTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONREDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEWAITINGTIMEFORREDANDTHEWAITINGTIMEFORGREENISTHEGAINFORTHECARNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSETTHELIGHTSINSUCHAWAYTOMAXIMIZETHEAVERAGEGAINOFALLCARSSTANDINGBEFORETHECROSSINGTOESTIMATETHEWAITINGTIMES,WEUSEREINFORCEMENTLEARNINGWHICHKEEPSTRACKOFTHEWAITINGTIMESOFINDIVIDUALCARSANDUSESASMARTWAYTOCOMPUTETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESUSINGDYNAMICPROGRAMMINGALGORITHMSONENICEFEATUREISTHATTHESYSTEMISVERYFAIRITNEVERLETSONECARWAITFORAVERYLONGTIME,SINCETHENITSGAINOFSETTINGITSOWNLIGHTTOGREENBECOMESVERYLARGE,ANDTHEOPTIMALDECISIONOFTHETRAFFICLIGHTWILLSETHISLIGHTTOGREENFURTHERMORE,SINCEWEESTIMATEWAITINGTIMESBEFORETRAFFICLIGHTSUNTILTHEDESTINATIONOFTHEROADUSERHASBEENREACHED,THEROADUSERCANUSETHISINFORMATIONTOCHOOSETOWHICHNEXTTRAFFICLIGHTTOGO,THEREBYIMPROVINGITSDRIVINGBEHAVIOURTHROUGHACITYNOTETHATWESOLVETHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLPROBLEMBYUSINGADISTRIBUTEDMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOOPERATIONANDCOORDINATIONAREDONEBYCOMMUNICATION,LEARNING,ANDVOTINGMECHANISMSTOALLOWFORGREENWAVESDURINGEXTREMELYBUSYSITUATIONS,WECOMBINEOURALGORITHMWITHASPECIALBUCKETALGORITHMWHICHPROPAGATESGAINSFROMONETRAFFICLIGHTTOTHENEXTONE,INDUCINGSTRONGERVOTINGONTHENEXTTRAFFICCONTROLLEROPTIONWEHAVEIMPLEMENTEDTHEGREENLIGHTDISTRICT,ATRAFFICSIMULATORINJAVAINWHICHINFRASTRUCTURESCANBEEDITEDEASILYBYUSINGTHEMOUSE,ANDDIFFERENTLEVELSOFROADUSAGECANBESIMULATEDALARGENUMBEROFFIXEDANDLEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSHAVEALREADYBEENTESTEDINTHESIMULATORANDTHERESULTINGAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESOFCARSHAVEBEENPLOTTEDANDCOMPAREDTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHELEARNINGCONTROLLERSCANREDUCEAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESWITHATLEAST10INSEMIBUSYTRAFFICSITUATIONS,ANDEVENMUCHMOREWHENHIGHCONGESTION

簡介：外文資料原文外文資料原文LARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMSRESEARCHLEDDEVELOPMENTALONGWITHCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYSHIGHSPEEDDEVELOPMENT,LEDLIGHTEMITTINGDIODETHESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMTAKESAFTERTHETELEVISION,THEBROADCAST,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINE“THEFIFTHBIGMEDIA”MARCHESINTOTHESOCIALLIFEFASTEACHASPECTITSCOLLECTIONMICROELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,THECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THEINFORMATIONPROCESSINGANDMANAGEMENTTECHNOLOGYINABODY,MAYTHEINFORMATIONTHROUGHTHEWRITING,THEDESIGN,THEANIMATIONANDTHEVIDEOFREQUENCYFOURFORMSDEMONSTRATESWITHMEDIAANDSOONBANKOFTELEVISIONMONITORS,MAGNETISMVANECOMPARES,THELEDLARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMHASTHEDESIGNTOBEARTISTIC,THECOLORISSHARPTHEDESIGN,THECOLORCHANGEARERICH,AREFASTTHELOWPOWERLOSS,THELONGLIFE,THEUSECOSTLOW,WORKSTABLYRELIABLEANDSOONCHARACTERISTICSITDEMONSTRATEDTHECHARTARTICLEANGLEOFVIEWISBIG,THEAPPARENTDISTANCEISFAR,THUSHASWIDELYAPPLIEDINTHELARGESCALESQUARE,THECOMMERCIALADVERTIZING,THESPORTSCOMPLEXES,THEINFORMATIONDISSEMINATION,THENEWSISSUE,THESECURITIESTRADINGITALSOAPPLIESINTHEINDUSTRIALCONTROLANDTHEINDUSTRYREASSIGNMENTSYSTEM,ISADVANTAGEOUSEACHKINDOFPARAMETER,THEALARMPOINT,THETECHNICALPROCESSDEMONSTRATESCLEARLYPERFECT,MAYSATISFYTHEDIFFERENTENVIRONMENTTHENEEDTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISONEKINDOFUSECOMPUTERANDTHECOMPLEXDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGELECTRONADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDASCREENITSSCREENBODYPARTBYTHEMICROPROCESSORISMAINLYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEDRIVINGCIRCUITCONTROLMOVEMENT,DEMONSTRATEDTHEIMAGEORTHEWRITINGOBTAINBYTHECOMPUTEREDITIONSOFTWAREEDITORBECAUSETHELEDDISPLAYMONITORTHISKINDOFNEWGENERATIONINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICEHASTHEDEMONSTRATIONDESIGNTOBESTABLE,THEPOWERLOSSISLOW,LIFELONGANDSOONCHARACTERISTICS,MOREOVERITSYNTHESIZEDEACHKINDOFINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICESSTRONGPOINT,ANDHASOVERCOMEOWNINSUFFICIENCY,BECAUSESPECIALLYADISPLAYMONITORMAYDEMONSTRATETHATTHEDIFFERENTCONTENT,THEDISPLAYMODEISRICHTHEREFOREINTHEPUBLICAREA,ITHASTHEINTENSEADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDAANDTHEINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONEFFECT,ALREADYINTHESOLIDDEMONSTRATEDDAYBYDAYOCCUPIESTHEDOMINANTPOSITIONTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORSPROSPECTSFORDEVELOPMENTAREEXTREMELYBROAD,ATPRESENTTOWARDTHEHIGHLUMINANCE,AHIGHERWEATHERFASTNESS,THEHIGHERLUMINOUSDENSITY,THEHIGHERILLUMINATIONUNIFORMITY,THERELIABILITY,THEPANCHROMATICDIRECTIONISDEVELOPINGISCOMPOSEDOFTHEDIFFERENTMATERIALSSEMICONDUCTORCANSENDOUTTHEDIFFERENTCOLORTHELEDCRYSTALSPOTATPRESENTWHATAPPLIESISBROADESTISRED,THEGREEN,YELLOWLEDBUTTHEBLUECOLORANDTHEPUREGREENLEDDEVELOPMENTHADALREADYACHIEVEDTHEPRACTICALSTAGELEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFICATIONLEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFIEDLEDDISPLAYMONITORISMANYKINDSOFTECHNICALSYNTHESISAPPLICATIONPRODUCT,INVOLVESPHOTOELECTRONICS,THESEMICONDUCTORDEVICE,THEDIGITELECTRONICCIRCUIT,THELARGESCALEINTEGRATEDCIRCUIT,THEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEMICROCOMPUTERANDSOONEACHASPECT,BOTHHASTHEHARDWAREANDTOHAVESOFTWARE4AFTERTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISTAKESTHEBROADCAST,THETELEVISION,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINEANOTHERNEWCOMMUNICATIONMEDIAATPRESENTTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORBASISUSESTHEPLACETOBEDIFFERENT,MAYDIVIDEINTOTHEOUTDOORSCREENANDTHEINDOORSCREENTWOKINDS,ITSMAINDIFFERENCEISPHOTOTOP,FROMTHEDISPLAYPANELTOTHEACTUATIONBOARD,ARRIVESATTHECONTROLPANELAGAIN,CARRIESONTHEHARDWAREPROGRAMMING,AFTERDEBUGGINGSUCCESSFULLY,RECEIVESATELEGRAMTHESOURCEPLATE,FINALLYCOMPLETESTHEDATATRANSMISSIONBOARDANDPCMACHINECONNECTS,CARRIESONTHEPCSOFTWAREPROGRAMMING,COMPLETESTHEDEMONSTRATIONDATATHEPRODUCTION,THEEXTRACTION,PROCESSING,THETRANSMISSIONASWELLASTHEDEMONSTRATIONEFFECTREALTIMECONTROLEACHMODULEUSES8LEDLATTICESTOLIGHTENEACHLINEBYTHELINESCANFORMRED,GREEN,THETRAFFICLIGHT,THEDEMONSTRATIONWRITINGANDTHEIMAGETHELEDLATTICESACTUATION,THEDECODING,THELOCKSAVEANDSOONTOBERESPONSIBLEBYCONTROLPANELSDIGITALCIRCUITITSDATAREADSBYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITFROMTHEMEMORY,SIMULTANEOUSLYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITUSESTHEINTERRUPTMODE,CARRIESONTHETWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHERS232DATALINEANDPCMACHINE,FROMTHEPCMACHINEGAINORDERORTHEDATA,ANDCARRIESOUTTHEMOVEMENTORTHESTOREDDATUMACCORDINGTOTHEORDERNOTONLYBUTPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINESERIALPORTCORRESPONDENCESWITHMANYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,BUTMUSTBERESPONSIBLEFORTHEWRITINGINPUTANDTHETYPESETTING,THEPRODUCTIONLATTICEDATAORTHEORDERCHARACTER,REALIZETHEMANMACHINEINTERACTIONFUNCTIONPRINCIPLEOFWORKTHISARTICLEDESIGNSTHELARGESCALELEDDISPLAYMONITORBECOMESBYTHEDOUBLEPRIMARYCOLORLATTICELEDCOMBINATION,USESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGTHEDISPLAYMODETODEMONSTRATERED,GREEN,THEYELLOWTHREEKINDOFCOLORRANDOMLATTICEINFORMATIONTHEDISPLAYMODULEUSESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGDEMONSTRATIONTHEWAY,ITSCONTROLSYSTEMTAKEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITAT89C52ASACORE,USES62256MEMORIESTOTAKETHEDATACARRIERSTORAGE,ACTUATES88USINGLATCH74HC377AND8GROUPOFLINEDRIVER2083THELEDDISPLAYMODULE,SIMULTANEOUSLYOPENSTHESERIALPORTINTERRUPTANDSUPERIORPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINECORRESPONDENCESTHROUGHREALIZESDISPLAYMONITORSMANYKINDSOFANIMATIONPATTERNTOTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITPROGRAMMINGTODEMONSTRATEROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,ROLLSTHESCREENUPWARDLY,ROLLSTHESCREENDOWNWARD,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,TOTHEZOLACURTAIN,PULLSTHECURTAINTOWARDRIGHT,PULLSTHECURTAINUPWARDLY,PULLSTHECURTAINDOWNWARD,TOTHERIGHTLATERAL,LIGHTENSINTURNFROMLEFTTORIGHT,FROMAMONGTOTWONEARBY,LIGHTENSINTURNANIMATIONSPEEDADJUSTABLEDIVIDESINTO100GRADES,LOWESTIS1FAST,HIGHESTIS100FASTTHEPATTERNCOLORISDIVERSETHEBACKGROUNDACHROMATICCOLOR,THEWRITINGRED/GREEN/YELLOW,THEBACKGROUNDISRED,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THEYELLOW/GREEN,THEBACKGROUNDGREEN,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/YELLOW/RED,THEBACKGROUNDYELLOW,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THERED/GREENMOREOVER,BUTALSOINCREASEDSEVERALDOZENSKINDOFNEONLIGHTEFFECTANIMATIONTHEPCMACHINEONDISPLAYCONTROLSOFTWAREMAYREALIZEFUNCTIONSANDSOONCHINESECHARACTERINPUT,TYPEFACECHOICE,WORDSCHANGE,ANDAFTERCARRYINGONTHEDATAPROCESSING,MAYINLEFTSIDESIMULATETHEDEMONSTRATIONWHOLEEFFECT,SIMULTANEOUSLY“SEESNAMELYOBTAINED”DEMONSTRATIONINUNDERNEATHPREVIEWREGIONMOREOVER,THISCONTROLSOFTWAREALSOHASADDITIONALFUNCTIONSANDSOONTEXTDESIGNATION,MOUSELOCALIZATION,COORDINATETRACING,TIMEDATEPCMACHINEREALIZESTHROUGHTHERS232CONNECTIONWITHTHEDEMONSTRATIONPARTMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSCORRESPONDENCE,INTERRUPTSTHEREALTIMERECEIVEANDTHETRANSMISSIONDATAMESSAGEUSINGTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSERIALPORTHASALSOGIVENDUALATTENTIONTOMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSANTIJAMMINGABILITYINTHESYSTEMDESIGN,ENHANCEDTHESYSTEMSOPERATIONRELIABILITYEFFECTIVELYSHINESTHESECONDLEVELTUBECHARACTERISTICTHELIGHTEMITTERDIODELIGHTEMITTINGDIODE,LED,ISONEKINDTURNSTHEELECTRICALENERGYTHE

簡介：基于單片機的步進電機電路控制設計英文文獻及翻譯THESTEPPERMOTORCONTROLCIRCUITBEBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERTHEAT89C51ISALOWPOWER,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCOMPUTERWITH4KBYTESOFFLASHPROGRAMMABLEANDERASABLEREADONLYMEMORYPEROMTHEDEVICEISMANUFACTUREDUSINGATMEL’SHIGHDENSITYNONVOLATILEMEMORYTECHNOLOGYANDISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARDMCS51INSTRUCTIONSETANDPINOUTTHEONCHIPFLASHALLOWSTHEPROGRAMMEMORYTOBEREPROGRAMMEDINSYSTEMORBYACONVENTIONALNONVOLATILEMEMORYPROGRAMMERBYCOMBININGAVERSATILE8BITCPUWITHFLASHONAMONOLITHICCHIP,THEATMELAT89C51ISAPOWERFULMICROCOMPUTERWHICHPROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTOMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSFUNCTIONCHARACTERISTICTHEAT89C51PROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGSTANDARDFEATURES4KBYTESOFFLASH,128BYTESOFRAM,32I/OLINES,TWO16BITTIMER/COUNTERS,AFIVEVECTORTWOLEVELINTERRUPTARCHITECTURE,AFULLDUPLEXSERIALPORT,ONCHIPOSCILLATORANDCLOCKCIRCUITRYINADDITION,THEAT89C51ISDESIGNEDWITHSTATICLOGICFOROPERATIONDOWNTOZEROFREQUENCYANDSUPPORTSTWOSOFTWARESELECTABLEPOWERSAVINGMODESTHEIDLEMODESTOPSTHECPUWHILEALLOWINGTHERAM,TIMER/COUNTERS,SERIALPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEMTOCONTINUEFUNCTIONINGTHEOUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT2PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT2PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENT,BECAUSEOFTHEINTERNALPULLUPSPORT2EMITSTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBYTEDURINGFETCHESFROMEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORYANDDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE16BITADDRESSESINTHISAPPLICATION,ITUSESSTRONGINTERNALPULLUPSWHENEMITTING1SDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE8BITADDRESSES,PORT2EMITSTHECONTENTSOFTHEP2SPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERPORT2ALSORECEIVESTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBITSANDSOMECONTROLSIGNALSDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONPORT3PORT3ISAN8BITBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTWITHINTERNALPULLUPSTHEPORT3OUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT3PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT3PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENTIILBECAUSEOFTHEPULLUPSPORT3ALSOSERVESTHEFUNCTIONSOFVARIOUSSPECIALFEATURESOFTHEAT89C51ASLISTEDBELOWPORT3ALSORECEIVESSOMECONTROLSIGNALSFORFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONRSTRESETINPUTAHIGHONTHISPINFORTWOMACHINECYCLESWHILETHEOSCILLATORISRUNNINGRESETSTHEDEVICE

簡介：畢業(yè)設計說明書英文文獻及中文翻譯班級學號姓名學院專業(yè)指導教師CONTENTISRIGHTCHOICE,THENEWCHALLENGEISTOCREATETHEINTERACTIONBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,INTHESEPROCEDURES,THECONTENTOFAWEBPAGEISBASEDONTHEUSERSREQUESTORTHESTATEOFTHESYSTEM,ANDARENOTPREDEFINEDCHARACTERSFORTHEPROBLEMOFANEARLYSOLUTIONISTOUSEACGIBININTERFACEDEVELOPERSWRITETOINTERFACEWITHTHERELEVANTPROCEDURESANDSEPARATEBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,THELATTERTHROUGHTHEWEBSERVERTOINVOKETHEFORMERTHISPLANHASSERIOUSPROBLEMEACHNEWEXTENSIBLECGIREQUIREMENTSINANEWPROCESSONTHESERVERIFMULTIPLECONCURRENTUSERSACCESSTOTHISPROCEDURE,THESEPROCESSESWILLUSETHEWEBSERVEROFALLAVAILABLERESOURCES,ANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMWILLBEREDUCEDTOEXTREMELYLOWSOMEWEBSERVERPROVIDERSHAVETOPROVIDEFORTHEIRSERVERBYPLUGINS“AND“THEAPITOSIMPLIFYTHEWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTTHESESOLUTIONSAREASSOCIATEDWITHCERTAINWEBSERVER,CANNOTSOLVETHESPANMULTIPLESUPPLIERSSOLUTIONSFOREXAMPLE,MICROSOFTSACTIVESERVERMIXASPTECHNOLOGYINTHEWEBPAGETOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTMOREEASILY,BUTALSOCANWORKINMICROSOFTONPERSONALWEBSERVERANDIISTHEREAREOTHERSOLUTIONS,BUTCANNOTMAKEANORDINARYPAGEDESIGNERSCANEASILYMASTERFOREXAMPLE,SUCHASTHESERVLETJAVATECHNOLOGIESCANUSEJAVALANGUAGEINTERACTIONAPPLICATIONSERVERCODEEASIERDEVELOPERSTOWRITESUCHSERVLETTORECEIVESIGNALSFROMTHEWEBBROWSERTOGENERATEANHTTPREQUEST,ADYNAMICRESPONSEMAYBEINQUIRESTHEDATABASETOFINISHTHEREQUEST,THENSENDCONTAINHTMLORXMLDOCUMENTSTOTHERESPONSEOFTHEBROWSERONEISBASEDONAJAVASERVLETJAVATECHNICALOPERATIONINTHESERVERPROGRAMWITHDIFFERENT,THELATTEROPERATINGINTHEAPPLETBROWSERENDINTHISBOOKTHESERVLETCHAPTER4USINGTHISMETHOD,THEENTIREPAGEMUSTHAVEMADEINJAVASERVLETIFDEVELOPERSORWEBMANAGERSWANTTOADJUSTPAGE,YOULLHAVETOEDITANDRECOMPILETHESERVLETJAVA,EVENINLOGICHASBEENABLETORUNUSINGTHISMETHOD,THEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEPAGESTILLNEEDTODEVELOPSKILLSOBVIOUSLY,WHATISNEEDEDISAINDUSTRYTOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEPAGESOFTHESOLUTIONTHISPROGRAMWILLSOLVETHECURRENTSCHEMEARELIMITEDASFOLLOWS

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簡介：中國地質大學長城學院地質英語論文系別地球科學與地球科學與資源系源系專業(yè)資源勘源勘查工程工程學生姓名學生姓名學號03410501指導教師2012年12月16日FORMEDINTHEGROUNDAFEWKILOMETERSTOTENSOFKILOMETERSTOWTHETOWTHEFORMATIONFORMATIONCONDITIONSCONDITIONSOFOFMAGMATICMAGMATICDEPOSITSDEPOSITSMAGMADEPOSITSAREMAINLYDERIVEDFROMTHEMAGMA,ITISTHECOMBINEDEFFECTSOFTHEPRODUCTBYAVARIETYOFGEOLOGICALFACTORS,WHICHPLAYINGALEADINGROLEISTHEGEOCHEMISTRYOFOREFORMINGELEMENTSTRAITS,THEMAGMATICROCKCONDITIONS,TECTONICCONDITIONSANDPHYSICALANDCHEMICALCONDITIONSANDSOON1、CONTROLTHECONDITIONSOFMAGMATICROCKSFORMEDBYMAGMATICDEPOSITSMAGMAISTHEMAINPROVIDEROFTHEMETALLOGENICMATERIALOFTHEMAGMATICDEPOSITSANDTHEMEDIUMOFCONTAININGMINERALMEDIUMTHEREFORE,HOWMUCHOFTHECONTENTOFUSEFULCOMPONENTSOFMAGMAISTHEPOSSIBILITYOFTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSIMAGMATICROCKSMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONOFMAGMATICROCKSINTHEGENESISOFMAGMATICROCKSWITHENDOGENOUSDEPOSITSSHOWEDREGULARCONTACT,ANDSPECIFICTYPESOFMAGMATICROCKSAREOFTENPRODUCEDSPECIFICTYPESOFDEPOSITSAWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICINTRUSIVEROCKSRELATEDDEPOSITSMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKISTHECOMPLEXIGNEOUSCOMPLEXFORMEDBYTHECOMBINATIONOFAVARIETYOFROCKTYPES,ROCKTYPESFROMASINGLEROCKCOMPOSEDOFROCKMASSISRELATIVELYRARETHESIZEOFTHEROCKMASSRANGINGMOSTLYSMALL,ANDROCKSTRAINS,ROCKCOVER,ROCK,BEDROCKISTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFTHEROCKMASSWITHFACIESANDTHEDIFFERENTCOMBINATIONS,THEMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREETYPESBMINERALDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHSYENITE,NEPHELINESYENITEANDCARBONATEIGNEOUSCOMPLEXRELATINGTOMAGMATICDEPOSITSOFTHESEROCKSAREMOSTLYPRODUCEDWITHTHEFORMOFROCKSTRAIN,THEDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSOFROCKMASSFACIESZONEOFTENHASRINGDISTRIBUTIONIITHEROLEOFTHEVOLATILECOMPONENTSINTHEMAGMATHEMAGMAVOLATILECOMPONENTSHAVETHELOWMELTINGPOINT,HIGHLYVOLATILEANDTHEYCANDELAYTHECONDENSATIONRATEOFTHEMAGMA,MAKETHEMAGMAHAVEMOREFULLYDIFFERENTIATIONIIIMAGMATICASSIMILATIONHAVEANINFLUENCEONTHEMINERALIZATIONOFTHEMAGMADEPOSITSIVBEYONDONEPERIODOFMAGMAINTRUSIONONCONTROLOFTHEMINERALIZATION2、TECTONICCONDITIONSTHATCONTROLTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSTECTONICSHAVEAMAJORIMPACTONTHETYPEOFMAGMATICDEPOSITS,DISTRIBUTION,THEMOSTMAGMATICDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICIGNEOUSROCKSONTHECAUSESANDSPACEMAFICAND

簡介：中南林業(yè)科技大學涉外學院科技文獻檢索課程“文獻綜述”評分表學生姓名尹志剛完成時間2017年1月指導老師彭琛文獻綜述中引用文獻情況（學生填寫）（學生填寫）文獻總數22篇（部），其中期刊論文11篇，教材著作6部，其它文獻5篇（部）文獻時間跨度2001年2015年（以下由教師填寫）（以下由教師填寫）序號評分內容滿分實際得分1是否全面收集了有關的文獻資料202是否充分介紹了與主題內容相關的研究開發(fā)的歷史與現狀303是否總結了已有的學術觀點、理論和方法204是否在已有成果的基礎上闡明本人的觀點55是否能預示今后可能的發(fā)展趨勢及研究方向56行文是否流暢，綜述能力如何107是否按要求設置文檔格式10總分100在線考試系統(tǒng)文獻綜述在線考試系統(tǒng)文獻綜述【摘要】【摘要】通過軟件進行考試的方式被稱為無紙化考試,隨著無紙化考試的誕生,原始的考試方式已經漸漸地被無紙化考試所取代。在線考試系統(tǒng)是基于C編程技術把學科、試題、電腦改卷、結果查詢的部分管理工作集成到一個同一的平臺,各管理人員能夠及時、準確的了解學生學習生活情況。同時,也可以方便老師針對學生的不同情況進行分層次幫助引導?？荚囀菍W生所學知識檢查、掌握和理解知識程度的重要手段,無紙化的考卷,無紙化考試的隨時性,隨地性,這些特點都是研究并開發(fā)網絡考試系統(tǒng)具有重要積極的意義,將給學生和老師帶來了極大的便利。無紙化考試,環(huán)保、節(jié)約資源,適應當代社會發(fā)展的發(fā)展。本文重點論述了由于網絡的存在擴大了學校的服務范圍，為學校的管理提供了更多的條件。對此做出了詳細的調查，可行性研究和分析。系統(tǒng)采用了B/S結構，在網絡上建立學校自己的教育網站。系統(tǒng)開發(fā)經歷了系統(tǒng)分析、系統(tǒng)設計和系統(tǒng)實施三個階段。從設計方案的提出，經過詳細的調查，分析了方案的可行性和必要性，通過詳細的系統(tǒng)設計，力圖提高系統(tǒng)的集成性和快捷性；并在系統(tǒng)實施階段收集了大量的實驗數據，以便測試階段系統(tǒng)的準確性和穩(wěn)定性。關鍵詞關鍵詞管理員維護系統(tǒng)，考生考試系統(tǒng)，管理員維護系統(tǒng)，考生考試系統(tǒng)，B/SB/S模式，模式，ASPASP技術技術【前言前言】考試是教學過程中的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，通過考試，教師可以了解學生的學習效果，為改進教學提供依據；學生則通過考試了解自己對內容的掌握情況，增強學習興趣。傳統(tǒng)的考試方式往往使人們受到地域、時間、場所等各種各樣的限制，造成有些人的不便。在網絡遍布的今天，將考試系統(tǒng)應用在互聯網上是現代考試系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢。隨著計算機技術和互聯網的快速發(fā)展，人類已經進入了信息時代，也有人稱為數字化時代。在數字化的網絡環(huán)境下，學生希望得到個性化的滿足，根據自己的情況進行學習，同時也希望能夠得到科學的評價，老師希望有效改進現有的考試模式，提高考試的效率；教育機構也希望給網上的學生提供更全面、靈活的服務，全面準確地對學生進行跟蹤和評論。在線考試系統(tǒng)正是迎合這一時代需求而開發(fā)的，它旨在探索一種以互聯網為基礎的考試模式。通過這種新的模式，為學校創(chuàng)造一種新的考試環(huán)境，提高考試工作效率和標準化水平，使學校管理者、教師和學生可以隨時隨地通過網絡進行考試。

簡介：華北電力大學科技學院畢業(yè)設計（論計（論文）附文）附件外文文獻翻譯學號號071914030401姓名名陳科池所在系別所在系別建筑工程系專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級土木工程07K1班指導教師指導教師史彩君原文標題原文標題THEINTRODUCTIONOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDEARTHWORK2011年4月17日2的地點去幫助下一臺鏟運機。斗式鏟運機通常是功率非常大的機械，許多廠家制造的鏟運機鏟斗容量為8M3，滿載時可達10M3。最大的自行式鏟運機鏟斗容量為19立方米（滿載時為25M3），由430馬力的牽引發(fā)動機驅動。翻斗機可能是使用最為普遍的輪胎式運輸設備，因為它們還可以被用來送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。翻斗車的車斗位于大橡膠輪胎車輪前軸的上方，盡管鉸接式翻斗車的卸料方向有很多種，但大多數車斗是向前翻轉的。最小的翻斗車的容量大約為05立方米，而最大的標準型翻斗車的容量大約為45M3。特殊型式的翻斗車包括容量為4M3的自裝式翻斗車，和容量約為05M3的鉸接式翻斗車。必須記住翻斗車與自卸卡車之間的區(qū)別。翻斗車車斗向前傾翻而司機坐在后方卸載，因此有時被稱為后卸卡車。3結構的安全度規(guī)范的主要目的是提供一般性的設計原理和計算方法，以便驗算結構的安全度。就目前的趨勢而言，安全系數與所使用的材料性質及其組織情況無關，通常把它定義為發(fā)生破壞的條件與結構可預料的最不利的工作條件之比值。這個比值還與結構的破壞概率（危險率）成反比。破壞不僅僅指結構的整體破壞，而且還指結構不能正常的使用，或者，用更為確切的話來說，把破壞看成是結構已經達到不能繼續(xù)承擔其設計荷載的“極限狀態(tài)”。通常有兩種類型的極限狀態(tài)，即（1）強度極限狀態(tài)，它相當于結構能夠達到的最大承載能力。其例子包括結構的局部屈曲和整體不穩(wěn)定性；某此界面失效，隨后結構轉變?yōu)闄C構；疲勞破壞；引起結構幾何形狀顯著變化的彈性變形或塑性變形或徐變；結構對交變荷載、火災和爆炸的敏感性。（2）使用極限狀態(tài)，它對應著結構的使用功能和耐久性。器例子包括結構失穩(wěn)之前的過大變形和位移；早期開裂或過大的裂縫；較大的振動和腐蝕。根據不同的安全度條件，可以把結構驗算所采用的計算方法分成（1）確定性的方法，在這種方法中，把主要參數看作非隨機參數。（2）概率方法，在這種方法中，主要參數被認為是隨機參數。此外，根據安全系數的不同用途，可以把結構的計算方法分為（1）容許應力法，在這種方法中，把結構承受最大荷載時計算得到的應力與經過按規(guī)定的安全系數進行折減后的材料強度作比較。（2）極限狀態(tài)法，在這種方法中，結構的工作狀態(tài)是以其最大強度為依據來衡量的。由理論分析確定的這一最大強度應不小于結構承受計算荷載所算得的強度（極限狀態(tài)）。計算荷載等于分別乘以荷載系數的活載與恒載之和。把對應于不乘以荷載系數的活載和恒載的工作（使用）條件的應力與規(guī)定值（使用極限狀態(tài)）相比較。根據前兩種方法和后兩種方法的四種可能組合，我們可以得到一些