簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文55185518字出處出處JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY142200320–28翻譯原文翻譯原文DELTAFERRITEPREDICTIONINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSUSINGNEURALNETWORKANALYSISANDCOMPARISONWITHOTHERPREDICTIONMETHODSMVASUDEVANA,?,AKBHADURIA,BALDEVRAJA,KPRASADRAOBAMETALLURGYANDMATERIALSGROUP,INDIRAGANDHICENTREFORATOMICRESEARCH,KALPAKKAM,INDIABDEPARTMENTOFMETALLURGY,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CHENNAI,INDIARECEIVED2MAY2002RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM11DECEMBER2002ACCEPTED17FEBRUARY2003ABSTRACTTHEABILITYTOPREDICTTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSISIMPORTANTFORMANYREASONSDEPENDINGONTHESERVICEREQUIREMENT,MANUFACTURERSANDCONSUMERSOFTENSPECIFYDELTAFERRITECONTENTASANALLOYSPECIFICATIONTOENSURETHATWELDCONTAINSADESIREDMINIMUMORMAXIMUMFERRITELEVELRECENTRESEARCHACTIVITIESHAVEBEENFOCUSEDONSTUDYINGTHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSALLOYINGELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTANDCONTROLLINGDELTAFERRITECONTENTBYMODIFYINGTHEWELDMETALCOMPOSITIONSOVERTHEYEARS,ANUMBEROFMETHODSINCLUDINGCONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMS,FUNCTIONFITMODEL,FEEDFORWARDBACKPROPAGATIONNEURALNETWORKMODELHAVEBEENPUTFORWARDFORPREDICTINGTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSAMONGALLTHEMETHODS,NEURALNETWORKMETHODWASREPORTEDTOBEMOREACCURATECOMPAREDTOOTHERMETHODSAPOTENTIALRISKASSOCIATEDWITHNEURALNETWORKANALYSISISOVERFITTINGOFTHETRAININGDATATOAVOIDOVERFITTING,MACKAYHASDEVELOPEDABAYESIANFRAMEWORKTOCONTROLTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHENEURALNETWORKMAINADVANTAGESOFTHISMETHODARETHATITPROVIDESMEANINGFULERRORBARSFORTHEMODELPREDICTIONSANDALSOITISPOSSIBLETOIDENTIFYAUTOMATICALLYTHEINPUTVARIABLESWHICHAREIMPORTANTINTHECONTENTHENCE,THEDELTAFERRITECONTENTESTIMATEDUSINGTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMWOULDALWAYSBELESSACCURATEANDMAYNEVERBECLOSETOTHEACTUALMEASUREDVALUEINTHEFUNCTIONFITMODEL7FORESTIMATINGFERRITE,THEDIFFERENCEINFREEENERGYBETWEENTHEFERRITEANDTHEAUSTENITEWASCALCULATEDASAFUNCTIONOFCOMPOSITIONANDTHISWASRELATEDTOFERRITENUMBERFNTHEEQUATIONUSEDINTHISMODELTODETERMINEFNISGIVENBELOWFNA1EXPBC_G?11WHEREA,BANDCARETHECONSTANTSTHEADVANTAGESOFTHISSEMIEMPIRICALMODELOVERTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMINCLUDEITSCONSIDERINGEFFECTOFOTHERALLOYINGELEMENTSANDTHEEASEOFEXTRAPOLATIONTOHIGHERCREQANDNIEQVALUESTHISFUNCTIONFITMETHODCANBEUSEDFORAWIDERANGEOFWELDMETALCOMPOSITIONSANDOWINGTOTHEANALYTICALFORMOFTHISMODEL,THEFNCANBEQUANTIFIEDEASILYHOWEVER,THEACCURACYOFTHISMETHODISNOTGREATERTHANTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMVITEKETAL8,9SOUGHTTOOVERCOMETHEMAJORLIMITATIONOFTHECONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMANDTHEFUNCTIONFITMETHODOFNOTTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEELEMENTALINTERACTIONS,BYUSINGNEURALNETWORKSFORPREDICTINGFERRITEINSSWELDSTHEIMPROVEMENTINACCURACYINPREDICTINGTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTBYUSINGNEURALNETWORKS,INVOLVINGAFEEDFORWARDNETWORKWITHABACKPROPAGATIONOPTIMIZATIONSCHEME,HASBEENCLEARLYBROUGHTINTHEIRSTUDYTHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTFORAFEWBASECOMPOSITIONSWASEXAMINEDBYCALCULATINGTHEFNASAFUNCTIONOFCOMPOSITIONHOWEVER,ITWASNOTPOSSIBLEINTHEIRANALYSISTODIRECTLYINTERPRETTHEELEMENTALCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEFINALFNTHEPREDICTIONANDMEASUREMENTOFFERRITEINSSWELDSREMAINSOFSCIENTIFICINTERESTDUETOLIMITATIONSINALLTHECURRENTMETHODS,ANDNEWERMETHODSANDCONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMSARECONTINUOUSLYBEINGPROPOSEDTOPREDICTTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTFORAWIDERRANGEOFSSTYPESITWASINTHISCONTEXTTHATTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAMOREACCURATENEURALNETWORKBASEDPREDICTIVETOOLFORESTIMATINGTHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSALLOYINGELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTFORDIFFERENTSSWELDSWASTAKENUPINTHISWORKAPOTENTIALRISKASSOCIATEDWITHNEURALNETWORKANALYSISISOVERFITTINGOFTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：CRISIS,CONTAGIONANDBAILOUTSWHATSNEXTFORTHEEUROPEANUNIONEUROPEANFINANCIALOFFICIALSFINALLYGOTOUTINFRONTOFSWIFTMOVINGMARKETDEVELOPMENTSONMAY10THBYLAUNCHINGAHUGE960BILLION750BILLIONEUROFINANCIALSTABILIZATIONPLANEXCEEDINGMOSTEXPECTATIONSTOBAILOUTGREECEANDENSURETHEVIABILITYOFTHEEUROPEANMONETARYUNION,ATLEASTFORNOWSOMEOBSERVERSSAYTHEMOVEPREVENTEDAPOTENTIALFINANCIALMELTDOWNINWHICHCONCERNSOVERSOVEREIGNDEBTDEFAULTSWOULDHAVESWIFTLYLEDTOLARGESCALEBANKRUNSINSOMEEUROPEANCOUNTRIESMANYEXPERTSTHISWEEKEXPECTEDTHEPACKAGETOCONTINUETOCALMMARKETSATLEASTTEMPORARILYBYGUARANTEEINGMOSTSOVEREIGNANDSOMEPRIVATEDEBTINGREECEORBYPROVIDINGCREDITFOROTHERTROUBLEDMEMBERECONOMIESINTHEFUTURE,INCLUDINGPORTUGAL,SPAINANDIRELANDTHEBAILOUTWHICHALSOINCLUDESSOMEBILATERALLOANAGREEMENTS,USFUNDSANDDOLLARSWAPAGREEMENTSTHROUGHTHEFEDERALRESERVEHADTHEIMMEDIATEEFFECTOFSWEEPINGAWAYFEARSOFAPOSSIBLECOLLAPSEOFTHEEUROZONESFINANCIALSYSTEMSUCHANOUTCOMEWOULDHAVESETOFFANEWROUNDOFRECESSIONINEUROPEANDMIGHTHAVEDRAGGEDTHEWORLDFINANCIALSYSTEMBACKTOTHEDEPTHSREACHED12TO18MONTHSAGOORWORSESOMECRITICSSTILLVIEWTHEOVERALLSTABILIZATIONPACKAGE,WHICHLEFTMANYDETAILSVAGUE,ASASHORTTERMFIXTHATULTIMATELYWILLFAILTOADDRESSDEEPPUBLICANDPRIVATEDEBTLEVELS,PRESSINGFISCALDEFICITSANDPERSISTENTINTERNALANDEXTERNALTRADEIMBALANCESONEEXPLANATIONFORWHYEUROPESFINANCIALAUTHORITIESDIDNOTACTSOONERTOAVERTPOTENTIALDISASTERTHELEADINGPLAYERINANYSTABILIZATIONMEASUREISGERMANY,BECAUSEOFTHESIZEANDSTRENGTHOFITSECONOMYBUTGERMANYWASCAUGHTUPINREGIONALELECTIONSINNORTHRHINEWESTPHALIATHATWERECRITICALTOTHEFUTUREOFANGELAPOLITICALSOTHISISNOTJUSTABOUTECONOMICSITISALSOABOUTPOLITICSCRITERIAHAVINGTODOWITHBUDGETDEFICITSANDHAVINGTODOWITHTHEWAYINWHICHYOUAREMAKINGSUREYOURCOUNTRYCANREMAINCOMPETITIVEAFTERYOUHAVEESSENTIALLYGIVENAWAYAVERYIMPORTANTPOLICYOPTIONINYOURTOOLKIT,WHICHISTODEVALUEYOURCURRENCYINOTHERWORDS,YOUARESURRENDERINGYOURSOVEREIGNTYINTERMSOFYOURCURRENCY,WHICHMEANSTHATWHENYOUAREINHARDTIMES,YOUCANNOTDEVALUEINORDERTOBECOMEMORECOMPETITIVEBUTATTHESAMETIME,THEARCHITECTSOFTHISMONETARYUNION10YEARSAGODIDNTTHINKABOUTWHATSHOULDBEDONEINCASEONEORMORECOUNTRIESACTUALLYGETINTOTROUBLETHEYDIDNTTHINKABOUTWHATKINDSOFINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTANDDECISIONMAKINGPROCEDURESHOULDBEINPLACETOTACKLEACRISISTHATUNFORTUNATELYASALWAYSHAPPENSWITHTHESESOVEREIGNDEBTCRISESHASBUILTUPOVERAVERY,VERYLONGPERIODOFTIMEBUTTHECRISESUNFOLDVERYQUICKLYSOTHEROOTSOFTHESITUATIONARETOBEFOUNDINTHELASTFIVEYEARSOR10YEARSANDPROBABLYTHELAST15YEARS,SINCEGREECE,PORTUGAL,SPAINANDSOONBECAMEMEMBERSOFTHEEUROPEANUNIONINTHEMID1980SBUTTHEUNFOLDINGOFTHECRISISACTUALLYHASTAKENPLACEOVERJUSTAPERIODOFTWOMONTHSORTHREEMONTHSAND,THEREFORE,IFYOUDIDNTPLAN,ESPECIALLYINSTITUTIONALLY,FORTHESITUATIONTHENTHEREISNOWAYINREALTIMETHATYOUCANACTUALLYPUTINPLACETHEMECHANISMSTOCOPEWITHTHESITUATIONSAIKATSAIKATCHAUDHURICHAUDHURITHELATESTECONOMICCRISISSHOWSITSTIMETOCREATETHERIGHTINSTITUTIONSANDMECHANISMSFORDEALINGWITHTHEKINDSOFFINANCIALCRISESSEENINEUROPELASTWEEKWILLWESEEMORECRISESITHINKTHATINAGLOBALECONOMICSYSTEMWEWILLSEEMORECRISESTHATSJUSTTHENATUREOFITITHINKITISAGOODTIMETOSTARTTHINKINGABOUTTHERIGHTINSTITUTIONSANDMECHANISMSATTHOSELEVELS,WHICHCANRESPONDTOTHESETYPESOFCRISESINANEFFECTIVEFASHIONANDTHATSBEENTHELESSONFROMTHEGLOBALFINANCIALCRISISITHINKTHATSTHELESSONFROMTHEGREECEPACKAGEITHINKTHATKNOWLEDGEREACHEDACERTAINLEVELINEUROPEANDTHATWEWILLSEEASTRONGRESPONSECOMINGFROMEUROPE,FROMGERMANY,FRANCEANDOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEYCANT

簡(jiǎn)介：CHAPTER4PREDICTINGANDMANAGINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKS1中文2930字CHAPTER4PREDICTINGANDMANAGINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKSSAMIRDANIWOLFSONSCHOOLOFMECHANICALANDMANUFACTURING,LOUGHBOROUGHUNIVERSITY,LOUGHBOROUGH,LEICESTERSHIRE,LE113TU,UK43RISKSINTHESUPPLYCHAININTODAY’SBUSINESSWORLDASUPPLYCHAINMAYBESTRETCHEDOUTACROSSTHEGLOBEINORDERTOPROVIDETHECUSTOMERWITHTHEPRODUCTATTHELOWESTCOSTANDHIGHESTQUALITYTHESUPPLYCHAINSARETHUSEXPOSEDTOAWHOLENEWSETOFFACTORS,WHICHCANCREATECHAOSANDDISRUPTIONLOCALPOLITICALTURMOIL,THEEVERINCREASINGCOMPLEXITYANDUNCERTAINTYOFWEATHERCONDITIONS,TERRORISM,COUNTERFEITING,ANDAPLETHORAOFOTHERSUCHISSUESCREATEEXTERNALRISKSINTHESUPPLYCHAINBUTTHISDOESNOTMEANTHATTHESUPPLYCHAINISDEVOIDOFANYRISKSINTERNALLYSUPPLIERISSUES,STRIKES,QUALITYPROBLEMS,ANDLOGISTICSISSUESAREMOREINTERNALOPERATIONALRISKS,WHICHNEEDADIFFERENTLEVELOFMITIGATIONZSIDISIN2003SUGGESTEDTHATRISKINASUPPLYCHAINCONTEXTCANBEDEFINEDASTHEPOTENTIALOCCURRENCEOFANINCIDENCEASSOCIATEDWITHINBOUNDSUPPLYINWHICHTHERESULTISTHEINABILITYOFTHEPURCHASINGORGANIZATIONTOMEETCUSTOMERDEMANDCHRISTOPHERANDPECK2003,TAKINGINSPIRATIONFROMMASONJONESANDTOWILL1998,HAVECATEGORISEDSUPPLYCHAINRISKINTOFIVECATEGORIES1INTERNALTOTHEFIRMPROCESS,CONTROL2EXTERNALTOTHEFIRMBUTINTERNALTOTHESUPPLYNETWORKDEMAND,SUPPLY3EXTERNALTOTHENETWORKENVIRONMENTALPECK2005,2006SUGGESTSTHATTHESOURCESANDDRIVERSOFSUPPLYCHAINRISKOPERATEATSEVERALDIFFERENTLEVELSTHESEAREINTRICATELYLINKEDASELEMENTSOFASYSTEM,ANDAREDESCRIBEDWITHINFOURDISCRETELEVELSOFANALYSIS1LEVEL1–VALUESTREAM/PRODUCTORPROCESS2LEVEL2–ASSETSANDINFRASTRUCTUREDEPENDENCIES3LEVEL3–ORGANISATIONSANDINTERORGANISATIONALNETWORKS4LEVEL4–THEENVIRONMENTEACHLEVELREFLECTSQUITEDIFFERENTPERSPECTIVESBUTTOGETHERTHESELEVELSCOVERELEMENTSOFASUPPLYCHAINANDTHEENVIRONMENTWITHINWHICHTHEYAREEMBEDDEDPECK2005THISHASALSOBEENSUGGESTEDBYFAISALETAL2006THATRISKSOURCESARETHEENVIRONMENTAL,ORGANIZATIONALORSUPPLYCHAINRELATEDVARIABLESTHATCANNOTBEPREDICTEDWITHCERTAINTYANDTHATAFFECTTHESUPPLYCHAINOUTCOMEVARIABLESSPEKMANANDDAVIS2004SUGGESTEDDIMENSIONSFORUNDERSTANDINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKSINCORPORATING1PHYSICALMOVEMENTOFGOODS2FLOWOFINFORMATION3FLOWOFMONEY4SECURITYOFTHEFIRM’SINTERNALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSCHAPTER4PREDICTINGANDMANAGINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKS31CARRYINGBUFFERSTOCKANDIMPROVINGINVENTORYMANAGEMENT2USINGALTERNATIVESOURCESOFSUPPLY3USEOFCONTRACTSTOMANAGEPRICEFLUCTUATIONSAND4QUALITYINITIATIVESTHESESUGGESTIONSREINFORCERESEARCHCONDUCTEDBYSMELTZERANDSIFERD1998WHOCONCLUDEDTHATRISKSASSOCIATEDWITHPOORSELECTIONOFSUPPLIERSCANBEREDUCEDBYDEVELOPINGQUALITYCERTIFICATIONPROGRAMSANDAUDITINGTHESUPPLIERSTOASSURETHATTHEYMEETTHEREQUIREDSTANDARDSLEEANDWHANG2003DEVELOPEDAMODELTOSHOWHOWFIRMSCANREDUCEINVENTORYDUETOLESSINSPECTIONTIMEANOTHERASPECTOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDAROUNDMINIMISINGSUPPLIERRELATEDRISKISCONCERNEDWITHTHENUMBEROFSUPPLIERSBOTHSHEFFI2001ANDKLEINDORFERANDSAAD2005SUGGESTEDTHEUSEOFMULTIPLESUPPLIERSASAWAYTOREDUCECERTAINSUPPLYCHAINRISKSSINCETHEBEGINNINGOFTHECURRENTCENTURY,COMPANIESAREINCREASINGLYRECOGNISINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFRISKASSESSMENTPROGRAMSANDAREUSINGDIFFERENTMETHODS,RANGINGFROMFORMALQUANTITATIVEMODELSTOINFORMALQUALITATIVEPLANS,TOASSESSSUPPLYCHAINRISKSSOMEOFTHEENABLERSFORBETTERSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTINCLUDELEAN,SIXSIGMAANDAGILEPHILOSOPHIESCHRISTOPHERANDRUTHERFORD2004CHAPELLANDPECK2005EVENTMANAGEMENTSOFTWAREMALYKHINA2005ANDRADIOFREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFIDNIEMEYERETAL2003THESEPROVIDEBETTERVISIBILITY,VELOCITYANDMOREEFFECTIVEPROCESSCONTROLCHRISTOPHERANDLEE2001ACCORDINGTONORRMANANDJANSSON2004,THESTAGESOFTHERISKMANAGEMENTPROCESSCANVARYFROMRISKIDENTIFICATION/ANALYSISORESTIMATIONVIARISKASSESSMENTOREVALUATIONTODIFFERENTWAYSOFRISKMANAGEMENTJUTTNERETAL2003SUGGESTTHATSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTISTHEPROCESSOFIDENTIFYINGANDMANAGINGRISKSINTHESUPPLYCHAINTHROUGHACOORDINATEDAPPROACHAMONGSTSUPPLYCHAINMEMBERSINORDERTOACHIEVETHESUPPLYCHAINOBJECTIVESRESEARCHERSHAVECONSIDEREDSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTFROMVARIOUSPERSPECTIVESGAUDENZIANDBORGHESI2006FINANCIALANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPERSPECTIVEMEULBROEK2002,PERSPECTIVEOFBUSINESSCONTINUITYANDCRISISMANAGEMENTADAMSETAL2002,THEABILITYTOREACTQUICKLYTOENSURECONTINUITYVANHOEK2003ROWBOTTOM2004,REPUTATIONMANAGEMENTPERSPECTIVEO’ROURKE2004,PERSPECTIVEORIENTEDTOWARDSTHEGOALOFRELIABILITYMOORE2002,ANDTHEACHIEVEMENTOFTHEBESTTRADEOFFBETWEENQUALITYCONTROLSTHROUGHINSPECTIONSANDPROCESSSELFCONTROLSVENSSON2002,OFTENUTILISINGTHESIXSIGMAAPPROACHANDTOOLSECKES2001SOMEOTHERAPPROACHESTOSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTINVOLVEMANAGINGRISKSAFFECTINGSPECIFICSUPPLYCHAINLEVELSCAVINATO2004,SYSTEMSINSIDEANDOUTSIDETHECHAIN,SUCHASTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMFINCH2004,SPECIFICPROJECTSHALMANANDKEIZER1994WITHANAIMTOIDENTIFYANDMANAGERISKSTHATTHREATENTHEPROJECT’SSUCCESSRAMGOPAL2003ANDCAUSESOFPROJECTFAILURESPEKMANANDDAVIS2004

簡(jiǎn)介：1出處MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA,2005,413545549太陽(yáng)能級(jí)多晶硅的長(zhǎng)晶速率和雜質(zhì)分布RKVANDE,?MJ?S,BRYNINGEN摘要在工業(yè)規(guī)模的多晶鑄錠爐中，定向凝固法鑄造多晶硅的長(zhǎng)晶速率是由固液界面位置變化情況決定的。兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)讓硅從底部以接近平直的固液界面垂直向上生長(zhǎng)，凝固完后以不同的速率冷卻。發(fā)現(xiàn)4106米/秒的平均凝固速率和從坩堝底部溫度的計(jì)算值相吻合。檢測(cè)多晶硅錠生長(zhǎng)方向上的碳氧分布和少子壽命。在兩塊多晶硅錠中，碳的分布是很相似的，它在多晶硅錠中間位置的濃度大約都是4PPMA。緩慢冷卻時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)多晶硅錠中有更高的氧濃度。這是由于涂層質(zhì)量差增加了坩堝中氧向熔硅中的擴(kuò)散導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果?？焖倮鋮s的多晶硅錠的少子壽命被發(fā)現(xiàn)是大約10ΜM，然而緩慢冷卻的少子壽命只有2ΜM緩慢冷卻具有較低的少子壽命可能是由鐵從坩堝向熔體中擴(kuò)散導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。◎2005年BV出版社版權(quán)所有關(guān)鍵詞定向凝固，多晶硅，凝固速率，雜質(zhì)分，少子壽命1簡(jiǎn)介多晶硅是太陽(yáng)能電池制造中最常用的材料，它占到全球太陽(yáng)能光伏組件的50以上。定向凝固法是鑄造太陽(yáng)能級(jí)多晶硅的常用方法。它的原理是硅料熔化后把熱量從坩堝底部抽出，進(jìn)而形成接近平直的固液界面從底部開(kāi)始凝固。大部分雜質(zhì)被分離到硅錠頂部，并且最后的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)主要是平行于晶體生長(zhǎng)方向的大柱狀晶粒。太陽(yáng)能級(jí)多晶硅的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率一般在1215這個(gè)范圍。光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率主要是由位錯(cuò)間少數(shù)載流子的復(fù)合以及晶粒內(nèi)的缺陷例如雜質(zhì)、小的原子集團(tuán)或者沉淀限制的。由于單純位錯(cuò)間的復(fù)合被認(rèn)為是相對(duì)較弱的，這也就暗示了這些區(qū)域的金屬雜質(zhì)和沉淀是增強(qiáng)再結(jié)晶能力的原由。眾所周知，多晶硅凝固過(guò)程嚴(yán)重影響著電池片的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率。多晶硅的凝固決定著材料的結(jié)構(gòu)，而且快速冷卻凝固被認(rèn)為影響著硅錠的位錯(cuò)密度，固液界面的曲率可能影響著晶體的形態(tài)和雜質(zhì)在硅錠中的位置。碳和氧還有氮是多晶硅3硅錠的性能隨生長(zhǎng)方向的變化進(jìn)行了研究。切割過(guò)程中去除樣品底部的部分。傅立葉變換紅外光譜儀用來(lái)測(cè)量多晶硅錠中的碳氧含量。傅立葉變換紅外光譜儀可測(cè)量替代位氧濃度和間隙氧濃度分別從01PPMA和02PPMA到它們?cè)诠柚械淖畲笕芙舛取＿@些測(cè)量是在個(gè)表面拋光的2MM厚的樣品上進(jìn)行的，并用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量在來(lái)兩個(gè)多晶硅錠的生長(zhǎng)方向進(jìn)行碳氧含量的測(cè)量。準(zhǔn)穩(wěn)態(tài)光電導(dǎo)衰減儀被用來(lái)測(cè)量多晶硅錠中的少子壽命，這些測(cè)量是在2CM厚的樣品上進(jìn)行的。圖1從上面觀察用于進(jìn)一步分析多晶硅錠試樣的位置。表1熱量分別在硅（SI，S），坩堝（CR），石墨（G）中的熱傳導(dǎo)3結(jié)果31凝固假設(shè)熱量是從坩堝底部輻射出去的，則凝固的界面位置可以通過(guò)一個(gè)樣品的熱傳導(dǎo)模型計(jì)算出來(lái)。當(dāng)假設(shè)所有的界面具有相同的區(qū)域A（圖2）在固體硅，石英坩堝以及坩堝底部石墨絕緣材料的熱傳導(dǎo)可以用表1來(lái)表示。圖2系統(tǒng)的溫度和厚度變化曲線圖3凝固高度的計(jì)算值和測(cè)量值隨時(shí)間的變化曲線聯(lián)立公式（1）（3）并且假設(shè)QSI,SQCRQGQ,可以得出下面的公式在凝固過(guò)程中假定熱傳導(dǎo)系數(shù)是不同的，冷卻溫度TP是用熱電偶測(cè)量的。經(jīng)過(guò)結(jié)晶的固態(tài)硅的熱傳導(dǎo)可以表達(dá)為△H是硅的熱焓，ΡSI是硅的密度，MSI是硅的摩爾質(zhì)量,V是硅的長(zhǎng)晶速率，

簡(jiǎn)介：中文2640字本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯系別地球科學(xué)與資源系地球科學(xué)與資源系專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)姓名學(xué)號(hào)2014年4月8日3圖1洞中拉礦區(qū)區(qū)域地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖1第四系2始新統(tǒng)古新統(tǒng)火山巖、沉積巖3上白堊統(tǒng)火山巖夾砂礫巖、灰?guī)r4下白堊統(tǒng)沉積巖、火山巖5上侏羅統(tǒng)下白堊統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖6上侏羅統(tǒng)海相沉積巖7中侏羅統(tǒng)上侏羅統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖8中三疊統(tǒng)下三疊統(tǒng)變質(zhì)巖、火山巖9上二疊統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖10上二疊統(tǒng)中二疊統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖11中二疊統(tǒng)沉積巖、火山巖12石炭系二疊系變質(zhì)巖、火山巖13上石炭統(tǒng)下二疊統(tǒng)沉積巖、火山巖14下石炭統(tǒng)火山巖、沉積巖15新近紀(jì)二長(zhǎng)花崗巖16古近紀(jì)花崗巖、二長(zhǎng)花崗巖17白堊紀(jì)花崗巖、二長(zhǎng)花崗巖、花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖18侏羅紀(jì)花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖19三疊紀(jì)二長(zhǎng)花崗巖、花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖20地層界線21實(shí)測(cè)斷層22推測(cè)斷層23礦床點(diǎn)24洞中拉礦區(qū)洞中拉礦區(qū)域上出露的地層主要有前奧陶系岔薩崗巖組，上古生界的石炭紀(jì)二疊紀(jì)地層，即中元古代松多巖組、下石炭統(tǒng)諾錯(cuò)組、上石炭統(tǒng)下二疊統(tǒng)來(lái)姑組和中二疊統(tǒng)洛巴堆組和中生界中上侏羅統(tǒng)和白堊系。區(qū)域內(nèi)巖漿活動(dòng)比較強(qiáng)烈，巖漿巖分布較廣泛，侵入巖、巨厚層的火山巖和超鐵鎂質(zhì)巖零星分布。研究區(qū)地處岡底斯念青唐古拉板片中段的南部邊緣、雅魯藏布江縫合帶北盤(pán)，是強(qiáng)烈的擠壓碰撞造山帶。區(qū)域上金屬礦產(chǎn)主要有銅、鉛鋅、銀、金等。銅鉛鋅銀多金屬礦產(chǎn)主要沿區(qū)內(nèi)主干斷裂帶及其兩側(cè)分布，成因上與燕山晚期及喜山期花崗巖關(guān)系密切。礦體多分布于北西向、北東向斷裂破碎帶內(nèi)或賦存于石炭系二疊系細(xì)碎屑巖與碳酸鹽巖巖性轉(zhuǎn)換部位。由于所處地質(zhì)單元的不同，礦化類(lèi)型也有所區(qū)別，納木錯(cuò)嘉黎斷裂帶北側(cè)礦化類(lèi)型多為中低溫?zé)嵋撼涮罱淮透汇U銀礦，如尤卡朗鉛銀礦床，礦體賦存于北東向斷裂破碎帶內(nèi)，嚴(yán)格受斷裂構(gòu)造控制沿羊八井九支拉韌性變形帶及其兩側(cè)礦化類(lèi)型以層狀矽卡巖型銅鋅礦最為重要，如拉屋銅鋅多金屬礦床，礦體賦存于巖體外接觸帶矽卡巖及矽卡巖化大理巖中，成礦時(shí)代為燕山晚期，其次為中低溫?zé)嵋撼涮罱淮豌~礦化納木錯(cuò)嘉黎斷裂帶南側(cè)礦化類(lèi)型以層控碳酸鹽巖型鉛鋅礦化為主，如洞中拉、洞中松多、蒙亞啊、亞貴拉、昂張鉛鋅礦床，礦體賦存于上石炭統(tǒng)下二疊統(tǒng)細(xì)碎屑巖與碳酸鹽巖巖性轉(zhuǎn)換部位，并受碳酸鹽巖控制，礦體呈層狀，與圍巖呈漸變過(guò)渡關(guān)系。3礦床地質(zhì)特征礦區(qū)出露地層包括前奧陶系松多巖組ANOM、中二疊統(tǒng)洛巴堆組P2L、第四系沖、洪積及冰磧物。松多巖組分布在礦區(qū)東南部，巖性主要為石英片巖洛巴堆組分布在礦區(qū)中部及東部，巖性組合為灰?guī)r、大理巖和碳質(zhì)板巖。區(qū)內(nèi)大面積出露晚燕山期的中酸性侵入巖，以石英斑巖、花崗斑巖、閃長(zhǎng)巖為主。礦區(qū)構(gòu)造主要以近EW向斷裂構(gòu)造為主。容礦構(gòu)造主要以近EW向的碳酸鹽巖地層洛巴堆組灰?guī)r大理巖夾板巖的層間破碎帶為主。洞中拉鉛鋅礦床共圈定出Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ號(hào)4個(gè)礦體，Ⅰ號(hào)礦體規(guī)模最大，品位最高。Ⅱ號(hào)礦體由3個(gè)小礦體組成Ⅱ－1、Ⅱ－2、Ⅱ－3，Ⅲ號(hào)和Ⅳ號(hào)礦體為地表礦體，僅由剝土工程控制，規(guī)模較小。Ⅰ號(hào)礦體位于礦區(qū)東部小湖之東山坡一帶，北部礦化帶的東段。該礦體賦存于上二疊統(tǒng)洛巴堆組灰?guī)r與板巖的接觸帶中，礦化類(lèi)型為方鉛礦化、閃鋅礦化、黃鐵礦化及黃銅礦化，主要圍巖蝕變有綠泥石化、硅化、矽卡巖化，偶見(jiàn)方解石化。該礦體PB平均品位為85910－2，最高達(dá)336310－2ZN平均品位為80210－2，最高達(dá)3007

簡(jiǎn)介：中北大學(xué)2008屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)第1頁(yè)共15頁(yè)英文原文英文原文MIXEDDSP/FPGAIMPLEMENTATIONOFANERRORRESILIENTIMAGETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMBASEDONJPEG2000MARCOGRANGETTO,ENRICOMAGLI,MAURIZIOMARTINA,FABRIZIOVACCAABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESADEMONSTRATOROFANERRORRESILIENTIMAGECOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMOVERWIRELESSPACKETNETWORKS,BASEDONTHENOVELJPEG2000STANDARDINPARTICULAR,THEDECODERIMPLEMENTATIONISADDRESSED,WHICHISTHEMOSTCRITICALTASKINTERMSOFCOMPLEXITYANDPOWERCONSUMPTION,INVIEWOFUSEONAWIRELESSPORTABLETERMINALFORCELLULARAPPLICATIONSTHESYSTEMIMPLEMENTATIONISBASEDONAMIXEDDSP/FPGAARCHITECTURE,WHICHALLOWSTOPARALLELIZESOMECOMPUTATIONALTASKS,THUSLEADINGTOEFFICIENTSYSTEMOPERATION1INTRODUCTIONNOWADAYS,THEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINTHEENDTOENDTRANSMISSIONOFIMAGES,ESPECIALLYMOTIVATEDBYTHESHORTTERMDEPLOYMENTOFNEXTGENERATIONMOBILECOMMUNICATIONSERVICESUMTSIMT2000HOWEVER,TRANSMISSIONINANETWORKED,TETHERLESSENVIRONMENTPROVIDESBOTHOPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGESTHEWIRELESSCONTEXTIMPLIESTHATTHEDATAMAYUNDERGOBITERRORSANDPACKETLOSSES,MAKINGITNECESSARYTOFORESEEERRORRECOVERYMODALITIESITISTHEREBYNECESSARYTHATIMAGECOMMUNICATIONTECHNIQUESAREPROVIDEDWITHTHEABILITYTORECOVER,ORATLEASTCONCEAL,THEEFFECTOFSUCHLOSSESTHEFORTHCOMINGJPEG2000IMAGECOMPRESSIONSTANDARDHASBEENDESIGNEDTOMATCHTHESEREQUIREMENTS,ANDEMBEDSSOMEERRORDETECTIONANDCONCEALMENTTOOLSTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFADEMONSTRATOROFANERRORRESILIENTJPEG2000DECODERIMPLEMENTATIONFORIMAGECOMMUNICATIONOVERALOSSYPACKETNETWORKTHEROBUSTNESSTOPACKETERASURESISACHIEVEDBYCOMBININGTHEFLEXIBILITYOFTHEJPEG2000FRAMEWORKWITHTHEPOWERFULNESSOFSOURCECHANNELADAPTIVE,OPTIMIZEDREEDSOLOMONCODESTHEDECODERIMPLEMENTATIONISPARTICULARLYSIGNIFICANTINTHECONTEXTOFWIRELESS中北大學(xué)2008屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)第3頁(yè)共15頁(yè)REPRESENTATIONOFTHEINCLUDEDCODEBLOCKS,ORGANIZEDINTOPACKETSINORDERTOFORMAPROGRESSIVEBITSTREAM,IEONETHATCANBEONLYPARTIALLYDECODEDWITHMINIMALPENALTY,THELAYERSAREFORMEDANDORDEREDINSUCHAWAYTHATTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINFORMATIONISPLACEDATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEBITSTREAMTHEJPEG2000DECODERPERFORMSEXACTLYTHESAMESTEPSEXCEPTFORRATEALLOCATION,INREVERSEORDERSYNTAXPARSING,CODEBLOCKDECODINGBYEBCOT,INVERSEQUANTIZATION,INVERSEDWT,ANDTILEMOSAICKINGTHISISSKETCHEDINTHERIGHTHANDSIDEBOXOFFIG122ADAPTIVEREEDSOLOMONPACKETPROTECTIONALTHOUGHJPEG2000EMBODIESADVANCEDERRORCONCEALMENTTECHNIQUESTOMITIGATETHEEFFECTOFERRORS,ITDOESNEITHERCONTAIN,NORSPECIFYANYERRORCORRECTIONMETHOD,INORDERTORECOVERLOSTPACKETSONTHEOTHERHAND,PACKETLOSSESARELIKELYTOOCCURINANETWORKPOTENTIALLYSUBJECTTOCONGESTION,ASISOFTENTHECASEINPRACTICEINORDERTOOVERCOMETHISPROBLEM,ATECHNIQUEHASBEENRECENTLYPROPOSED,CALLEDUNEQUALLOSSPROTECTIONULP,ANDBASEDONTHEJOINTUSEOFRSCODESANDPACKETINTERLEAVING,ASSHOWNINTHELEFTHANDSIDEOFFIG1LETUSCONSIDERAMAXIMUMRATEALLOCATEDTOTHEIMAGETRANSMISSION,EGNPACKETSOFSIZELTHESOURCEBITSTREAMISROWWISEINSERTEDINTHEINTERLEAVINGMATRIX,FOLLOWEDBYAPROPERAMOUNTOFPARITYSYMBOLS,SAYTIFORTHEITHROWTHEPACKETSAREREADONTHECOLUMNSOFTHEINTERLEAVERTHEALLOCATIONPROBLEMCONSISTSINFINDINGTHEOPTIMALPARTITIONINGBETWEENSOURCEANDCODESYMBOLSFOREACHROWOFTHEINTERLEAVER,SOASTOMAXIMIZETHEQUALITYOFSERVICEATTHERECEIVERSEEFORIMPLEMENTATIONDETAILSATTHEDECODER,DUETOTHEERRORCORRECTIONCAPABILITYOFRSCODES,THEITHROWCANBEEXACTLYRECOVEREDPROVIDEDTHATTHENUMBEROFPACKETERASURESHASBEENLESSTHANTIFIGURE1SYSTEMARCHITECTURE23PROPOSEDSYSTEMINTHISPAPERWEPRESENTADEMONSTRATOROFACOMPLETEDECODERFORIMAGE

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯外文題目THECRISISOFPROFESSIONALEDUCATIONAREEMPLOYERSWORRIEDABOUTIT外文出處RUSSIANEDUCAITIONWHENTHEYDOHIRETHEM,THEYGIVEUNQUESTIONABLEPREFERENCETOTHEPREVIOUSPROFESSIONALEXPERIENCEANDPERSONALQUALITIESOFTHECANDIDATES,ANDALSOTOTHEIROWNINHOUSERATINGSOFAWORKER’SFITNESSAMOREACTIVEPOSITIONWHENITCOMESTOCOOPERATINGWITHTHESYSTEMOFEDUCATIONISTOBENOTEDONTHEPARTOFTHELARGESTANDMOSTDYNAMICALLYDEVELOPINGENTERPRISES,ALTHOUGHINTHISSEGMENTASWELLTHEREARENODISCERNIBLEFUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTAPPROACHESTOTHEPROBLEMSOFPROFESSIONALCADRETRAININGTHREESURVEYSOFEMPLOYERSHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUT,ANDINTHEMONITORINGSAMPLEASUBSTANTIALNUMBEROFINTERVIEWSHAVEBEENACCUMULATEDWITHTHEMANAGERSOFTHESAMEENTERPRISESTHATTOOKPARTINALLTHREEWAVESOFTHESTUDYANANALYSISOFTHEDYNAMICSOFTHEOPINIONSOFTHEMANAGERSINTHISONGOINGREPEATSAMPLEOFENTERPRISESMAKESITPOSSIBLETODETERMINERELIABLYWHETHERTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEEMPLOYERSINTHELABORMARKETISCHANGINGINCONNECTIONWITHTHEWORSENINGOFTHEPROBLEMOFTHERECRUITMENTOFQUALIFIEDPROFESSIONALCADRES,ANDIFSO,JUSTHOWITISCHANGINGAREPARTICULARCHANGESINTHEPOSITIONTAKENBYTHEEMPLOYERSCONNECTEDWITHTHEDYNAMICSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEENTERPRISEITSELFHOWDOTHEEMPLOYERSREACTTOTHATSHORTAGEOFQUALIFIEDLABORPOWER,WHICH,INTHEOPINIONOFEXPERTS,COULDSOONPUTABRAKEONPROGRESSALONGTHEWAYTOTHECOUNTRY’SDEVELOPMENTTHEINITIALHYPOTHESISASSUMESTHATTHEREISACONNECTIONBETWEENTHECHARACTEROFANEMPLOYER’SBEHAVIORINTHELABORMARKETANDTHEDYNAMICSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEENTERPRISETHATHEISINCHARGEOFTHEEXPECTATIONISTHATINACOMPETITIVELABORMARKETTHEMANAGERSOFTHEENTERPRISESTHATARETHEMOSTSUCCESSFULHAVEANADVANTAGEWHENITCOMESTOTHESELECTIONOFMANPOWERWHATDOESSUCHANADVANTAGECONSISTOF,ANDHOWISITEXPLOITEDINORDERTOSTUDYTHISCONNECTION,ANANALYSISWASMADEWITHTHEFOCUSONAGROUPOFENTERPRISESTHATDIFFERINTERMSOFTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEIR

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯題目基于OD矩陣神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與主成分分析法的路段流量估算專(zhuān)業(yè)矩陣。為了克服這個(gè)局限性，CASCETTA（1989）提出了一種像隨機(jī)變量的闡明來(lái)解釋鏈接和路徑流動(dòng)，因此，就獲得了這些變量平均值的價(jià)值。在這一研究方向也有其他人的論文，比如YANG等人（1992），而且在不斷的改善（YANG等人，2001）；這些人在1996年提出了一種使OD矩陣估算使用的同時(shí)鏈接流量數(shù)據(jù)和信息的鏈接選擇比例的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法。GONG在1998年使用一個(gè)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)當(dāng)作一個(gè)工具，用以求解最優(yōu)化的問(wèn)題，但是在同一類(lèi)引用之前，由一個(gè)平均信息量最大化的問(wèn)題。本論文為了解決共享計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的OD矩陣估算，特別是從道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)流量鏈接的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)知識(shí)。它工作的一個(gè)應(yīng)用多層前饋神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)OD矩陣?yán)媒咏牡湫偷奶卣鱽?lái)估算；沒(méi)有松動(dòng)的共性，它們被假定鏈接一個(gè)測(cè)量和OD矩陣的連續(xù)關(guān)系上。由于前饋神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)制，無(wú)論如何，同時(shí)期的相關(guān)鏈接流OD矩陣的知識(shí)使極其必要的。這個(gè)要求多虧了那不勒斯大學(xué)的運(yùn)輸實(shí)驗(yàn)（BIFULCO,2004）,他們匯總了所有必要的和那些通常不容易實(shí)地收集到的信息，并且具有必要的完整性。2數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理信號(hào)的清理和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化對(duì)于接下來(lái)得到一個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)使很有必要的。其基本思想是可以把這個(gè)問(wèn)題歸結(jié)為固定條件下減少問(wèn)題,如果不能,則穩(wěn)定之間的關(guān)系及其方差信號(hào)。在本文，我們主要集中在信號(hào)方差穩(wěn)定階段，我們沒(méi)有缺失數(shù)據(jù)或有錯(cuò)誤的測(cè)量結(jié)果。在文學(xué)的定義，有幾個(gè)穩(wěn)定形成了強(qiáng)大的意義上，我們可以完成完整的陳述過(guò)程，但這是這不實(shí)際，因?yàn)樾枰付o(wú)限對(duì)分配的約束矩（BITTANTI,1986）。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法來(lái)降低問(wèn)題的穩(wěn)定性二階統(tǒng)計(jì)量即信號(hào)分布可被完全描述使用前兩階矩施加恒定的期望值和一種基于協(xié)方差函數(shù)獨(dú)立于具體??,EVTMT??的時(shí)間,但是基于指標(biāo)只能依賴(lài)于它們的區(qū)別??VREVTMVTM??????。接下來(lái)時(shí)間的不變轉(zhuǎn)移讓我們使用這個(gè)較弱的假定期望值和發(fā)差的21TT???穩(wěn)定性。弱的平穩(wěn)過(guò)程所涉及的是經(jīng)典最小二乘法最小化的方法。自從反向誤差函數(shù)最小化，通過(guò)訓(xùn)練程序?qū)W習(xí)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的權(quán)值也屬于這個(gè)框架,能夠成為一個(gè)經(jīng)典的梯度下降或另一種訓(xùn)練算法的總和,是平方誤差之間（KDIMENSIONAL）目標(biāo)價(jià)值和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的輸出。NT?NY?

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄外文翻譯外文翻譯APPLICATIONOFBLASTINGINDRIVINGTUNNEL1FRAGMENTATIONFRAGMENTATIONISTHEBREAKINGOFCOAL,ORE,ORROCKBYBLASTINGSOTHATTHEBULKOFTHEMATERIALISSMALLENOUGHTOLOAD,HANDLEANDTRANSPORTFRAGMENTATIONWOULDBEATITSBESTWHENTHEDEBRISISNOTSMALLERTHANNECESSARYFORHANDLINGANDNOTSOLARGEASTOREQUIREHANDBREAKINGORSECONDARYBLASTINGENERGYMUSTBESUPPLIEDTOROCKBYDIRECTORINDIRECTMEANSTOFRAGMENTTHATROCKANDTHETYPEOFLOADINGSYSTEMFRAGMENTATIONENERGYISCONSUMEDBYTHEMAINMECHANISMS1CREATIONOFNEWSURFACEAREAFRACTUREENERGY,2FRICTIONPLASTICITYAND3ELASTICWAVEENEGYDISPERSIONTHELOADINGMETHODDETERMINESTHERELATIVEPROPORTIONSANDTHEAMOUNTOFENERGYCONSUMEDINFRAGMENTINGAGIVENROCKTYPEUNONFINEDTENSILEFAILURECONSUMESTHELEASTENERGYWITHANINCREASINGA,MOUNTOFENERGYREQUIREDASTHEROCKISMOREHIGHLYCONFINEDWITHINACOMPRESSIVESTRESSFIELDDURINGFRAGMENTATIONTHEWAYENERGYISAPPLIEDBYTOOLSTOCAUSEROCKORMINERALFRAGMENTATIONISIMPORTANTINDETERMININGFRAGMENTATIONEFFICIENCYTOBESTDESIGNFRAGMENTATIONTOOLSANDOPTIMIZEFRAGMENTATIONSYSTEMSITWOULDBEDESIRABLETOKNOWHOWROCKPROPERTIESINFLUENCEBREAKAGETHESTRENGTHOFROCKISINFLUENCEDBYTHEENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSIMPOSEDONTHEROCKTHOSEOFMOSTIMPORTANCEINROCKARE1CONFININGPRESSURE,2POREFLUIDPRESSURE,3TEMPERATUREAND4RATEOFLOADAPPLICATIONINCREASEINCONFININGPRESSURE,ASWITHINCREASINGDEPTHBENEATHTHEARTHSSURFACEORUNDERTHEACTIONOFAFRAGMENTATIONTOOL,CAUSESANINCREASEINROCKSTRENGTHAPPARENTROCKSTRENGTHDECREASESASPORCFLUIDPRESSUREINCREASES,SINCEITDECREASESTHEEFFECTOFCONFININGPRESSUREALTHOUGHCHEMICALEFFECTSOFPOREFLUIDSINFLUENCEROCKSTRENGTH,THEYGENERALLYARESMALLCOMPAREDTOTHECONFININGPRESSUREEFFECT,EXCEPTFORASMALLMINORITYOFROCKTYPESINCREASEINROCKTEMPERATURECAUSESADECREASEINROCKSTRENGTHTHISEFFECTISVERYSMALLBECAUSEOFTHESMALLAMBIENTTEMPERATURECHANGESCOMPRESSEDAIRCHARGERSHAVEBEENINUSEISSWEDENFORABOUT20YEARSTHEFIRSTTYPECONSISTEDOFALUMINUMPIPESCONNECTEDTOGETHERANDTHECARTRIDGESWEREBLOWNINTOTHEHOLEWITHANAIRPRESSUREOF42POUNDSPERSQUAREINCHSINCETHATTIMETHECHARGINGTUBEHASBEENREPLACEDBYANTISTATICTREATEDPLASTICHOSEOFASPECIALDESIGNACHARGERINCLUDESAFOOTOPERATEDVALVE,REDUCTIONVAVLEWITHAIRHOSE,BREECH,CONNECTINGTUBEANDCHARGINGHOSETHESEMIAUTOMATICCHARGERPERMITSTHECONTINUOUSINSERTIONOFEXPLOSIVECARTRIDGEATTHESAMERATEASTHEYARECHARGEDINTHEHOLEBYTHEHOSEINSTEADOFAVALVEBEINGUSED,THECARTRIDGESPASSTHROUGHANAIRLOCKBETWEENTWOFLAPSTHEAIRPRESSUREINTHECHARGINGHOSEISRETAINEDWHILECARTRIDGESAREPRESSUREINTHECHARGINGHOSEISRETAINEDWHILECARTRIDGESAREBEINSINSERTEDTHESEMIAUTOMATICCHARGERPERMITSCONSIDERABLYHIGHERCHARGINGCAPACITYTHANTHENORMALTYPEOFCHARGEREXPLOSIVESINTHEFORMOFTHEFORMOFLOOSEMATERIAL,USUALLYAMMONIUMNITRATEEXPLOSIVESANFO,REQUIRESPECIALCHARGERSTWOTYPESCANBEDIFFERENTIATEDPRESSRUREVESSELMACHINESANDEJECTORUNITSPRESSUREVESSELMACHINESAREPARTICULARLYSUITABLEFORCRYSTALLINEANEXPLOSIVESWITHGOODCHARGINGCAPACITYEJECTORUNITSAREOPERATEBYANEJECTORSUCKINGUPEXPLOSIVEFROMACONTAINERTHROUGHACHARGINGHOSETHEEXPLOSIVEISTHENBLOWNTHROUGHTHECHARGINGHOSEINTOTHEDRILLHOLETHEREARE,ALSOCOMBINEDPRESSUREEJECTORMACHINESTHECHARGINGHOSEUSEDFORANFOCHARGINGOPERATIONSMUSTCONDUCTELECTRICITYANDHAVEARESISTANCEOFATLEAST1K?/MANDMAX30K?/MNITRONOBELHASDEVELOPEDASPECIALPUMPINGPROCEDUREWHICHCONSISTSOFATANKERVEHICLEWHICHISUSEDTOPUMPEXPLOSIVEDIRECTLYTHEDRILLHOLESTHECHARGINGCAPACITYISVERYHIGHINTHECASEOFLARGEDIAMETERDRILLHOLES3CONTROLLEDBLASTINGTECHNIQUTESCONTROLLEDBLASTINGISUSEDTOREDUCEOVERBREAKANDMINIMIZEFRACTURINGOFTHEROCKATTHEBOUNDARYOFANEXCAVATIONTHEFOURBASICCONTROLLEDBLASTINGTECHNIQUESARELINEDRILLING,PRESPLITTING,CUSHIONBLASTINGANDSMOOTHBLASTINGLINEDRILLING,THEEARLIESTCONTROLLEDBLASTINGTECHNIQUE,INVOLVESDRILLINGAROWOFCLOSELYSPACEDHOLESALONGTHEFINALEXCAVATIONLINE,PROVIDINGAPLANEOFWEAKNESSTO

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文44574457字外文參考資料外文參考資料MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFPERVIOUSCEMENTCONCRETECHENYU1,WANGKEJIN2,LIANGDI11SCHOOLOFTRAFFICANDTRANSPORTATIONENGINEERING,CHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,CHANGSHA410004,CHINA2DEPARTMENTOFCIVIL,CONSTRUCTIONANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,IOWASTATEUNIVERSITY,AMES,IA50010,USA?CENTRALSOUTHUNIVERSITYPRESSANDSPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG2012ABSTRACTCOMPRESSIVEANDFLEXURALSTRENGTH,FRACTUREENERGY,ASWELLASFATIGUEPROPERTYOFPERVIOUSCEMENTCONCRETEWITHEITHERSUPPLEMENTARYCEMENTITIOUSMATERIALSSCMSORPOLYMERINTENSIFIED,WEREANALYZEDTESTRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESTRENGTHDEVELOPMENTOFSCMMODIFIEDPERVIOUSCONCRETESPCDIFFERSFROMTHATOFPOLYMERINTENSIFIEDPERVIOUSCONCRETEPPC,ANDPOROSITYHASLITTLEEFFECTONTHEIRSTRENGTHGROWTHPPCHASHIGHERFLEXURALSTRENGTHANDREMARKABLYHIGHERFLEXURALTOCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHRATIOTHANSPCATTHESAMEPOROSITYLEVELRESULTSFROMFRACTURETESTOFPERVIOUSCONCRETEMIXESWITHPOROSITYAROUND195SHOWTHATTHEFRACTUREENERGYINCREASESWITHINCREASINGTHEDOSAGEOFPOLYMER,REFLECTINGTHEDUCTILEDAMAGEFEATURESRATHERTHANBRITTLENESSPPCDISPLAYSFARLONGERFATIGUELIFETHANSPCFORANYGIVENFAILUREPROBABILITYANDATANYSTRESSLEVELITISPROVEDTHATTWOPARAMETERWEIBULLPROBABILITYFUNCTIONDESCRIBESTHEFLEXURALFATIGUEOFPERVIOUSCONCRETEKEYWORDSPERVIOUSCONCRETESTRENGTHFRACTUREFATIGUELIFE1INTRODUCTIONPERVIOUSCEMENTCONCRETEWASACONCRETEWITHCONTINUOUSVOIDSTHATWEREINTENTIONALLYINCORPORATEDINTOCONCRETEBYBLENDINGWITHNOORVERYLITTLEAMOUNTOFFINEAGGREGATESCEMENTITIOUSMATERIALSWERENOTENOUGHTOFILLTHEVOIDSAMONGCOARSEAGGREGATESWITHSPECIALPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONTOMAKEINTERCONNECTEDMACROPORES1?2THERANGEOFPOROSITYTHATWASCOMMONLYREPORTEDFORPERVIOUSCONCRETEUTILIZEDINPAVEMENT,WASABOUT15?253?4THESIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEDSTRENGTHOFCONVENTIONALPERVIOUSCONCRETEDUETOHIGHPOROSITY,NOTONLYLIMITEDITSAPPLICATIONINHEAVYTRAFFICROADSBUTALSOINFLUENCEDTHESTABILITYANDDURABILITYOFTHESTRUCTURES,BECAUSEOF,FOREXAMPLE,SUSCEPTIBILITYTOFROSTDAMAGEANDLOWRESISTANCETOCHEMICALSHOWEVER,BYUSINGAPPROPRIATELYSELECTEDAGGREGATES,SILICAFUMESFORORGANICINTENSIFIERS,ANDBYADJUSTINGCONCRETEMIXINGPROPORTION,THEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFPERVIOUSCONCRETECOULDBEIMPROVEDGREATLY5?6YANGANDJIANG7SHOWEDTHATTHEUSEOFSFANDSUPERPLASTICIZERSPINPERVIOUSCONCRETECOULDOBVIOUSLYENHANCEITSSTRENGTHTHERESULTSALSOINDICATEDTHATSFHADABETTEREFFECTFORIMPROVINGTHEPROPERTIESOFPERVIOUSCONCRETETHANPOLYMERWHENUSINGWITHSPANDITCOULDOBTAINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOF50MPAANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHOF6MPAKEVERN8PRESENTEDTHATTHEADDITIONOFPOLYMERSTYRENEBUTADIENERUBBERINPERVIOUS550MM,WHICHSUSTAINEDTWOTHIRDSSYMMETRICALLOADINGFTHECORRESPONDINGSTRAINΞWASMEASUREDBYX?YDIGITALRECORDERΞWASTHENTRANSLATEDINTO,WHICHMEANTTHEMIDSPANDEFLECTIONOFBEAMSPECIMENINACCORDANCEWITHEQ1SO,THEENVELOPEDAREABYF?▽CURVEANDXAXISWASDEFINEDASW,FRACTUREENERGYOFCONCRETE,WHICHCOULDBECALCULATEDBYEQ215?161HAL124322?????2???FDWWHERE▽ISTHEDYNAMICDEFLECTIONOFTHEMIDSPANBEAMLANDHARETHESPANANDHEIGHTOFBEAMSPECIMEN,RESPECTIVELYΞISTHESTRAINVALUEMEASUREDATTHEMIDPOINTOFBEAMBOTTOM,WHILEAREFERSTOTHEHORIZONTALDISTANCEFROMTHELOADINGPOINTTOTHESUPPORTABUTMENTSMTS810TESTSTAR,ANELECTROHYDRAULICSERVOTYPEMATERIALTESTINGMACHINE,WASSERVEDTOMEASURETHEFLEXURALFATIGUELIFEOFPERVIOUSCONCRETETHREESTRESSLEVELSOFSINEWAVELOADING090,080AND070WITH01OFCYCLINGEIGENVALUE,10HZOFFREQUENCYANDZEROTIMEGAP,WEREADOPTEDTHENUMBEROFTHECYCLICLOADTHATTHETESTEDSPECIMENSWERESUBJECTEDUNTILFAILUREWASRECORDEDTABLE1PROPERTIESOFOPCCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONS/STRENGTHAT3D/MPASTRENGTHAT28D/MPASIO2AL2O3CAOMGOFE2O3SO3K2OCOMPRESSIVEFLEXURALCOMPRESSIVEFLEXURAL22151625154229042775453781TABLE2PROPERTIESOFSJ601SOLIDCONTENT/VISCOSITY/PHDENSITY/RATIOOFSTRENGTHWITHTOWITHOUTSJ601（PAS）（GML1）COMPRESSIONBENDINGTENSIONCOHESION47±3003﹣0045108±003＞09121215TABLE3MIXINGPROPORTIONSOFPERVIOUSCONCRETEΨPOROSITY/SPCPPCWATERTOBINDERRATIOFA/SF/SP/WATERTOCEMENTRATIOSJ601/090﹣09815﹣25028﹣03412﹣186﹣1003﹣08030﹣0348﹣123RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31STRENGTHTHECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSOFALLMIXESAREEXPRESSEDASAPERCENTAGEOFTHEIR28DSTRENGTHANDSHOWNINFIG1NOEVIDENTEFFECTOFPOROSITYONTHESTRENGTHDEVELOPMENTFORBOTHSPCANDPPCISOBSERVED,THATIS,PERVIOUSCONCRETESATDIFFERENTPOROSITIESFOLLOWTHESAMESTRENGTHGROWTHPROCESSTHESTRENGTHDEVELOPMENTOFSPCISOBVIOUSLYRAPIDATEARLYAGESWITHMORETHAN50AT3DAND80AT7DWHILETHEFURTHERINCREMENTSAREONLY56AT56DAND89AT90DONAVERAGE,RESPECTIVELYFIG1AIMMEDIATELYAFTERCEMENTPASTEISHARDENED,WHICHISACCELERATEDBYSFANDSP,AGGREGATESAREWRAPPEDANDCEMENTEDTOGETHERTOFORMTHESKELETONPORESTRUCTURE,OBTAININGQUITESTRONGABILITYTORESISTDESTRUCTIVELOADHOWEVER,DUETOMUCHLARGERQUANTITYOFAGGREGATESINPERVIOUSCONCRETECOMPAREDTOTHATINCONVENTIONALCONCRETE,ITISREASONABLETHAT

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯題目PHOTOMODELERSCANNER在古建筑測(cè)繪中的應(yīng)用專(zhuān)業(yè)測(cè)繪工程班級(jí)0901班學(xué)生指導(dǎo)老師2013年近開(kāi)發(fā)從序列傾斜圖像測(cè)定火山地形（CACHE等，2003）。在這里，我們將展示為了克服在使用傾斜角度和比較低分辨率的溫度傳感器時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)處理的一些固有問(wèn)題，近景數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量技術(shù)是如何可以被用來(lái)聯(lián)合從任意位置熱和可見(jiàn)光相機(jī)獲取的圖像數(shù)據(jù)。自動(dòng)攝影和圖像匹配技術(shù)（PAPADAKI2002年），可獲取地形數(shù)據(jù)，以及整頓和地理參考可見(jiàn)光與紅外線圖像。觀察對(duì)象的表面和相機(jī)方位的測(cè)定允許對(duì)熱圖像的每個(gè)像素的有關(guān)大氣衰減因素計(jì)算。我們利用在埃特納火山活動(dòng)的熔巖渠道和流動(dòng)陣地地面圖像來(lái)說(shuō)明這些技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。圖1地理位置埃特納火山和山谷德?tīng)柌ǚ颉?0042005年熔巖最終流域顯示為主圖上的黑色區(qū)域以及它們?cè)?004年9月27號(hào)的流域顯示在插圖上。流動(dòng)前端周?chē)男翘?hào)展示了攝影測(cè)量控制的一些目標(biāo)使用的位置。數(shù)據(jù)采集數(shù)據(jù)采集埃特納火山，在意大利西西里島，擁有最近既熱情洋溢又適度爆炸活動(dòng)的歷史。經(jīng)過(guò)約一個(gè)相對(duì)平靜的一年，2004年9月7日，一小熔巖噴口開(kāi)幕?海拔2800米，在東南基地火山口。一周之內(nèi)，在巴耶德?tīng)柌ǚ蝽敳績(jī)蓚€(gè)海拔相對(duì)較低的噴口下低落（在2650和2250米，圖1）也形成，熔巖向東流入山谷。在相對(duì)溫和的流動(dòng)速率（大約3立方米每秒伯頓等2005年），提供通道流量被冷受限（GUEST等。1987年），并且（在實(shí)地調(diào)查期間）小于25公里長(zhǎng)，在MONTECENTENARI南部，谷底斜坡的裂隙有主動(dòng)流動(dòng)前端（圖2A）。同時(shí)有相當(dāng)一部分發(fā)展在陡峭的地形流場(chǎng)有落石的危險(xiǎn)，流動(dòng)前端相對(duì)可行。因此，地面的圖像可以獲取流動(dòng)前端和遠(yuǎn)端通道地區(qū)，在

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5400字機(jī)電工程學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯機(jī)電工程學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯提高速度對(duì)二軸轉(zhuǎn)向架的應(yīng)力影響提高速度對(duì)二軸轉(zhuǎn)向架的應(yīng)力影響EFFECTOFINCREASINGSPEEDONSTRESSOFBIAXIALBOGIEFRAMES學(xué)部（學(xué)院）機(jī)電工程學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)車(chē)輛工程專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師完成日期20140530提高速度對(duì)二軸轉(zhuǎn)向架的應(yīng)力影響內(nèi)。例如由貨車(chē)碰撞引起的沖擊力被YIMY分析出來(lái)。FUKASAWA計(jì)算出了二軸轉(zhuǎn)向架貨車(chē)在剎車(chē)過(guò)程中作用在車(chē)鉤上的作用力，同時(shí)OYAN研究了地鐵縱向動(dòng)態(tài)分析。對(duì)于列車(chē)橫向動(dòng)力學(xué)，輪軌之間的級(jí)效應(yīng)和列車(chē)出軌的研究過(guò)程中仿真技術(shù)得到廣泛的運(yùn)用。例如在1996年，ZHIA和他的同事，為了研究列車(chē)之間的誤差和軌道的彎曲造成列車(chē)的脫軌。一個(gè)被稱(chēng)為彈性和阻尼系數(shù)的模型被引入到研究當(dāng)中。而且，ZENG和WU研究了輪緣爬行脫軌和車(chē)輪沖擊脫軌。他有用來(lái)同時(shí)研究橫向和縱向動(dòng)力學(xué)模型的。例如1990年AAR利用一個(gè)特殊的軌道車(chē)輛測(cè)量到了貨車(chē)再告訴轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)候作用在車(chē)鉤上的拉力和壓力。在1994年DONG和他的同事利用一個(gè)只含有一根軸的列車(chē)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型來(lái)分析軌道的有限部件。列車(chē)的組成部件之一就是轉(zhuǎn)向架，也被稱(chēng)作列車(chē)走行部系統(tǒng)。它由構(gòu)架（縱梁和橫梁），彈簧懸掛系統(tǒng)，輪對(duì)系統(tǒng)以及剎車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的儀器組成。另外由于構(gòu)架質(zhì)量均勻分布，轉(zhuǎn)向架使列車(chē)能平穩(wěn)流暢的轉(zhuǎn)彎。這樣也使得軌道具有安全性，使構(gòu)架在具有不同側(cè)線上的軌道方便地運(yùn)行，并且增加了列車(chē)的載重能力。因此，可以得出轉(zhuǎn)向架是列車(chē)最重要的部件之一。有好幾種用來(lái)計(jì)算傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向架構(gòu)架的力的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，例如JZSEE4207標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和UIC6154標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是到目前為止，還沒(méi)有確定一種作為擺式車(chē)體轉(zhuǎn)向架構(gòu)架的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2、方法、方法上邊提到的以前所有的研究當(dāng)中都沒(méi)有量化由列車(chē)速度增加而引起的轉(zhuǎn)向架構(gòu)架應(yīng)力分布的變化，因此，在這個(gè)研究當(dāng)中，二軸轉(zhuǎn)向架構(gòu)架被建模去研究列車(chē)速度對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向架的應(yīng)力影響。為了達(dá)到該目的，列車(chē)在不同的載重情況下速度由20M/S變換到40M/S分析方法如圖１所示。

簡(jiǎn)介：1MSDN雜志2006年12月作者RICKSTRAHL用自定義控件簡(jiǎn)化ASPNET20中的數(shù)據(jù)綁定ASPNET20包含許多新的數(shù)據(jù)綁定功能，可以簡(jiǎn)化各種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)綁定方案。不幸的是，一種常見(jiàn)簡(jiǎn)單控件數(shù)據(jù)綁定方案并沒(méi)有太大改變。雖然這在窗體的WEB應(yīng)用程序中是一種常見(jiàn)的方案，但它仍然是一個(gè)手動(dòng)和耗時(shí)的過(guò)程。簡(jiǎn)單控件數(shù)據(jù)綁定是指將單個(gè)值綁定到控件屬性的過(guò)程。例如，文本框、復(fù)選框、單選按鈕或列表控件的選定值之類(lèi)的窗體控件綁定到單個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)或?qū)ο笾怠＿@將使簡(jiǎn)單控件數(shù)據(jù)綁定得到明顯改進(jìn),如果能夠以一致的方式來(lái)確定性地處理數(shù)據(jù)綁定、管理錯(cuò)誤的捕獲和顯示，在本文中，我介紹了一種自定義擴(kuò)展程序控件，可以從數(shù)據(jù)或?qū)ο蠼壎ㄈ我鈫蝹€(gè)值到任意控件屬性。它可以擴(kuò)展和支持WEB窗體上的任何現(xiàn)有控件在這一過(guò)程中，我還將證明一種靈活而直觀的方法，該方法可以讓數(shù)據(jù)綁定和取消綁定、驗(yàn)證、錯(cuò)誤處理以及在基于窗體的WEB界面中顯示錯(cuò)誤等行為保持一致。我也將深入探討這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),就是控件是怎樣成的并介紹其中一些有趣的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。WWDATABINDER控件用于簡(jiǎn)單控件數(shù)據(jù)綁定。具體而言，該控件管理的綁定的概念類(lèi)似于“將DATAROW的COMPANYNAME值綁定到TEXTBOX的TEXT屬性”或者“將ITEMENTITYPK屬性綁定到DROPDOWN列表的SELECTEDVALUE屬性”。該控件管理的是將指定數(shù)據(jù)值綁定到指定控件屬性的過(guò)程，以及取消綁定數(shù)據(jù)值回到底層數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)的過(guò)程。這是真正的兩種方式的數(shù)據(jù)綁定。數(shù)據(jù)綁定的問(wèn)題ASPNE提供了適當(dāng)?shù)谋镜刂С?。它的本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)綁定表達(dá)式使用或直接頁(yè)面表達(dá)式（如）將數(shù)據(jù)綁定到控件屬性。您可以啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)綁定過(guò)程,對(duì)頁(yè)面的任何控件調(diào)用DATABIND方法來(lái)。此方法對(duì)于入站綁定而言非常好用。盡管如此，也不能取消綁定并使數(shù)據(jù)重新成為底層數(shù)據(jù)字段或?qū)傩?。ASPNET20介紹了GRIDVIEW、FORMVIEW和DETAILSVIEW控件，它們使你使用MOREDATABINDINGITEMS該集合建立DATABINDER應(yīng)用的各個(gè)綁定。雖然WWDATABINDER可以擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)有的控件，但只有在窗體上任意給定控件的DATABINDINGITEM擴(kuò)展程序?qū)傩陨巷@式設(shè)置屬

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯系別經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系專(zhuān)業(yè)班姓名評(píng)分導(dǎo)師（簽名）2009年2月28日聯(lián)邦證券法在新政時(shí)代的通過(guò)，以及美國(guó)證券交易委員會(huì)的成立，使會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)的獨(dú)立性的概念，有了再一次的轉(zhuǎn)變。美國(guó)證券交易委員會(huì)的成立，對(duì)建立出具財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告和審計(jì)法規(guī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有著最重要的影響。通過(guò)這種努力，公共的會(huì)計(jì)師和審計(jì)師不再認(rèn)為他們的主要職責(zé)，是為那些特定的物主，或某些集體的所有權(quán)益；而是按照一套既定的專(zhuān)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，來(lái)編制財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，和進(jìn)行財(cái)務(wù)決算的審計(jì)工作。會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)的獨(dú)立性的概念，轉(zhuǎn)向?yàn)樵谪?cái)務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的報(bào)告中保持客觀性和中立性，而不是忠于某一政黨。這一觀點(diǎn)，由西澳佩頓教授，在理論上和書(shū)面上被闡述出來(lái)，他著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的重要性。會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)獨(dú)立性的客觀和中立的概念，一直趨于上風(fēng)，成為主流。直到20世紀(jì)70年代，當(dāng)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)成立，成為獨(dú)立的、權(quán)威的會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定者。大約從那個(gè)時(shí)候開(kāi)始，公共的會(huì)計(jì)公司開(kāi)始改變其客觀和中立的原則，并開(kāi)始對(duì)他們的審計(jì)客戶宣傳和提供關(guān)于會(huì)計(jì)和審計(jì)的事項(xiàng)。同時(shí)，在全球范圍內(nèi)，企業(yè)的快速增長(zhǎng)，為公共的會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所提供了大量的機(jī)會(huì)去獲得收入，而這些收入，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了傳統(tǒng)的審計(jì)服務(wù)所能取得的收入。雖然，美國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)的審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)（ASB），發(fā)布的審計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，一直繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)著與客戶保持獨(dú)立性，但是日益激烈的審計(jì)服務(wù)市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，以及錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的國(guó)際商業(yè)慣例，導(dǎo)致一些審計(jì)者不得不違反會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的客觀性和中立性的，因?yàn)檫@更有利于贏得客戶的信賴(lài)。繼2000年初的會(huì)計(jì)和審計(jì)丑聞之后，以及2002年沙賓法案的通過(guò)，審計(jì)者被認(rèn)為是值得信賴(lài)的顧問(wèn)的這種想法，似乎已經(jīng)越來(lái)越難以讓人信服。一個(gè)潛在的會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)的獨(dú)立性的新概念，仍然未能演變出來(lái)，但上市公司會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督委員會(huì)（PCAOB）對(duì)這種獨(dú)立性的概念上，似乎更強(qiáng)調(diào)要在更大程度上區(qū)分注冊(cè)審計(jì)師和客戶管理的獨(dú)立性。會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)獨(dú)立性的早期爭(zhēng)議在20世紀(jì)的下半葉，學(xué)術(shù)界和出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)獨(dú)立性的各種爭(zhēng)論和專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)。有一些關(guān)于會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)獨(dú)立性的觀點(diǎn)，是從包括英國(guó)和美國(guó)兩者的會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)相關(guān)的歷史性觀點(diǎn)中理想化、發(fā)展和演變出來(lái)的。例如，托馬斯李，在公司審計(jì)第3版（范諾斯得萊因霍爾德，1986年，頁(yè)89）中提到的一

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論計(jì)（論文）文）英文翻譯學(xué)院院信息技術(shù)學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)生姓名王佩學(xué)號(hào)0506120502題目基于WEB的網(wǎng)絡(luò)商品銷(xiāo)售系統(tǒng)指導(dǎo)教師張漪日期2009年2月27日MICROSOFTINTERNETINFORMATIONSERVERVERSION30/40ONWINDOWSNTSERVERMICROSOFTPEERWEBSERVICESVERSION30ONWINDOWSNTWORKSTATIONMICROSOFTPERSONALWEBSERVERONWINDOWS95/98正如前文所述，與一般的程序不同，ASP程序無(wú)須編譯，ASP程序的控制部份，是使用VBSCRIPT、JSCRIPT等腳本語(yǔ)言來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的，當(dāng)執(zhí)行ASP程序時(shí)，腳本程序?qū)⒁徽酌畎l(fā)送給腳本解釋器即腳本引擎，由腳本解釋器進(jìn)行翻譯并將其轉(zhuǎn)換成服務(wù)器所能執(zhí)行的命令。當(dāng)然，同其他編程語(yǔ)言一樣，ASP程序的編寫(xiě)也遵循一定的規(guī)則，如果你想使用你所喜愛(ài)的腳本語(yǔ)言編寫(xiě)ASP程序，那么你的服務(wù)器上必須要有能解釋這種腳本語(yǔ)言的腳本解釋器。當(dāng)你安裝ASP時(shí)，系統(tǒng)提供了兩種腳本語(yǔ)言VBSRCIPT和JSCRIPT，而VBSCRIPT則被作為系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)的腳本語(yǔ)言。你也可以根據(jù)自己的喜好改變系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)的腳本語(yǔ)言。ASP本身并不是一種腳本語(yǔ)言，它只是提供了一種使鑲嵌在HTML頁(yè)面中的腳本程序得以運(yùn)行的環(huán)境。但是，要學(xué)好ASP又必須掌握它的語(yǔ)法和規(guī)則。現(xiàn)在就讓我們開(kāi)始一步一步地認(rèn)識(shí)并學(xué)習(xí)ACTIVESERVERPAGES。ASP程序其實(shí)是以擴(kuò)展名為ASP的純文本形式存在于WEB服務(wù)器上的，你可以用任何文本編輯器打開(kāi)它，ASP程序中可以包含純文本、HTML標(biāo)記以及腳本命令。你只需將ASP程序放在WEB服務(wù)器的虛擬目錄下（該目錄必須要有可執(zhí)行權(quán)限），就可以通過(guò)WWW的方式訪問(wèn)ASP程序了。要學(xué)好ASP程序的設(shè)計(jì)，必須掌握腳本的編寫(xiě)，那么究竟什么是腳本呢其實(shí)腳本是由一系列的腳本命令所組成的，如同一般的程序，腳本可以將一個(gè)值賦給一個(gè)變量，可以命令WEB服務(wù)器發(fā)送一個(gè)值到客戶瀏覽器，還可以將一系列命令定義成一個(gè)過(guò)程。要編寫(xiě)腳本，你必須要熟悉至少一門(mén)腳本語(yǔ)言，如VBSCRIPT。腳本語(yǔ)言是一種介乎于HTML和諸如JAVA、VISUALBASIC、C等編程語(yǔ)言之間的一種特殊的語(yǔ)言，盡管它更接近后者，但它卻不具有編程語(yǔ)言復(fù)雜、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法和規(guī)則。如前所述ASP所提供的腳本運(yùn)行環(huán)境可支持多種腳本語(yǔ)言，譬如JSCRIPT、REXX、PERL等等，這無(wú)疑給ASP程序設(shè)計(jì)者提供了廣泛的發(fā)揮余地。ASP的出現(xiàn)使得廣大WEB設(shè)計(jì)者不必在為客戶瀏覽器是否支持而擔(dān)心，實(shí)際上就算你在同一個(gè)ASP文件中使用不同的腳本語(yǔ)言，你都無(wú)須為此擔(dān)憂，因?yàn)樗械囊磺卸紝⒃诜?wù)器端進(jìn)行，客戶瀏覽器得到的只是一個(gè)程序執(zhí)行的結(jié)果，而你也只需在ASP中聲明使用不同的腳本語(yǔ)言即可。下面是一個(gè)典型的在同一ASP文件中使用兩種腳本語(yǔ)言的例子