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簡介：字數(shù)英文字數(shù)英文48984898單詞，單詞，2607926079字符；中文字符；中文85008500漢字漢字出處出處KECKKECKA,A,HANCOCKHANCOCKJ,J,NEENEECCPERSPECTIVESPERSPECTIVESFORFORGLOBALGLOBALTRADETRADEANDANDTHETHEINTERNATIONALINTERNATIONALTRADINGTRADINGSYSTEMJSYSTEMJWIRTSCHAFTSDIENST,WIRTSCHAFTSDIENST,2018,2018,98198116231623外文文獻外文文獻PERSPECTIVESFORGLOBALTRADEANDTHEINTERNATIONALTRADINGSYSTEMABSTRACTTHEAUTHORSREVIEWCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSANDFUTUREPROSPECTSFORINTERNATIONALTRADE,ARGUINGTHATDESPITETHERECENTSLOWDOWN,TRADEREMAINSANIMPORTANTDRIVEROFECONOMICGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTSCEPTICISMTOWARDSFURTHERTRADEOPENINGNEEDSTOBEADDRESSED,NOTABLYVIAAPPROPRIATEDOMESTICADJUSTMENTPOLICIESONECHALLENGETOADVANCINGFURTHERGLOBALECONOMICINTEGRATIONLIESINTHERAPIDTRANSFORMATIONOFTRADEITSELFANDTHENATUREOFREMAININGBARRIERSTHEAUTHORSHIGHLIGHTNEWMODELSOFTRADECOOPERATIONTHATCANHELPTOMAKEPROGRESSATTHEGLOBALLEVELWHILEACCOMMODATINGCOUNTRIES‘DIVERSEINTERESTSANDLEVELSOFDEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONGLOBALTRADEISATAHISTORICCROSSROADSFOR60YEARSAFTERTHESECONDWORLDWAR,TRADEGREWFASTERTHANECONOMICOUTPUT–CLEAREVIDENCETHATTHEWORLDECONOMYWASBECOMINGEVERMOREOPENANDINTEGRATED–ASCOUNTRIESSTEADILYBROKEDOWNTHEECONOMICBARRIERSBETWEENTHEMINASUCCESSIONOFMULTILATERALANDREGIONALINITIATIVESMOREOVER,THISPROCESSOFTRADELEDINTEGRATION–ORGLOBALISATION–SEEMEDTOBEACCELERATINGWITHTHECONCLUSIONOFTHEURUGUAYROUND,THEEXPANSIONOFTHEEU,THECREATIONOFTHENORTHAMERICANFREETRADEAGREEMENTNAFTAANDTHEACCESSIONOFCHINATOTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTO,TRADEEXPANDEDATALMOSTEXISTINGSYSTEM–SOFAR–TOCOMETOGRIPSWITHTHISNEWESTTRADEFRONTIERWHILETHEWORLDTRADINGSYSTEMPROVEDHIGHLYSUCCESSFULINOPENINGUPTRADEINGOODSANDRAWMATERIALS–HELPINGTODRIVE20THCENTURYGLOBALISATION–ITHASSOFARPROVEDMUCHLESSSUCCESSFULATOPENINGTRADEINSERVICES,DIGITALISEDPRODUCTSORDATAFLOWS–THENEWDRIVERSOF21STCENTURYGLOBALISATIONHAVINGSAIDTHIS,RECENTSIGNSOFTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWMODELSOFTRADECOOPERATIONANDRULEMAKING–OVERSEENBYNEWCONSTELLATIONSOFACTORS–SUGGESTTHATTHEWORLDECONOMYMAYBEONTHECUSPOFANEWWAVEOFTRADELIBERALISATION,INTEGRATIONANDGLOBALISATIONCURRENTSITUATIONANDFUTUREECONOMICANDTRADESCENARIOSWORLDTRADEGROWTHWASREMARKABLYWEAKFORSEVERALYEARSFOLLOWINGTHEGLOBALRECESSIONANDTRADECOLLAPSEOF2009ALTHOUGHTRADEREBOUNDEDSTRONGLYIN2010,MERCHANDISETRADEVOLUMEGROWTHAVERAGEDJUST27PERYEAROVERTHENEXTSIXYEARS,INCLUDINGA14INCREASEIN2016THISPACEOFEXPANSIONISWELLBELOWTHE47AVERAGERATEOFGROWTHSINCE1980,NOTTOMENTIONTHE60AVERAGEFOR1990TO2008LEADINGUPTOTHEFINANCIALCRISISFIGURE1TRADEGROWTHSLOWEDNOTONLYINABSOLUTETERMSBUTALSORELATIVETOGDPTHISISSEENINTHEDECLININGINCOMEELASTICITYOFTRADE,DEFINEDASTHERATIOOFWORLDMERCHANDISETRADEVOLUMEGROWTHTOWORLDREALGDPGROWTHATMARKETEXCHANGERATESREPRESENTEDBYGREYDIAMONDSINFIGURE1BETWEEN1980AND2008,WORLDTRADEGREWTWICEASFASTASWORLDGDP,PRODUCINGANAVERAGEELASTICITYOF21,BUTTHISFELLTO09DURING2011TO2016,ASTRADEANDOUTPUTEXPANDEDATSIMILARRATESTHEPERSISTENCEOFWEAKTRADEGROWTHANDLOWTRADEELASTICITIESRAISEDCONCERNSABOUTWHETHERWORLDTRADEMIGHTHAVEPERMANENTLYLOSTITSDYNAMISMECONOMISTSHAVEATTRIBUTEDTHETRADESLOWDOWNTOAVARIETYOFCYCLICALANDSTRUCTURALFACTORS,INCLUDINGTHEMATURATIONOFGLOBALVALUECHAINSGVC,AREDUCEDPACEOFTRADELIBERALISATIONSINCETHE1990S,WEAKDEMANDASMEASUREDBYOUTPUTGAPS
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上傳時間：2024-03-12
頁數(shù)： 27
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簡介：字數(shù)英文字數(shù)英文36083608單詞，單詞，2022020220字符；中文字符；中文63136313漢字漢字出處出處RASTANDEHRASTANDEHA,A,PEDERSENPEDERSENZARIZARIM,M,KKBROWNBROWND,D,ETETALALUTILISINGUTILISINGEXOTICEXOTICFLORAFLORAININSUPPORTSUPPORTOFOFURBANURBANINDIGENOUSINDIGENOUSBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITYLESSONSLESSONSFORFORLANDSCAPELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREJARCHITECTUREJLANDSCAPELANDSCAPERESEARCH,RESEARCH,2018,2018,435435708720708720外文文獻外文文獻UTILISINGEXOTICFLORAINSUPPORTOFURBANINDIGENOUSBIODIVERSITYLESSONSFORLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREABSTRACTEVIDENCESHOWSTHATINTHEABSENCEOFINTACTNATURALHABITATS,SOMEEXOTICPATCHESOFVEGETATIONMAYPLAYACOMPENSATORYROLEINSUPPORTINGINDIGENOUSBIODIVERSITYINURBANENVIRONMENTSTHISPAPERSUGGESTSTHATINURBANSETTINGSWHERELANDSCAPESALREADYCONTAINNONNATIVES,BOTHINDIGENOUSANDEXOTICFLORAMAYBENECESSARYTOMAINTAININDIGENOUSBIODIVERSITYTHERESEARCHWASCONSTRUCTEDBASEDUPONAREVIEWOFTHECURRENTLITERATURECOMBINEDWITHAGISBASEDSPATIALANALYSISOFURBANLANDSCAPEPATTERNS,USINGWELLINGTONNEWZEALANDASACASESTUDYTHERESEARCHPROVIDESEVIDENCECONCERNINGDIFFERENTASPECTSOFUTILISINGINDIGENOUSANDEXOTICPLANTSPECIESTOARGUETHATABALANCEDPROPORTIONOFINDIGENOUSTOEXOTICPLANTSMAYBEADVANTAGEOUSINORDERTORESPONDTOSOMEASPECTSOFBIODIVERSITYLOSSTHERESULTSHAVETHREEIMMEDIATEIMPLICATIONSFORLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREPRACTICESATTHEURBANSCALEANDREVEALIMPORTANTISSUESTHATSHOULDBEADDRESSEDBYFUTURERESEARCHKEYWORDSEXOTICFLORAINDIGENOUSBIODIVERSITYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREURBANBIODIVERSITY1INTRODUCTIONEXOTICINDIGENOUSLANDCOVERTHEREISSUFFICIENTEVIDENCETOINDICATETHATBIODIVERSITYISESSENTIALTOSUPPORTTHEPOLYNESIANRATRATTUSEXULANSANDHUMANCAUSEDECOSYSTEMLOSSPARTICULARLYCLEARINGBYFIREOFALMOSTHALFOFALLLOWLANDANDMONTANEFORESTGAVERISETOTHEEXTINCTIONOF34ENDEMICLANDBIRDSANDSEVERALENDEMICHERPETOFAUNAORATLEASTSIGNIFICANTDECLINESINPOPULATIONSMINISTRYFORTHEENVIRONMENT,1997CITEDINCRAIGETAL,2000TOWNSMCGLONE,1989DESTRUCTIONOFINDIGENOUSLANDCOVERANDEXTINCTIONSORPOPULATIONPRESSURESOFNATIVESPECIESCONTINUED,WITHDIFFERENTCAUSESANDRESULTS,FROMTHELATE1700SWHENTHEFIRSTEUROPEANSARRIVEDINNEWZEALANDMORETHAN86OFPEOPLEINNEWZEALANDLIVEINCITIESUNITEDNATIONSDEPARTMENTOFECONOMICIGNATIEVA,STEWART,MEURK,BLASCHKE,MEURKMEURKPEDERSENZARI,2012,2015SPELLERBERGSTEWARTETAL,2009SWAFFIELD,2005ACCORDINGTOCLARKSON,WEHI,ANDBRABYN2007,ONLY196OFCURRENTURBANNEWZEALANDISTHELANDCOVERTYPECLASS‘INDIGENOUSFOREST’THATISINDICATIVEOFMATUREINDIGENOUSLANDCOVERTHELOSSOFINDIGENOUSPLANTDIVERSITYINURBANSETTINGSMAYBEREGARDEDASATHREATTOTHESURVIVALOFINDIGENOUSFAUNAASWELLRESEARCHSHOWSTHATTHEREISAMUTUALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENAWIDERANGEOFINDIGENOUSFLORAANDFAUNANEVERTHELESS,SOMEEXOTICPLANTSPECIESCANSUPPORTINDIGENOUSFAUNAANDTHISSHOULDNOTBESETASIDEGIVENTHAT,ITMAYBENECESSARYTODEFINEABALANCEBETWEENINDIGENOUSANDEXOTICLANDCOVERTYPECLASSESINURBANSETTINGSINORDERTOMAXIMISETHEPERFORMANCEOFECOSYSTEMSERVICESREQUIREDBOTHTOSUPPORTINDIGENOUSSPECIESANDTOMAINTAINAND/ORIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFHUMANLIFETOTHISEND,ITISIMPERATIVEFIRSTLYTOIDENTIFYTHEROLEOFBOTHINDIGENOUSANDEXOTICFLORAINSUPPORTINGINDIGENOUSFAUNAINURBANSETTINGS,ANDSECONDLYTOBUILDUPANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENINDIGENOUSANDEXOTICLANDCOVERTYPECLASSESANDHOWTHEYBOTHCONTRIBUTETOOVERALLURBANBIODIVERSITYANDTHEREBYAHIGHERLEVELOFECOSYSTEMSERVICES
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上傳時間：2024-03-16
頁數(shù)： 20
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