產(chǎn)業(yè)集群競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　英文文獻(xiàn)資料（二）</b></p><p>　　How do Industry Clusters Success: </p><p>　　A Case Study in China’s Textiles and Apparel Industries</p><p>　　Zhiming Zhang, Chester

2、, & Ning Cao</p><p>　　(Institute of Textiles and Clothing,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University)</p><p>　　3. Industry Clusters of Textiles and Apparel in China</p><p>　　Industria

3、l clustering is a new phenomenon in China. Only a few research started to pay attention to it in the 1990s. Wang (2001) described the development of some clusters in the coastal regions of China, and discussed their char

4、acteristics, including their localized network. He particularly examined the impact of accidental factor on the formation of clusters, and pointed out that the strength of the impact depended on the congruence of the sec

5、tor choice, brought about by the accidental factor,</p><p>　　The first tier of the clusters existed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when China was first open to the outside world. Taking the advantages of

6、 proximity and low labor cost, many Hong Kong textile and apparel companies invested in Pearl River delta, and there appeared a few clusters of textile and apparel firms. These clusters grew fast, as new investments also

7、 came from Taiwan and other places, and many local entrepreneurs emerged as well. These clusters include Shenzhen (though later much d</p><p>　　Closely following this, the economy in Yangtze River delta deve

8、loped fast and became very dynamic. Many enterprises of collective ownership and of private ownership established and grew very fast. Many of them were textile and apparel firms. It was typical that these firms clustered

9、 together. Several reasons account for their fast growth: First, the entry barrier to the textile and apparel industry was very low in terms of capital and technology. For example, at the beginning, only one manually <

10、;/p><p>　　These firms were the seeds of the industrial clusters of textiles and apparel. Now most of the clusters still distributed in the two areas: Pearl River delta and Yangtze River delta. The former is Gua

11、ngdong province, and the latter Zhejiang province and southern part of Jiangsu province. These happen to be the most advanced regions in China, in coastal area, with the best infrastructure in information, communication,

12、 and transportation. As a matter of fact, most of the clusters are located eithe</p><p>　　At present the structural development of the textile and apparel industry of China is characterized in two directions

13、: one is a group of large companies based in large cities with capacity in marketing and product development, often operating supply chain regionally even globally; the other is a number of clusters of many small and med

14、ium sized firms based in small cities and towns, with featured products and vigorous growth (CNTIC, 2003). Thus, industrial clustering has become one of the two wi</p><p>　　4. Case Observation</p><

15、;p>　　We conducted an industry survey in one industrial cluster, which is a town, called Shengze, located in Wujiang county of Jiangsu province in eastern China. While Shengze had an early history of silk production, i

16、t was primarily of agriculture before the late 1970s when China started economic reforms. At that time, the size of the town was about 4 square kilometers with a population of 30,000. Since then, the town has seen enormo

17、us growth and become one of the 19 towns with special features desig</p><p>　　This is a qualitative and exploratory study, and in-depth interviews with town officials and entrepreneurs were used to collect i

18、nformation about the industrial cluster. Altogether 3 town officials (Vice Party Secretary of the town, Director of The Town Government Office, and Director of The Town Development Office) and 8 entrepreneurs were interv

19、iewed by structured means. During the interviews, in addition to the current situation of the cluster, the history of development was also investigated</p><p>　　4.1. Historical factors</p><p>　　

20、In accordance with the literature (Krugman, 1986), the development of Shengze into a light-fabric cluster was accidental, but on he other hand quite natural with a historical reason. Located in southern China with warm c

21、limate, fertile land and abundant water from nearby rivers and lakes, Shengze had been one of the silk centers in China for hundreds of years. Historically, residents of Shengze were skillful in silk production, and many

22、 workshops and silk-related businesses were located in Sheng</p><p>　　4.2. The Role of the Local Authority</p><p>　　While the origin seemed to be natural and out of the plan of the local governm

23、ent, the government did play an important role in helping the cluster grow. Both government officials and entrepreneurs emphasized the importance of two measures taken by the local authority.</p><p>　　The fi

24、rst one was the establishment of a market in its physical form. The Shengze government was sensitive to realize that the lack of a market had become the constraint on the development of the economic activities and a phys

25、ical market was in demand. The government then financed and developed “The Oriental Silk Market”, which was like a mart and leased to various trading firms. This provided a platform, and tremendously stimulated the growt

26、h of businesses both in demand and supply. Later when </p><p>　　The other was the establishment of an industrial park, which is beside the provincial highway. The government provided the infrastructure in te

27、rms of road, water, electricity, and other basic conditions. This has created a good environment for manufacturing. While at the beginning, Shengze was only focused on silk production, very soon the enterprises broke the

28、 limits. As there was some similarity in technology between silk fabric and lightweight fabric, many of the firms expanded into the produ</p><p>　　4.3. The Role of Individual Entrepreneurs </p><p&

29、gt;　　During our interviews, we were very impressed with those entrepreneurs of Shengze. Many of them are local residents and previously were farmers. They demonstrated enormous spirit of risk taking, creativity, and will

30、ingness to learn from the market. One young entrepreneur started as a security guard, borrowed a little money to enter the business, then set up a small factory of his own. Now this has been expanded into a company, and

31、just the weaving branch of it has capacity of 220 water-jet looms</p><p>　　4.4. The Development of the peripheral Industries</p><p>　　Shengze started with silk production. This was expanded into

32、 domestic trade of silk. Very soon light-weight fabric manufacturing began to develop. This further promoted the growth of trading. By then there seemed to be two wings of the town, one was enterprises of fabric manufact

33、uring primarily clustered in the industrial park, one was the selling and buying offices of fabrics primarily clustered in the business district. As large amount of materials are needed, many yarn suppliers are attracted

34、</p><p>　　4.5. Workforce Supply</p><p>　　As the cluster grows and enterprises mushroom, large labor supply is needed. In his process the former agriculture town was totally transformed. Most of

35、the land was turned into industrial uses, and all farmers are now employed in manufacturing. As the population of Shengze enlarges several folds (from about 30,000 to 200,000) in the last two decades, many migrants are a

36、ttracted to live and work here. Most of the people were peasants and come from other provinces. While the neighboring Anhui pro</p><p>　　5. Conclusive Remarks</p><p>　　In this paper, the develop

37、ment of industrial clustering of textiles and apparel in China is investigated. As a result of economic reforms and development, some characteristics of the textile and apparel industrial clusters are described. One part

38、icular cluster, Shengze which is famous for its silk and light-weight fabric, is used as a case to exemplify the growth of clusters. The empirical factors taken into account the cluster performance include the historical

39、 and natural origin, the role of t</p><p>　　英文文獻(xiàn)中文翻譯（二）</p><p>　　來源：紡織與服裝，技術(shù)與管理雜志 （JTATM)Vol.4 第2期 2004年</p><p>　　作者：張志明 切斯特 曹寧</p><p>　　出版時(shí)間：2004年8月</p><p&g

40、t;　　產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是如何成功：</p><p>　　中國紡織和服裝工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群成功的案例研究</p><p>　　(港） 張志明 切斯特 曹寧</p><p>　　3.在中國紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)集群 產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在中國是一個(gè)新現(xiàn)象。在20世紀(jì)90年代，只有少數(shù)研究開始關(guān)注產(chǎn)業(yè)集群這一現(xiàn)象。王緝慈（2001年）描述了中國沿海地區(qū)的一些集群的發(fā)展，并討論了各自的特點(diǎn)，

41、包括他們的本地化網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他特別研究了偶然因素對(duì)集群形成的影響，并指出影響的強(qiáng)度取決于偶然因素導(dǎo)致的產(chǎn)業(yè)選擇的一致性，以及該地區(qū)的天然優(yōu)勢(shì)，和當(dāng)?shù)卣兄行У恼?。因此，政府的重要性得到了?qiáng)調(diào)。</p><p>　　第一波產(chǎn)業(yè)集群起源于中國第一次對(duì)外開放的20世紀(jì)70年代末和80年代初。憑借者鄰近港口和低廉的勞動(dòng)力成本優(yōu)勢(shì)，許多香港紡織及服裝公司在珠江三角洲的投資，并出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)集群的紡織服裝公司。這些集群快速增長，吸

42、引了臺(tái)灣的資本家，許多當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)家也出現(xiàn)了。這些集群包括深圳（它是目前中國最大的城市之一），東莞（類似深圳，但程度較低），虎門、沙溪等。</p><p>　　值得關(guān)注的是，長江三角洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展，活力四射。許多集體和私人所有企業(yè)逐漸建立，增長迅速。很多都是紡織和服裝公司，它們的聚集成為一種典型。以下是集群企業(yè)快速增長的原因：首先，在資金和技術(shù)方面，紡織和服裝行業(yè)的進(jìn)入壁壘非常低。例如，在開始時(shí)，只需要一個(gè)手動(dòng)操作

43、裝置來針織襪或幾臺(tái)縫紉機(jī)。與此同時(shí)，急于離開土地的農(nóng)民為紡織行業(yè)的發(fā)展提供了源源不斷的廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力。隨著企業(yè)的擴(kuò)大，一些精明的企業(yè)家雇用從國企退休的技術(shù)人員和熟練勞動(dòng)力。這些企業(yè)大部分位于城鎮(zhèn)。政府對(duì)這些企業(yè)的發(fā)展和運(yùn)作采取非常靈活的政策。他們比國有企業(yè)少受笨拙規(guī)則和法規(guī)的限制，例如，他們并不需要和國企一樣必須給自己的員工提供所謂的鐵碗，他們沒有支付離退休職工的負(fù)擔(dān)。另一方面，這些企業(yè)對(duì)市場(chǎng)的變化非常敏感。因此，顯得非常有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。其次，當(dāng)

44、時(shí)中國處于計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，幾乎所有的供應(yīng)都不足。因此，紡織品和服裝等消費(fèi)品的需求強(qiáng)勁。同時(shí)，配合一定的營銷手段和營銷技巧來銷售產(chǎn)品。第三，因?yàn)檫@些企業(yè)都是城鎮(zhèn)甚至鄉(xiāng)村的農(nóng)民企業(yè)家建立起來的，他們以身作則，成為了他人學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。后來的企業(yè)家紛紛開始效仿，用相同的方法，同樣的產(chǎn)品，在同一市場(chǎng)上出售。由于村</p><p>　　這些企業(yè)是紡織服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的根源?，F(xiàn)在大部分的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群主要分布在這兩個(gè)地區(qū)：珠江三角洲和長江三

45、角洲。前者是廣東省，后者是浙江省和江蘇省的南部地區(qū)。這些發(fā)生在中國最先進(jìn)的地區(qū)在沿海，具具備完善的信息，通信和運(yùn)輸?shù)确矫娴幕A(chǔ)設(shè)施。事實(shí)上，大多數(shù)集群位于公路旁或非常靠近港口。同時(shí)，這些集群也很接近主要城市，特別是香港，廣州和上海。</p><p>　　目前，中國紡織和服裝行業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)為兩個(gè)方向：一個(gè)是基于大城市的大型企業(yè)集團(tuán)，具有營銷和產(chǎn)品開發(fā)能力，往往能提供經(jīng)營區(qū)域，甚至全球的供應(yīng)鏈;另一種是許多基

46、于小城鎮(zhèn)的中小型企業(yè)集群，具有特色產(chǎn)品并發(fā)展迅速。（中國技術(shù)進(jìn)出口總公司，2003年）。因此，產(chǎn)業(yè)集群現(xiàn)已成為在中國的紡織和服裝行業(yè)發(fā)展的兩翼之一。</p><p>　　4.案例分析 </p><p>　　我們對(duì)位于中國東部的江蘇省吳江縣的小鎮(zhèn)盛澤進(jìn)行了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的行業(yè)調(diào)查。盛澤的絲綢生產(chǎn)的歷史悠久，其農(nóng)業(yè)興起于中國開始經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的20世紀(jì)70年代末。當(dāng)時(shí)的盛澤只是一個(gè)占地約4平方公里，

47、人口30000的小鎮(zhèn)。自那以后，盛澤鎮(zhèn)突飛猛進(jìn)，發(fā)展迅速，一躍成為由中國技術(shù)進(jìn)出口總公司指定的獨(dú)具特色的19個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)之一，并發(fā)展為中國最重要的紡織集群之一。盛澤的重點(diǎn)是面料生產(chǎn)，主要是做服裝襯里的情面料。而現(xiàn)在盛澤鎮(zhèn)的規(guī)模已擴(kuò)大到25平方公里，人口近20萬，其中大部分移民來自全國其他地區(qū)。全鎮(zhèn)大約有1100工廠，約50,000噴水或噴氣織機(jī)。這據(jù)說是最大的織布機(jī)聚集之一?？偟哪戤a(chǎn)量約200億元人民幣（25億美元）。大約有4000個(gè)可供出售

48、和購買的辦公室設(shè)在該鎮(zhèn)。鎮(zhèn)的商業(yè)區(qū)，遍布了如此多的辦事處，無疑給來這里的游客留下了深刻印象。基于此，盛澤鎮(zhèn)并沒有止步不前的跡象，它仍將不斷前行。</p><p>　　這是一個(gè)定性和探索性研究，并對(duì)城市官員和企業(yè)家進(jìn)行了深入訪談，用于收集有關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的信息。共有3鎮(zhèn)官員（副鎮(zhèn)黨委書記，鎮(zhèn)政府辦公室主任，和城市發(fā)展處處長）和8個(gè)企業(yè)家接受了訪談。在訪談中，除了集群當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)分析外，發(fā)展的歷史也被列入調(diào)查項(xiàng)目。訪談重點(diǎn)

49、基于如下問題：集群是如何形成的，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府發(fā)揮了怎樣的作用，以及市場(chǎng)力量如何推動(dòng)集群的形成;什么是地方和企業(yè)的集群優(yōu)勢(shì);集群內(nèi)企業(yè)之間的互動(dòng)關(guān)系;集群和外部的市場(chǎng)體系之間的關(guān)系是什么;集群如何吸引服務(wù)行業(yè);和集群如何幫助創(chuàng)建新企業(yè)和新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。這些問題深受政策和市場(chǎng)營銷的影響。本文注重集群的起源和發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　4.1.歷史因素 </p><p>　　根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)

50、（克魯格曼，1986）顯示，盛澤輕薄面料的集群發(fā)展是偶然的，但很大程度上也基于歷史因素的影響。位于中國的南部，氣候溫和，土地肥沃，附近河流和湖泊豐富的水資源，這些得天獨(dú)厚的自然資源使盛澤數(shù)百年來一直為中國的絲綢中心之一。從歷史的角度分析，盛澤的居民具有熟練精湛的絲綢生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，許多紡織車間和絲綢相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)也在盛澤聚集。來自全國各地的商人紛紛涌向盛澤絲綢。因此，當(dāng)時(shí)的盛澤就可以被視為一個(gè)絲綢集群。但是，隨著計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的建立，限制了民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展

51、，盛澤的絲綢中心逐漸衰退，盛澤也變成了一個(gè)中國再普通不過的農(nóng)業(yè)鎮(zhèn)。這階段持續(xù)了約三十年，直到20世紀(jì)70年代末。那時(shí)，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革開始，城鎮(zhèn)居民允許建立自己的企業(yè)。而對(duì)于當(dāng)?shù)氐木用?，自然選擇變是進(jìn)入他們所熟悉的絲綢企業(yè)，而且當(dāng)?shù)氐臈l件適合絲綢業(yè)發(fā)展。這便是集群的起源。</p><p>　　4.2.地方政府的作用 </p><p>　　雖然集群的起源主要基于歷史因素，并脫離了當(dāng)?shù)卣?/p>

52、計(jì)劃，但政府確實(shí)在促進(jìn)集群成長方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。政府官員和企業(yè)家都強(qiáng)調(diào)了地方當(dāng)局采取的兩項(xiàng)措施的重要性。 </p><p>　　第一項(xiàng)是建立一個(gè)有形市場(chǎng)。盛澤的政府敏感地意識(shí)到，缺乏市場(chǎng)已成為發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)和有形市場(chǎng)需求的約束。政府資助和開發(fā)的“東方絲綢市場(chǎng)”，類似于一個(gè)集市，租賃給各種貿(mào)易公司。這就提供了一個(gè)平臺(tái)，并極大地刺激了需求和供給兩方面的貿(mào)易增長。后來，當(dāng)這已不再足以容納所有的購買和銷售辦事處時(shí)，

53、一個(gè)新的地區(qū)發(fā)展起來，最終擴(kuò)大成能容納擁上千個(gè)銷售和采購辦事處的貿(mào)易中心。 </p><p>　　另一項(xiàng)是在省道旁邊建立一個(gè)工業(yè)園區(qū)。政府投資了包括道路，供水，電力和其他基本條件在內(nèi)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。這為企業(yè)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)良好的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境。一開始，盛澤集中生產(chǎn)絲綢，但很快企業(yè)打破了業(yè)務(wù)限制。由于一些絲綢面料和輕質(zhì)面料之間在技術(shù)方面存在相似性，許多公司變將業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)大到生產(chǎn)人造纖維織物。現(xiàn)在雖然盛澤仍然是絲綢中心，但其大部

54、分織機(jī)從事輕薄面料的針織工作。</p><p>　　4.3.個(gè)人企業(yè)家的作用 </p><p>　　在采訪中，我們對(duì)盛澤的企業(yè)家印象深刻。他們中的許多都是當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫⑶乙郧笆寝r(nóng)民。他們表現(xiàn)出巨大的冒險(xiǎn)，創(chuàng)造精神，并且愿意向市場(chǎng)學(xué)習(xí)。一位年輕的企業(yè)家從一名保安員做起，借了一點(diǎn)錢進(jìn)入企業(yè)，然后建立一個(gè)自己的小工廠。工廠現(xiàn)已擴(kuò)大到為公司，其織造分公司就有220臺(tái)噴水織機(jī)和120臺(tái)噴氣織機(jī)。同時(shí)

55、，他表現(xiàn)出卓越的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能，組織當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)家日本豐田洽談。他們共同創(chuàng)造了世界上最大的訂單——3600噴氣織機(jī)。在業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)張的過程中，他通過資金資助，分享技術(shù)和市場(chǎng)，已幫助無數(shù)人創(chuàng)業(yè)。這些企業(yè)家促進(jìn)了盛澤產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　4.4.周邊產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展 </p><p>　　盛澤從絲綢生產(chǎn)開始，逐步擴(kuò)大到國內(nèi)的絲綢貿(mào)易。緊接著，輕薄面料生產(chǎn)開始發(fā)展起來。這又進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了貿(mào)易的

56、增長。到那時(shí)，小鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展依靠兩個(gè)方面：一個(gè)是主要集中在工業(yè)園區(qū)的面料制造企業(yè)，另一個(gè)是銷售及購買主要集中在商業(yè)區(qū)的面料辦事處。由于需要大量原材料，許多紗線供應(yīng)商都慕名前來，并在盛澤銷售辦事處。我們的受訪者之一，就是總部設(shè)在香港的一家貿(mào)易公司的所有者。該公司從國外進(jìn)口人造纖維，通過其銷售辦事處銷售這些纖維織物給織布工。國內(nèi)和國外的紡織機(jī)械公司也在盛澤設(shè)立了辦事處，出售機(jī)器和機(jī)器零件，為面料廠商提供服務(wù)。據(jù)說，盛澤沒有工廠會(huì)配備零部件的備件

57、。因?yàn)槿绻嗔?，即使在午夜，?0分鐘內(nèi)你就可訂單并完成交接。這些大大降低了生產(chǎn)成本，是產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的外部經(jīng)濟(jì)一部分。由于盛澤已經(jīng)成為了面料中心、陳列室和銷售辦事處，其他面料，如牛仔布的生產(chǎn)銷售也設(shè)置在盛澤。 </p><p>　　4.5.勞動(dòng)力供應(yīng) </p><p>　　作為集群的增長和企業(yè)的迅速成長，需要大量的勞動(dòng)力供給。在這個(gè)過程中，以前的農(nóng)業(yè)鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。大部

58、分土地變成工業(yè)用途，所有的農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在受雇于制造業(yè)。隨著過去20年盛澤人口的數(shù)倍擴(kuò)大，（從約3萬到20萬），許多移民被吸引到這里生活和工作。很大一部分是來自外省的農(nóng)民。經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)退后發(fā)展的鄰省安徽為盛澤提供了很多一部分的勞動(dòng)力供給，許多工人來自邊遠(yuǎn)省份。他們已經(jīng)形成了近乎無限供應(yīng)的廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力，為集群的發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。這其中很大一部分勞動(dòng)力供給是沒有受過教育的和非熟練工人。由于紡織行業(yè)有許多操作性工作，所以勞動(dòng)力需要進(jìn)行短暫的培訓(xùn)后才能工作