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1、<p><b>  外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>  資料來(lái)源:外文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)</p><p>  文章名:PLC Programming with Signal Interpreted Petri Nets</p><p>  書刊名:《Digital Image Processing》</p><p>

2、  作 者:Stephane Klein ,Georg Frey</p><p>  出版社:清華大學(xué)出版社,2002</p><p>  章 節(jié):1.2 The Element of Digital Image Processing</p><p>  頁(yè) 碼:P3~P10</p><p>  文 章 譯 名: 可編程控

3、制器的介紹 </p><p>  姓 名: 杜欣妍 </p><p>  學(xué) 號(hào): 0841040106 </p><p>  指導(dǎo)教師(職稱): 許楠(講師) </p>&

4、lt;p>  專 業(yè): 自動(dòng)化 </p><p>  班 級(jí): 01 </p><p>  所 在 學(xué) 院: 郵電與信息工程學(xué)院 </p><p><b>  可編程控制器的介紹</b>

5、;</p><p><b>  一、PLC概述</b></p><p>  可編程控制器是60年代末在美國(guó)首先出現(xiàn)的,當(dāng)時(shí)叫可編程邏輯控制器PLC(Programmable Logic Controller),目的是用來(lái)取代繼電器。以執(zhí)行邏輯判斷、計(jì)時(shí)、計(jì)數(shù)等順序控制功能。提出PLC概念的是美國(guó)通用汽車公司。PLC的基本設(shè)計(jì)思想是把計(jì)算機(jī)功能完善、靈活、通用等優(yōu)點(diǎn)和繼

6、電器控制系統(tǒng)的簡(jiǎn)單易懂、操作方便、價(jià)格便宜等優(yōu)點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來(lái),控制器的硬件是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的、通用的。根據(jù)實(shí)際應(yīng)用對(duì)象,將控制內(nèi)容編成軟件寫入控制器的用戶程序存儲(chǔ)器內(nèi),使控制器和被控對(duì)象連接方便。</p><p>  70年代中期以后,PLC已廣泛地使用微處理器作為中央處理器,輸入輸出模塊和外圍電路也都采用了中、大規(guī)模甚至超大規(guī)模的集成電路,這時(shí)的PLC已不再是僅有邏輯(Logic)判斷功能,還同時(shí)具有數(shù)據(jù)處理、PID調(diào)節(jié)和數(shù)

7、據(jù)通信功能。國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)(IEC)頒布的可編程控制器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)草案中對(duì)可編程控制器作了如下的定義:可編程控制器是一種數(shù)字運(yùn)算操作的電子系統(tǒng),專為在工業(yè)環(huán)境下應(yīng)用而設(shè)計(jì)。它采用了可編程序的存儲(chǔ)器,用來(lái)在其內(nèi)部存儲(chǔ)執(zhí)行邏輯運(yùn)算,順序控制、定時(shí)、計(jì)數(shù)和算術(shù)運(yùn)算等操作的指令,并通過(guò)數(shù)字式和模擬式的輸入和輸出,控制各種類型的機(jī)械或生產(chǎn)過(guò)程??删幊炭刂破骷捌溆嘘P(guān)外圍設(shè)備,易于與工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)聯(lián)成一個(gè)整體,易于擴(kuò)充其功能的設(shè)計(jì)。</p>&l

8、t;p>  可編程控制器對(duì)用戶來(lái)說(shuō),是一種無(wú)觸點(diǎn)設(shè)備,改變程序即可改變生產(chǎn)工藝。目前,可編程控制器已成為工廠自動(dòng)化的強(qiáng)有力工具,得到了廣泛的普及推廣應(yīng)用。</p><p>  可編程控制器是面向用戶的專用工業(yè)控制計(jì)算機(jī),具有許多明顯的特點(diǎn)。</p><p> ?、倏煽啃愿?,抗干擾能力強(qiáng);</p><p><b> ?、诰幊讨庇^、簡(jiǎn)單;</b&g

9、t;</p><p><b>  ③適應(yīng)性好;</b></p><p> ?、芄δ芡晟?,接口功能強(qiáng)</p><p><b>  二、PLC的歷史</b></p><p>  1968年,Richard E. Morley創(chuàng)造出了新一代工業(yè)控制裝置可編程邏輯控制器(PLC),現(xiàn)在,PLC已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用

10、于工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,包括機(jī)械制造也、運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)、化學(xué)過(guò)程設(shè)備、等許多其他領(lǐng)域。初期可編程控制器只是用一種類似于語(yǔ)言的軟件邏輯于代替繼電器硬件邏輯,并且使開發(fā)時(shí)間由6個(gè)月縮短到6天。</p><p>  雖然計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生,但是PLC控制因?yàn)樗母咝阅堋⒊杀镜?、并且?duì)惡劣的環(huán)境有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力而在工業(yè)控制的廣泛應(yīng)用中保持優(yōu)勢(shì)。而且,盡管硬件的價(jià)格在逐漸下跌,據(jù)估計(jì),根據(jù)Frost和Sullivan對(duì)PLC市場(chǎng)的調(diào)查研

11、究表明,每年銷售硬件的價(jià)格要比銷售PLC的價(jià)格(一千五百萬(wàn))至少多出八十億美元。PLC的創(chuàng)造者Richard E. Morley十分肯定的認(rèn)為目前PLC市場(chǎng)是一個(gè)價(jià)值五十億的工業(yè)</p><p>  雖然PLC廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)控制中,PLC控制系統(tǒng)的程序依然和語(yǔ)法有關(guān)。和軟件過(guò)程一樣,PLC的軟件設(shè)計(jì)也以同樣的方式會(huì)遇到軟件錯(cuò)誤或危機(jī)。Morley在演講中著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了這個(gè)方面。</p><p>

12、;  如果房子建造的像軟件過(guò)程一樣,那么僅僅一只啄木鳥就可以摧毀文明。特別的,PLC程序要解決的實(shí)際問(wèn)題是消除軟件錯(cuò)誤和減少老式梯形邏輯語(yǔ)言的花費(fèi)。盡管PLC的硬件成本在繼續(xù)下降,但是在工業(yè)控制上減少梯形邏輯的掃描時(shí)間仍然是一個(gè)問(wèn)題,以至于可以用到低耗時(shí)的PLC。</p><p>  一般來(lái)說(shuō),和其他領(lǐng)域相比生產(chǎn)PLC的周期要短很多。例如,在實(shí)踐中,VISI設(shè)計(jì)是一種有效的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)。PLC不需要使用目前的以

13、軟件設(shè)計(jì)為基礎(chǔ)軟件工程方法論,因?yàn)镻LC程序要求對(duì)軟件和硬件搜都要考慮到。因此,軟件設(shè)計(jì)越來(lái)越成為花費(fèi)動(dòng)力。在許多的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工程中,多數(shù)人力分配給了控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)和安裝,并且他們被要求對(duì)PLC進(jìn)行程序測(cè)試和錯(cuò)誤排除。</p><p>  再者,PLC控制系統(tǒng)不適合設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)適應(yīng)性和重構(gòu)有越來(lái)越多要求的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)更深入的問(wèn)題是在大規(guī)模的工程中軟件越來(lái)越復(fù)雜,促使要有一個(gè)系統(tǒng)化的設(shè)計(jì)方法論。</p>&l

14、t;p>  主題的客觀性是為PLC自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)建立一個(gè)系統(tǒng)化的軟件設(shè)計(jì)方法論。這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方法論包括以狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換模型為基礎(chǔ)的精確的描述,這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)換模型是自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的抽象系統(tǒng)。方法論還包括一個(gè)逐步的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程,并且要設(shè)置一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則,這樣才能為一個(gè)成功的設(shè)計(jì)提供導(dǎo)向和方法。這項(xiàng)研究的真正目的是找到一個(gè)減少控制軟件發(fā)展過(guò)程的不穩(wěn)定性的方法,也就是說(shuō),減少程序和調(diào)試時(shí)間以及他們的變化,以增強(qiáng)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)性,并且通過(guò)調(diào)整軟件使得軟件可以

15、再度使用。這樣的目的是為了克服目前程序策略的不足之處,而目前的程序策略是以個(gè)人軟件開發(fā)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的。</p><p><b>  三、現(xiàn)今的PLC</b></p><p>  從結(jié)構(gòu)上分,PLC分為固定式和模塊式兩種。固定式PLC包括CPU板、I/O板、顯示面板、內(nèi)存塊、電源等,這些元素組合成一個(gè)不可拆卸的整體。模塊式PLC包括CPU模塊、I/O模塊、內(nèi)存、電源模

16、塊、底板或機(jī)架,這些模塊可以按照一定規(guī)則組合配置。</p><p>  在使用者看來(lái),不必要詳細(xì)分析CPU的內(nèi)部電路,但對(duì)各部分的工作機(jī)制還是應(yīng)有足夠的理解。CPU的控制器控制CPU工作,由它讀取指令、解釋指令及執(zhí)行指令。但工作節(jié)奏由震蕩信號(hào)控制。</p><p>  運(yùn)算器用于進(jìn)行數(shù)字或邏輯運(yùn)算,在控制器指揮下工作。寄存器參與運(yùn)算,并存儲(chǔ)運(yùn)算的中間結(jié)果,它也是在控制器指揮下工作。CPU速

17、度和內(nèi)存容量是PLC的重要參數(shù),它們決定著PLC的工作速度,IO數(shù)量及軟件容量等,因此限制著控制規(guī)模。</p><p>  中央處理器(CPU)是PLC控制器的大腦。通常CPU本身就是一個(gè)微控制器。起先是8位微控制器例如8051,現(xiàn)在發(fā)展為16位和 32位微控制器。你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分由日本制造商制造的PLC中是日立和Fujicu的微控制器,西門子的微控制器多應(yīng)用在歐洲的PLC中,摩托羅拉生產(chǎn)的微控制器則獨(dú)占美國(guó)市場(chǎng)。

18、CPU同樣關(guān)注通信, PLC控制器,操作程序的執(zhí)行,監(jiān)督記憶設(shè)置的輸入和輸出等部分的關(guān)聯(lián)性。</p><p>  PLC使用系統(tǒng)存儲(chǔ)器(現(xiàn)在大部分采用閃存技術(shù)了)用于過(guò)程控制系統(tǒng)。除了這個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)之外,它還包括一個(gè)由梯形圖翻譯成而進(jìn)制形式的用戶程序。快擦型存儲(chǔ)器(FLASH memory)的內(nèi)容只有在改變用戶程序的時(shí)候可以被改變。PLC控制器比快擦型存儲(chǔ)器使用得更早,EPROM存儲(chǔ)器比快擦型存儲(chǔ)器也更早,快擦型存

19、儲(chǔ)器必須用紫外線(UV,Ultra-Violet Ray)燈擦除,并在編程器上進(jìn)行編程。由于快擦型存儲(chǔ)器技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,使得這個(gè)過(guò)程大大縮短了。在應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)中,通過(guò)一個(gè)串行電纜可以對(duì)程序存儲(chǔ)器進(jìn)行重新編程。</p><p>  用戶存儲(chǔ)器被分成具有特殊功能的塊。一部分存儲(chǔ)器用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)輸入和輸出狀態(tài)。一個(gè)輸入的實(shí)際狀態(tài)存儲(chǔ)狀態(tài)存儲(chǔ)在專用存儲(chǔ)器位上,為“1”或者“0”。每一個(gè)輸入和輸出在存儲(chǔ)器中都有一個(gè)相應(yīng)的位。另外一部

20、分存儲(chǔ)器用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)用戶程序中的變量的內(nèi)容。例如,定時(shí)器值,或者記數(shù)器值存放在存儲(chǔ)器的這個(gè)部分。</p><p>  PLC控制器可以通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)(通常方式)重新編程,但是也可以通過(guò)人工編程器9控制臺(tái))編程。實(shí)際上,這意味著,如果你有編程所需要的軟件,早期PLC控制器可以通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行編程。今天的傳輸計(jì)算機(jī)是工廠自己對(duì)PLC控制器進(jìn)行重新編程的理想設(shè)備。這對(duì)于工業(yè)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的。一旦系統(tǒng)修改結(jié)束,將正確的程序重新

21、讀入PLC控制器也是非常重要的。定期檢查PLC中的程序是否改變是非常好的事情。這有助于避免車間發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)情況(一些汽車制造商已經(jīng)建立了通信網(wǎng)絡(luò),可以定期檢查PLC中的程序,以保證運(yùn)行的程序都是正確的)。</p><p>  幾乎所有用于為PLC控制器編程的程序都擁有各種不同的選項(xiàng),例如系統(tǒng)輸入/輸出(I/O線)的強(qiáng)制開關(guān),程序?qū)崟r(shí)跟蹤以及圖表驗(yàn)證。圖表驗(yàn)證對(duì)于理解、定義失敗和故障非常必要。程序員可以添加標(biāo)記,書日和

22、輸出設(shè)備名稱,以及對(duì)于查找錯(cuò)誤或者對(duì)于系統(tǒng)維護(hù)很有用的注釋。添加注釋和標(biāo)記可以使技術(shù)人員(不僅僅是開發(fā)人員)很快理解梯形圖。注釋和標(biāo)記甚至還可以準(zhǔn)確地引用零件號(hào),如果需要更換零件的話。這將加快由于損壞零件而引起的任何問(wèn)題的修理速度。響應(yīng)的舊方法是這樣的,開發(fā)系統(tǒng)的人必須保護(hù)這個(gè)程序,他旁邊再?zèng)]有人知道系統(tǒng)是怎樣完成的。正確的、備有證明文件的梯形圖使任何技術(shù)人員都能徹底理解系統(tǒng)的功能。</p><p>  電源是為

23、中央處理單元提供電源的。大部分PLC控制器的工作電壓為24VDC或者220VAC。在有些PLC控制器上,你可以看見(jiàn)作為獨(dú)立模塊的電源。用戶必須確定從I/O模塊取出多大電流來(lái)保證電源提供適當(dāng)?shù)碾娏?。不同的模塊使用不同的電流量。</p><p>  該電源一般不用于啟動(dòng)外部輸入或輸出。用戶必須提供獨(dú)立的電源來(lái)啟動(dòng)PLC控制器的輸入和輸出,因?yàn)檫@樣可以保證PLC控制器的所謂“純電源”。使用純電源意味著工業(yè)環(huán)境中的電源不

24、會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響它。有些較小的PLC控制器從與PLC控制器集成在一起的小電源為它們的輸入提供電壓源。</p><p>  四、PLC的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p>  一個(gè)系統(tǒng)化的設(shè)計(jì)PLC程序的方法可以克服傳統(tǒng)程序生產(chǎn)控制系統(tǒng)的缺點(diǎn),并且在一些工業(yè)應(yīng)用總有很大的不同。自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)是狀態(tài)模型用公式語(yǔ)言或等價(jià)的語(yǔ)言描述的。公式描述對(duì)被控制的系統(tǒng)的行為提供一個(gè)精確的描述??梢酝ㄟ^(guò)分析估計(jì)看狀態(tài)模型是否達(dá)

25、到想要的目標(biāo)。第二,為狀態(tài)模型的描述提供結(jié)構(gòu)描述,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)描述可以說(shuō)明邏輯要求和如細(xì)節(jié)安全規(guī)則的限制。第三,好的控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)自動(dòng)控制代碼生成有益的——一種能夠產(chǎn)生可執(zhí)行的控制軟件的能力,不同的邏輯控制器可以減少程序掃描時(shí)間和執(zhí)行那個(gè)時(shí)間。特別的,這個(gè)主題與隨后的部分的是有關(guān)的。</p><p>  在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中,系統(tǒng)是用過(guò)程和結(jié)果的革新來(lái)描述的,并且因此不得不改變系統(tǒng)性能以快速做出反應(yīng)。因此,一個(gè)大的挑戰(zhàn)是

26、提供技術(shù)以限制自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)對(duì)變化需要和新機(jī)會(huì)的反應(yīng),所以,設(shè)計(jì)和操作知識(shí)可以實(shí)時(shí)的被再次利用,在工業(yè)實(shí)踐中提供了一個(gè)重要的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)面。</p><p>  研究表明,在自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中,程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)的方法已經(jīng)與計(jì)算機(jī)資源應(yīng)用的急速增長(zhǎng)不能匹配。例如,可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)程序仍然依靠一種方便的有邏輯梯形圖的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)模式。結(jié)果,程序上的延遲和資源成了生產(chǎn)工業(yè)過(guò)程的主要絆腳石。在可編程邏輯控制器程序設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,測(cè)試和調(diào)試可能

27、會(huì)占用超過(guò)百分之五十的人力。在發(fā)展和傳播“STATE-OF-THE-ART”已經(jīng)形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999],但是,基本上這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都不能參與有效的程序和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方面知識(shí)的革新。</p><p>  系統(tǒng)的方法通過(guò)使用原有的軟件模塊,有助于增加設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化的水平,同時(shí)也將提供一種可管理的大規(guī)模系

28、統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的方法。同樣的,它也將改善軟件的質(zhì)量的可靠性,以及關(guān)系到系統(tǒng)的較高安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其是這些對(duì)環(huán)境有危害影響的,比如:機(jī)場(chǎng)控制、公共鐵路運(yùn)輸。</p><p>  軟件工業(yè)被認(rèn)為是系統(tǒng)性能的破壞者和系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性的產(chǎn)生者。逐漸下降的硬件價(jià)格,破壞了對(duì)通過(guò)優(yōu)化程序獲得的軟件性能的需要。其結(jié)果是,一方面造成了大量而低效率的程序代碼,另一方面并沒(méi)有獲得高的硬件性能。其次,軟件變得難以掌握其程度的復(fù)雜;在現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中,軟

29、件設(shè)計(jì)和保持系統(tǒng)本質(zhì)幾乎變得不可能。尤其是,可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)程序設(shè)計(jì)從二十五年前的兩條主線,發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的成千上萬(wàn)條。現(xiàn)在安全性增加了,例如,關(guān)于防火的新措施,以及現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的柔韌性增加了程序設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程的復(fù)雜性。因此,軟件的使用周期花費(fèi)是總共花費(fèi)的一個(gè)固定不變的增長(zhǎng)部分。百分之八十到九十的花費(fèi)用于軟件維護(hù)、調(diào)試、優(yōu)化(改進(jìn))、和擴(kuò)展以滿足不斷變換的需求。</p><p>  目前,大部分設(shè)計(jì)研究的主要焦

30、點(diǎn)都集中在機(jī)械和電子產(chǎn)品上。這種有目的性的研究產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)副產(chǎn)品,就是通過(guò)推廣這中研究到系統(tǒng)工程設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域,從而加固了我們對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)理論和技巧的基本理解。針對(duì)大規(guī)模和復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)理論并沒(méi)有成熟。尤其是,對(duì)如何簡(jiǎn)化一個(gè)繁冗而復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)這一問(wèn)題,仍然沒(méi)有被科學(xué)的處理。而且,正在設(shè)計(jì)理論和代表計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)及運(yùn)籌學(xué)研究的認(rèn)識(shí)論結(jié)果之間構(gòu)建一條橋梁,這樣的具體應(yīng)該是邏輯硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>  從邏輯學(xué)的角度來(lái)看

31、,可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)類似與集成電路的硬件設(shè)計(jì)?,F(xiàn)代超大規(guī)模集成電路設(shè)計(jì)(Very Large Scale Integration--VLSI)是及其復(fù)雜的,一個(gè)集成電路一般有幾百萬(wàn)個(gè)晶體管,而且產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期大都三年左右。設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程一般都分成局部功能塊設(shè)計(jì)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)兩個(gè)階段。在局部功能塊設(shè)計(jì)階段,單個(gè)功能將被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái),并予以驗(yàn)證。在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)階段,所有功能塊都將被整合起來(lái),整個(gè)系統(tǒng)行為特性和功能將會(huì)通過(guò)仿真形式加以測(cè)試。一般

32、來(lái)說(shuō),所有部分都完全的驗(yàn)證是不可能的。因此,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)可以作為可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)例子,并有可能影響邏輯硬件設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>  五、AK 1703 ACP</p><p>  AK 1703 ACP憑借著一貫創(chuàng)新的精神與穩(wěn)定的技術(shù),在以穩(wěn)定為基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)中,擁有高級(jí)的功能性和適應(yīng)性。</p><p>  ACP(自動(dòng)化,控制和保護(hù))系統(tǒng)概念保證

33、了AK 1703 ACP功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。穩(wěn)定的功能性使得自動(dòng)化控制,遠(yuǎn)程控制和通信協(xié)議三者完美結(jié)合??缮?jí)的性能與多種冗余結(jié)構(gòu),使得AK1703 ACP可以完美處理各種功能要求。</p><p>  AK 1703 ACP擁有適合現(xiàn)代化自動(dòng)控制的綜合的遠(yuǎn)程控制技術(shù):</p><p>  ? 水電站遠(yuǎn)程控制與中控設(shè)備</p><p>  ? 擁有自治功能的自動(dòng)控制單元&l

34、t;/p><p>  ? 數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn), 設(shè)備控制站, 尖端科技</p><p>  ? 擁有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)或遠(yuǎn)程外圍設(shè)備</p><p>  ? 為后面板安裝而設(shè)計(jì)的19英寸設(shè)備</p><p>  ? 專為多種現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用和高產(chǎn)品要求設(shè)計(jì)的中間產(chǎn)品</p><p><b>  ? 多種通信手段</b></p&

35、gt;<p><b>  ? 簡(jiǎn)潔的編程</b></p><p><b>  ? 唯一的設(shè)備插座</b></p><p>  ? 開放型系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p><b>  ? 可升級(jí)的冗余</b></p><p>  ? 智能終端- TM 1703</

36、p><p>  AK 1703 ACP基本外部設(shè)備原件擁有兩個(gè)基本系統(tǒng)原件CP-2010/CPC25(主控原件)和CP-2012/PCCE25(處理和通信原件),一個(gè)總線最多可以連接16個(gè)外圍設(shè)備原件。</p><p>  CP-2010/CPC25 特征與功能</p><p><b>  系統(tǒng)功能:</b></p><p>

37、;  ? 核心元件,協(xié)調(diào)所有系統(tǒng)功能</p><p>  連接所有基本功能原件的中心站點(diǎn)</p><p><b>  ? 時(shí)間管理</b></p><p>  自動(dòng)控制單元的中控時(shí)鐘</p><p>  設(shè)定并保持自身時(shí)鐘的時(shí)間,分辨率為10ms</p><p>  通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或當(dāng)?shù)氐姆?wù)通信進(jìn)行

38、同步</p><p><b>  ? 冗余</b></p><p>  在處理與通信中為自動(dòng)控制單元選擇并轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)哂鄦卧?lt;/p><p>  通過(guò)SCA-RS外部冗余開關(guān)支持選擇與轉(zhuǎn)變功能</p><p>  通過(guò)外接系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)選擇與支持,例如控制系統(tǒng)</p><p>  ? 與SAT TOLLBOX

39、||連接</p><p>  在閃存卡里存儲(chǔ)固件和參數(shù)</p><p><b>  通信:</b></p><p>  ? 通過(guò)相應(yīng)的協(xié)議原件與高級(jí)或附屬自動(dòng)控制單元進(jìn)行通信</p><p>  ? 為數(shù)據(jù)流自動(dòng)選擇路徑</p><p>  ? 優(yōu)先基本數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸(優(yōu)先級(jí)控制)</p>

40、<p>  ? 為每個(gè)聯(lián)檢站設(shè)立自己的循環(huán)緩沖器和處理信息(數(shù)據(jù)保持)</p><p>  ? 為冗余通信提供路徑</p><p>  與對(duì)方站的冗余進(jìn)行通信</p><p>  ? 通過(guò)撥號(hào)上網(wǎng)方式對(duì)特殊應(yīng)用實(shí)施特殊功能</p><p>  為可進(jìn)行冗余的站點(diǎn)進(jìn)行測(cè)試</p><p>  具有處理功能的

41、外圍設(shè)備:</p><p>  ? 通過(guò)Ax 1703外圍設(shè)備串口總線自發(fā)地將信息傳輸?shù)酵鈬O(shè)備單元</p><p><b>  自動(dòng)控制功能:</b></p><p>  ? 通過(guò)CAEX+按照IEC 61131-3協(xié)議創(chuàng)建的可自由定義的擁有開閉環(huán)控制功能的用戶程序</p><p>  512KB的用戶程序空間 <

42、;/p><p>  大約50000個(gè)可變信號(hào)源,2000個(gè)常用信號(hào)源</p><p><b>  10ms的循環(huán)時(shí)間</b></p><p><b>  網(wǎng)上測(cè)試</b></p><p><b>  可隨時(shí)下載</b></p><p>  ? 冗余的開閉環(huán)功

43、能控制</p><p>  通過(guò)冗余線路進(jìn)行同步</p><p>  通過(guò)Ax 1703外圍設(shè)備串口總線在開閉環(huán)控制功能與外圍接口單元之間不斷傳輸處理信息。</p><p>  六、2.1.2 SIEMENS可編程序控制器</p><p>  SIMATIC S7-300系列PLC適用于各行各業(yè)、各種場(chǎng)合中的檢測(cè)、監(jiān)測(cè)及控制的自動(dòng)化,其強(qiáng)大功

44、能使其無(wú)論在獨(dú)立運(yùn)行中,或相連成網(wǎng)絡(luò)皆能實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜控制功能。</p><p>  該產(chǎn)品具有光電隔離,高電磁兼容;具有很高的工業(yè)適用性,允許的環(huán)境溫度達(dá)60℃;具有很強(qiáng)的抗干擾、抗振動(dòng)與抗沖擊性能,因此在嚴(yán)酷的工作環(huán)境中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。</p><p>  自由通訊口方式也是S7-300型PLC的一個(gè)很有特色的功能,它使S7-300型PLC可以與任何通訊協(xié)議公開的其它設(shè)備、控制器進(jìn)行通訊,

45、即S7- 300型PLC可以由用戶自己定義通訊協(xié)議(例ASCII協(xié)議),波特率為1。5Mbit/s(可調(diào)整)。因此使可通訊的范圍大大增加,使控制系統(tǒng)配置更加靈活、方便。任何具有串行接口的外設(shè),例如:打印機(jī)或條形碼閱讀器、變頻器、調(diào)制解調(diào)器(Modem)、上位PC機(jī)等都可連接使用。用戶可通過(guò)編程來(lái)編制通訊協(xié)議、交換數(shù)據(jù)(例如:ASCII碼字符),具有RS232接口的設(shè)備也可用PC/PPI電纜連接起來(lái)進(jìn)行自由通訊方式通訊。</p>

46、;<p>  當(dāng)上位機(jī)脫機(jī)時(shí),在下位機(jī)控制下,整個(gè)系統(tǒng)能正常運(yùn)行。</p><p>  上位機(jī)即圖文控制中心,主要由PC機(jī)和激光打印機(jī)組成,采用SIMATIC WINCC軟件平臺(tái),采用全中文操作界面,人機(jī)對(duì)話友好。管理人員和操作者,可以通過(guò)觀察PC機(jī)所顯示的各種信息來(lái)了解當(dāng)前和以往整個(gè)冰蓄冷自控系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行情況和所有參數(shù),并且通過(guò)鼠標(biāo)進(jìn)行設(shè)備管理和執(zhí)行打印任務(wù)。</p><p>

47、;  WINCC軟件在自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域中可用于所有的操作員控制和監(jiān)控任務(wù)??蓪⑦^(guò)程控制中發(fā)生的事件清楚地顯示出來(lái),可顯示當(dāng)前狀態(tài)并按順序記錄,所記錄的數(shù)據(jù)可以全部顯示或選擇簡(jiǎn)要形式顯示,可連續(xù)或按要求編輯,并可輸出打印報(bào)表和趨勢(shì)圖。</p><p>  WINCC 能夠在控制過(guò)程中危急情況的初發(fā)階段進(jìn)行報(bào)告,發(fā)出的信號(hào)既可以在屏幕上顯示出來(lái),也可以用聲音表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。它支持用在線幫助和操作指南來(lái)消除故障。某一 WINCC工

48、作站可專門用于過(guò)程控制以使那些重要的過(guò)程信息不被屏蔽。軟件輔助操作策略保證過(guò)程不被非法訪問(wèn),并提供用于工業(yè)環(huán)境中的無(wú)錯(cuò)操作。</p><p>  WINCC 是MICRSOFT WINDOWS98或WINDOWS NT4。0操作系統(tǒng)下,在PC機(jī)上運(yùn)行的面向?qū)ο蟮囊涣?2位應(yīng)用軟件,通過(guò)OLE和ODBC視窗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)制,作為理想的通訊伙伴進(jìn)入WINDOWS世界,因此WINCC可容易地結(jié)合到全公司的數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)中。<

49、;/p><p>  THE INTRODUCE OF PLC</p><p>  ONE、PLC overview</p><p>  Programmable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called PLC programmable logic contro

50、ller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented PLC General Motors Corporatio

51、n. PLC and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, s</p><p>  In the mid-1970s, the PLC has been

52、widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the PLC is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions al

53、so have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the follo

54、wing definition : program</p><p>  First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;</p><p>  Second,programming visual, simple;</p><p>  Third, adaptability good;</p>&

55、lt;p>  Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface.</p><p>  TWO、History of PLC</p><p>  Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley

56、 in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic

57、or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, </p><p>  Alt

58、hough PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior rel

59、iability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 bil

60、lion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of </p><p>  Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-err

61、or. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating </p><p>  `If houses were bu

62、ilt like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”</p><p>  Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of

63、 old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.</p><p>  I

64、n general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies a

65、re not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost dr

66、iver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the </p><p>  In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurabili

67、ty of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.</p><p>  The objective of this thesis is

68、 to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as d

69、iscrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertain

70、ty in managing the control so</p><p>  Three、now of PLC</p><p>  From the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel,

71、memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combinati

72、on configuration.</p><p>  In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction,

73、 interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control. </p><p>  Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operation.In computing and sto

74、rage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters for PLC , its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software

75、capacity, so limits to control size. </p><p>  Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers s

76、uch as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Moto

77、rola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PL</p><p>  System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC

78、 for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is b

79、eing changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use o</p><p

80、>  User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit

81、/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this

82、part of the memory.</p><p>  PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed

83、through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system

84、is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to chec</p><p>  Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as:

85、 forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Pro

86、grammer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any techn</p><p>  Electrical s

87、upply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually

88、 bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of cur

89、rent. Different types of modules use different a</p><p>  This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs

90、 because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inp

91、uts with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.</p><p>  Four、PLC design criteria </p><p>  A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies

92、 in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by st

93、ate machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired g</p>&

94、lt;p>  In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to p

95、rovide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, givin

96、g a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.</p><p>  Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resour

97、ces. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of

98、 manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60</p><p>  A systematic approach will increase the level of design au

99、tomation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems hig

100、h security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.</p><p>  The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and com

101、plexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpace

102、s the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes</p>

103、;<p>  Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory

104、and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicate

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