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1、<p>  畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論 文)</p><p><b>  英 文 翻 譯</b></p><p><b>  譯 文</b></p><p><b>  單片機歷史</b></p><p>  單片機誕生于20世紀70年代末,經(jīng)歷了SCM、MCU、SoC三大階

2、段。 </p><p><b>  起初模型</b></p><p>  1.SCM即單片微型計算機(Single Chip Microcomputer)階段,主要是尋求最佳的單片形態(tài)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的最佳體系結(jié)構(gòu)?!皠?chuàng)新模式”獲得成功,奠定了SCM與通用計算機完全不同的發(fā)展道路。在開創(chuàng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)獨立發(fā)展道路上,Intel公司功不可沒。 </p><p&

3、gt;  2.MCU即微控制器(Micro Controller Unit)階段,主要的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向是:不斷擴展?jié)M足嵌入式應(yīng)用時,對象系統(tǒng)要求的各種外圍電路與接口電路,突顯其對象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的領(lǐng)域都與對象系統(tǒng)相關(guān),因此,發(fā)展MCU的重任不可避免地落在電氣、電子技術(shù)廠家。從這一角度來看,Intel逐漸淡出MCU的發(fā)展也有其客觀因素。在發(fā)展MCU方面,最著名的廠家當數(shù)Philips公司。 </p><p&g

4、t;  Philips公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢,將MCS-51從單片微型計算機迅速發(fā)展到微控制器。因此,當我們回顧嵌入式系統(tǒng)發(fā)展道路時,不要忘記Intel和Philips的歷史功績。 </p><p><b>  嵌入式系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>  單片機是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的獨立發(fā)展之路,向MCU階段發(fā)展的重要因素,就是尋求應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)在芯片上的最大化解決;因此,

5、專用單片機的發(fā)展自然形成了SoC化趨勢。隨著微電子技術(shù)、IC設(shè)計、EDA工具的發(fā)展,基于SoC的單片機應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計會有較大的發(fā)展。因此,對單片機的理解可以從單片微型計算機、單片微控制器延伸到單片應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。 </p><p><b>  單片機的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域</b></p><p>  目前單片機滲透到我們生活的各個領(lǐng)域,幾乎很難找到哪個領(lǐng)域沒有單片機的蹤跡。導彈的導航裝置

6、,飛機上各種儀表的控制,計算機的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,工業(yè)自動化過程的實時控制和數(shù)據(jù)處理,廣泛使用的各種智能IC卡,民用豪華轎車的安全保障系統(tǒng),錄像機、攝像機、全自動洗衣機的控制,以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等,這些都離不開單片機。更不用說自動控制領(lǐng)域的機器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。因此,單片機的學習、開發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計算機應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學家、工程師。 </p><p>  單片機廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器

7、、醫(yī)用設(shè)備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過程控制等領(lǐng)域,大致可分如下幾個范疇: </p><p>  1.在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用 </p><p>  單片機具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強、擴展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點,廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中,結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器,可實現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測量。采用單片機控制使得

8、儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化,且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強大。例如精密的測量設(shè)備(功率計,示波器,各種分析儀)。 </p><p>  2.在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>  用單片機可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管 </p><p>  3.在家用電器中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>  可以這樣

9、說,現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機控制,從電飯褒、洗衣機、電冰箱、空調(diào)機、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備,五花八門,無所不在。 </p><p>  4.在計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>  現(xiàn)代的單片機普遍具備通信接口,可以很方便地與計算機進行數(shù)據(jù)通信,為在計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件,現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實現(xiàn)了單片機智能控制,從手機,

10、電話機、小型程控交換機、樓宇自動通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動電話,集群移動通信,無線電對講機等。 </p><p>  5.單片機在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>  單片機在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當廣泛,例如醫(yī)用呼吸機,各種分析儀,監(jiān)護儀,超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。 </p><p>  6.在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用 &

11、lt;/p><p>  某些專用單片機設(shè)計用于實現(xiàn)特定功能,從而在各種電路中進行模塊化應(yīng)用,而不要求使用人員了解其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。如音樂集成單片機,看似簡單的功能,微縮在純電子芯片中(有別于磁帶機的原理),就需要復雜的類似于計算機的原理。如:音樂信號以數(shù)字的形式存于存儲器中(類似于ROM),由微控制器讀出,轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬音樂電信號(類似于聲卡)。 </p><p>  在大型電路中,這種模塊化應(yīng)用極大地

12、縮小了體積,簡化了電路,降低了損壞、錯誤率,也方便于更換。 </p><p>  7.單片機在汽車設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>  單片機在汽車電子中的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,例如汽車中的發(fā)動機控制器,基于CAN總線的汽車發(fā)動機智能電子控制器,GPS導航系統(tǒng),abs防抱死系統(tǒng),制動系統(tǒng)等等。 </p><p>  此外,單片機在工商,金融,科研、教育,國防航空航天等領(lǐng)域

13、都有著十分廣泛的用途。 </p><p>  學習應(yīng)用六大重要部分</p><p>  單片機學習應(yīng)用的六大重要部分 </p><p><b>  一、總線:</b></p><p>  我們知道,一個電路總是由元器件通過電線連接而成的,在模擬電路中,連線并不成為一個問題,因為各器件間一般是串行關(guān)系,各器件之間的連線并不

14、很多,但計算機電路卻不一樣,它是以微處理器為核心,各器件都要與微處理器相連,各器件之間的工作必須相互協(xié)調(diào),所以需要的連線就很多了,如果仍如同模擬電路一樣,在各微處理器和各器件間單獨連線,則線的數(shù)量將多得驚人,所以在微處理機中引入了總線的概念,各個器件共同享用連線,所有器件的8根數(shù)據(jù)線全部接到8根公用的線上,即相當于各個器件并聯(lián)起來,但僅這樣還不行,如果有兩個器件同時送出數(shù)據(jù),一個為0,一個為1,那么,接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢?這種情況

15、是不允許的,所以要通過控制線進行控制,使器件分時工作,任何時候只能有一個器件發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)(可以有多個器件同時接收)。器件的數(shù)據(jù)線也就被稱為數(shù)據(jù)總線,器件所有的控制線被稱為控制總線。在單片機內(nèi)部或者外部存儲器及其它器件中有存儲單元,這些存儲單元要被分配地址,才能使用,分配地址當然也是以電信號的形式給出的,由于存儲單元比較多,所以,用于地址分配的線也較多,這些線被稱為地址總線。 </p><p>  二、數(shù)據(jù)、地址、指令

16、:</p><p>  之所以將這三者放在一起,是因為這三者的本質(zhì)都是一樣的——數(shù)字,或者說都是一串‘0’和‘1’組成的序列。換言之,地址、指令也都是數(shù)據(jù)。指令:由單片機芯片的設(shè)計者規(guī)定的一種數(shù)字,它與我們常用的指令助記符有著嚴格的一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系,不可以由單片機的開發(fā)者更改。地址:是尋找單片機內(nèi)部、外部的存儲單元、輸入輸出口的依據(jù),內(nèi)部單元的地址值已由芯片設(shè)計者規(guī)定好,不可更改,外部的單元可以由單片機開發(fā)者自行決定

17、,但有一些地址單元是一定要有的(詳見程序的執(zhí)行過程)。 </p><p>  三、P0口、P2口和P3的第二功能用法:</p><p>  初學時往往對P0口、P2口和P3口的第二功能用法迷惑不解,認為第二功能和原功能之間要有一個切換的過程,或者說要有一條指令,事實上,各端口的第二功能完全是自動的,不需要用指令來轉(zhuǎn)換。如P3.6、P3.7分別是WR、RD信號,當微片理機外接RAM或有外部I

18、/O口時,它們被用作第二功能,不能作為通用I/O口使用,只要一微處理機一執(zhí)行到MOVX指令,就會有相應(yīng)的信號從P3.6或P3.7送出,不需要事先用指令說明。事實上‘不能作為通用I/O口使用’也并不是‘不能’而是(使用者)‘不會’將其作為通用I/O口使用。你完全可以在指令中按排一條SETB P3.7的指令,并且當單片機執(zhí)行到這條指令時,也會使P3.7變?yōu)楦唠娖?,但使用者不會這么去做,因為這通常會導致系統(tǒng)的崩潰。</p>&l

19、t;p>  四、程序的執(zhí)行過程:</p><p>  單片機在通電復位后8051內(nèi)的程序計數(shù)器(PC)中的值為‘0000’,所以程序總是從‘0000’單元開始執(zhí)行,也就是說:在系統(tǒng)的ROM中一定要存在‘0000’這個單元,并且在‘0000’單元中存放的一定是一條指令。 </p><p><b>  五、堆棧:</b></p><p>  

20、堆棧是一個區(qū)域,是用來存放數(shù)據(jù)的,這個區(qū)域本身沒有任何特殊之處,就是內(nèi)部RAM的一部份,特殊的是它存放和取用數(shù)據(jù)的方式,即所謂的‘先進后出,后進先出’,并且堆棧有特殊的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸指令,即‘PUSH’和‘POP’,有一個特殊的專為其服務(wù)的單元,即堆棧指針SP,每當執(zhí)一次PUSH指令時,SP就(在原來值的基礎(chǔ)上)自動加1,每當執(zhí)行一次POP指令,SP就(在原來值的基礎(chǔ)上)自動減1。由于SP中的值可以用指令加以改變,所以只要在程序開始階段更改了

21、SP的值,就可以把堆棧設(shè)置在規(guī)定的內(nèi)存單元中,如在程序開始時,用一條MOV SP,#5FH指令,就時把堆棧設(shè)置在從內(nèi)存單元60H開始的單元中。一般程序的開頭總有這么一條設(shè)置堆棧指針的指令,因為開機時,SP的初始值為07H,這樣就使堆棧從08H單元開始往后,而08H到1FH這個區(qū)域正是8031的第二、三、四工作寄存器區(qū),經(jīng)常要被使用,這會造成數(shù)據(jù)的混亂。不同作者編寫程序時,初始化堆棧指令也不完全相同,這是作者的習慣問題。當設(shè)置好堆棧區(qū)后,

22、并不意味著該區(qū)域成為一種專用內(nèi)存,它還是可以象普通內(nèi)存區(qū)域一樣使用,只是一般情況下編程者不會把它當成普通內(nèi)存用了。</p><p><b>  英文原文</b></p><p>  SCM history</p><p>  SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM,

23、 MCU, SoC three stages. First model</p><p>  1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Inn

24、ovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.</p><p&

25、gt;  2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits

26、 and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electr

27、onics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU develop</p><p>  Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development

28、of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.</p><p>  MCU applications</p><p>  SCM now perme

29、ate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmissio

30、n, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and p

31、rogram-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., w</p><p>  SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and pr

32、ocess control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:</p><p>  1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments</p><p>  SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controllin

33、g function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, f

34、low, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more po

35、werfu</p><p>  2. In the industrial control application</p><p>  With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent c

36、ontrol</p><p>  3. In Household Appliances </p><p>  Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, co

37、lor TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.</p><p>  4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications </p><p>  MC

38、U general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all

39、 communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can

40、be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile ra</p><p>  5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications </p><p>  SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensi

41、ve, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.</p><p>  6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications

42、</p><p>  Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music i

43、ntegrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signa

44、l to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog </p><p>  In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the dama

45、ge, error rate, but also easy to replace.</p><p>  7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment </p><p>  SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle e

46、ngine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..</p><p>  In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, e

47、ducation, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.</p><p>  Application of six important part of learning </p><p>  MCU learning an important part of t

48、he six applications </p><p><b>  1, Bus: </b></p><p>  We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a p

49、roblem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected

50、with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor an</p><p>  Second, data, address, command:</p>&

51、lt;p>  The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of '0 'and '1' form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are

52、also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can not be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for

53、 MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of t</p><p>  Third, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use:</p><p>  Beginners often on the P0 port, P

54、2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port The second feature is automatic, do not need

55、 instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I / O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I / O port

56、 used, so long as a A micro</p><p>  Fourth, the program's implementation: </p><p>  Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 &#

57、39;, the process is always from the 0000' units started, that is: the system must exist in ROM 0000 'this unit , and in 0000 'unit must be stored in a single instruction. 5, the stack:</p><p>  S

58、tack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called 'advanced post out backward first out

59、', and the stack has a special data transmission instructions that' PUSH 'and' POP ', has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution

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