可持續(xù)發(fā)展和地下水資源的開采外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3200字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目：Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation </p><p>　　出 處：E

2、nvironmental Geology 34 (2/3) May 1998 .Springer-Verlag </p><p>　　作 者： F. Villarroya . C. R. Aldwell &l

3、t;/p><p>　　Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation</p><p>　　Abstract. In evaluating groundwater development both the positive and negative effects must be considered; otherw

4、ise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development b

5、e achieved. Examination of the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overu</p><p>　　Key words Groundwater develop

6、ment , Aquifer overexploitation</p><p>　　Are future groundwater resources at risk?</p><p>　　To answer the question whether future groundwater resources are at risk, it is necessary to study both

7、 the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater. Water (surface and groundwater) is one of the most pervasive substances on Earth. The total volume of all water is about 1400 million km3, but only 2% is fresh water. The

8、 current rate of withdrawal is about 3500 km3/year, some 2100km3 for consumptive use, while 1400 km3 of wastewater is returned to rivers. Groundwater withdrawals (percent by sect</p><p>　　The main threat to

9、groundwater today is from point and diffuse source pollution. Therefore groundwater quality protection is the key issue of groundwater resources policy in the industrialized countries. There are many sources of risk to g

10、roundwater, as discussed in the seminar on groundwater for the EU countries. RIVM and RIZA (1991) summarize the problems and threats to ground water resources. The current practices in all the EU countries lead to a non-

11、sustainable use of groundwater systems. T</p><p>　　Groundwater resources exploitation and sustainable development</p><p>　　What does sustainable development mean? In fact, we are asking if we ar

12、e using wisely the resources needed for our life-support system.</p><p>　　The general conclusion of the seminar of ministers of the Environment of the EU countries , was that in many countries sustainable us

13、e of groundwater for drinking and other (industrial, ecological, etc.) functions is being threatened, especially in the agricultural and industrial core regions of the EU.</p><p>　　Sustainable development mu

14、st satisfy present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy theirs. Overexploitation may take place during a period to allow better use of other resources, or while other technologies devel

15、op. Uncontrolled aquifer development easily leads to extensive aquifer exploitation and even to severe forms of overexploitation.</p><p>　　Aquifer exploitation and sustainable development</p><p>

16、;　　Margat (1993) speaks of Malthusian under exploitation in the case of inadequate use of an aquifer. In the opinion of Custodio (1993), “intensive aquifer exploitation is a source of wealth, which fosters regional devel

17、opment and helps to guarantee a supply until other water sources can be economically developed”.</p><p>　　Groundwater overexploitation has a series of negative consequences, such as increasing water cost, en

18、vironmental changes (affects on wetlands, salinity problems, etc), reduction of other water sources already in use, water salinization and impairment of quality. The net result, however, may be either negative or positiv

19、e. Positive results dominate at a regional level, but negative results are “news that trigger alarm bells and Malthusian forecstsm under the heading of overexploitation” (Custodio</p><p>　　Therefore, in orde

20、r to evaluate groundwater exploitation, not only negative effects but also positive ones have to be considered: “otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached. Normally, practice shows us that beneficial aspects dominate o

21、ver detrimental ones in most practical situations” (Custodio 1993). According to this last author, the most serious cause of aquifer exploitation is ignorance of what is happening, and negligence in producing the data ne

22、eded to evaluate the hydrogeological and e</p><p>　　The most important action is to solve problems as they appear and not waste time and energy in defining terms. Any exploitation of water resources that is

23、not managed in an integrated way, taking into account the needs of the present and future generations, puts these resources at risk. Such development therefore is not sustainable.</p><p>　　Regulatory issues

24、related to aquifer overexploitation Aquifer overexploitation</p><p>　　The introduction lists several recent conferences which have highlighted overexploitation of aquifers. Within the conference proceedings,

25、 there is no single agreed definition of overexploitation. Spanish Legislation (Royal Decree 849/1986) defines it in article 171.2 in the following terms: “An aquifer shall be considered to be overexploited, or in danger

26、 thereof, if the reserves existing therein are being placed in immediate danger as a result of annual withdrawals that are in excess of, or ver</p><p>　　According to Dijon and Custodio (1992), exceeding the

27、limits of a renewable resource is not necessarily overexploitation. Conversely, staying within the limits of the same does not necessarily imply that all undesirable effects are being avoided and the beneficial effects e

28、nhanced.</p><p>　　Llamas (1992) suggests either the elimination or a very restricted use of the term. In brief, he defines overexploitation “sensu stricto” as all extraction of groundwater which has effects

29、(physical, chemical, economic, ecological or social) which are negative for human life, now or in the future. This type of overexploitation should be avoided for moral reasons. For exploitation based on the extraction of

30、 water greater than the average recharge of the aquifer he suggests the term “overexploitat</p><p>　　In the papers presented at the 23rd International Congress of IAH, it was stated that in many cases, overe

31、xploitation is synonymous with in efficient exploitation of an aquifer (Villarroya 1994; Villarroya and Rebollo 1993). During this congress numerous examples of “excessive exploitation” (Custodio 1991) from all over the

32、world were presented, and a summary can be found in Dijon and Custodio (1992).</p><p>　　How can a lack of water resources affect land-use planning?</p><p>　　As already described, the overexploit

33、ation of an aquifer has a marked influence on the planning and uses of land. Water users’ associations will play a very important role in regulating the exploitation of natural resources in general, and especially of wat

34、er resources. The participation of citizens through NGOs such as the water users’ associations has been shown to be very effective and, on many occasions, has alleviated serious problems concerning the exploitation of th

35、e water resources of a </p><p>　　In some situations groundwater has an strategic role at an international level. Some authors emphasize the important role groundwater can play in securing at least a temporal

36、ly independent supply. Good examples of this type of supply are found in the near-eastern countries. Margat (1992), distinguished three types of situation:</p><p>　　1. Countries with renewable resources (the

37、refore independent of others): Lebanon, Yemen , The Cisjordan and Magreb states.</p><p>　　2. Countries without renewable resources which mine water; the Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Syria and Saudi Arabia. S

38、ooner or later, they will become dependent on other states.</p><p>　　3. Countries which depend heavily on others for water; Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Israel and Jordan. Margat foresees a future of “exchang

39、ing water for oil” between these near-eastern countries, and the establishment of new relations forced by lack of water. Shamir (1993) goes even further and considers water to be an extremely important factor in peace ne

40、gotiations. Thus, water is not only a valuable resource but can also be an instrument in leading to peace (or war?) between neighbouring count</p><p>　　Conclusions</p><p>　　In the short term, gr

41、oundwater quality problems will be more serious than those of quantity. Between now and the end of the century the implementation of measures to prevent pollution of groundwater from diffuse and point sources will be the

42、 main issue.</p><p>　　Besides the networks for quantity or quality control, a water users’ association can be effective in solving and watching over the correct working of proposed development plans.</p&g

43、t;<p>　　The definition of aquifer overexploitation is unclear and controversial. In the majority of cases it refers to the incorrect use of an aquifer, in others it is planned. To evaluate groundwater exploitation

44、 not only positive effects have to be considered, but also negatives ones; otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached.</p><p>　　Spanish legislation lays down the steps to be taken once an aquifer is declare

45、d overexploited, giving special importance to the compulsory formation of a water users’ association and the preparation of a working plan for abstractions. At the same time the water authorities can de lineate protectio

46、n zones with restrictions on the use of an aquifer. The application of this approach is controversial and can be of great political importance.</p><p>　　Only with solidarity, subsidiarity and involvement can

47、 sustained groundwater development be achieved. Their practical application demands a parallel effort in education and information for the general public. Scientific associations like the IAH and the NGOs should be invol

48、ved in this process.</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展和地下水資源的開采</p><p>　　摘要:在評價地下水開發(fā)時，無論是正面的還是負面的影響都必須加以考慮，否則得出的結論可能會具有片面性。只有相等地關注當前和今后幾代人的共同需要，公平交換國家間的技術和廣大用戶的參與才能實

49、現地下水的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。對含水層過度使用的調查表明，對其定義沒有達成一致意見。在大多數情況下，他們關注過度使用的含水層問題，但在其他情況下，他們正計劃著過度使用地下含水層。在西班牙，進行墾殖需按照當時的水處理法和水使用實施條例，并嚴格按照條例實施。經驗表明，如果沒有用戶的配合，不可能取得良好的效果。對市民進行有關教育是迫切需要的，對于那些決策者來說，他們需對自己定下的地下水資源使用政策的正確與否向當代和子孫后代負責。</p>

50、<p>　　關鍵詞 含水層地下水開發(fā) 過度開發(fā)</p><p>　　未來的地下水資源的使用是否存在風險？</p><p>　　要回答未來的地下水資源是否受到威脅這個問題，有必要對地下水的存量和質量這兩個方面進行研究。水（地表水和地下水），是地球上最普遍的物質之一。全球水總體積約140000.00萬立方公里，但只有2％是淡水。而且當前以每年3500立方公里的速度消減，約2100立

51、方公里的水用于日常使用，而1400立方公里的廢水返回到河流中。地下水的使用百分比按部門分為是：居民用水（8%），工業(yè)用水（23%）和農業(yè)用水（69%）。（1991年調查結果）。 Margat強調，要改善一些使用地下水泵的國家的水的使用數量和質量。他調查的前15個國家每年的使用量如下：印度150立方公里，美國101立方公里，中國74.6立方公里，前蘇聯45立方公里，巴基斯坦45立方公里，伊朗29立方公里，墨西哥23立方公里,日本13.1立

52、方公里，意大利12立方公里，德國9.5立方公里，沙特阿拉伯7.4立方公里，法國7立方公里，西班牙6.3立方公里，土耳其5立方公里和馬達加斯加4.9立方公里。</p><p>　　今天主要威脅地下水安全的是污染源擴散。因此，地下水水質的保護是工業(yè)化國家的水資源政策的關鍵問題。許多對地下水風險的來源分析表明，對地下水所討論的研討會，大多為歐盟國家舉辦。 RIVM和RIZA（1991）總結了相關問題和威脅地下水資源來源

53、。當前的做法是，所有歐盟國家的做法導致地下水系統(tǒng)不可持續(xù)的利用。更戲劇性的是，都柏林聲明強調不可持續(xù)利用的地下水，那么人類的健康和福利，食品安全，工業(yè)發(fā)展和它們所依賴的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都在風險，除非水和土地資源的管理在本世紀的幾十年及以后的比他們已經在過去的更有效地利用。</p><p>　　二、地下水資源開發(fā)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展</p><p>　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展意味著什么？事實上，我們要考慮的僅僅是是否我

54、們明智地使用了生活所需資源。</p><p>　　歐盟國家環(huán)境研究院研討會討論的結論是，許多國家的飲用地下水和工業(yè)，生態(tài)等用水的可持續(xù)利用功能正受到威脅，尤其是在歐盟農業(yè)和工業(yè)的核心區(qū)域。</p><p>　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展必須能滿足他們目前的需要而又不損害子孫后代的利益。過度開發(fā)可能會在一段時間內，更好地使用其他資源，或者其他技術的發(fā)展。不受控制的開發(fā)含水層容易導致更為廣泛的含水層開采，甚至

55、導致過度開發(fā)的嚴重形式。</p><p>　　三、含水層的開發(fā)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展</p><p>　　Margat（1993）談到在對含水層的不足時，談到了Malthusian地區(qū)的探明和開發(fā)的。而Custodio研究意見表明（1993年），集約開發(fā)含水層是財富的來源，它促進區(qū)域發(fā)展，并有助于保證水的供應，直到其他來源的到來以支撐當地形成經發(fā)達濟體。</p><p>　　

56、地下水的過度開發(fā)具有消極后果，例如增加水的成本，環(huán)境變化，一系列的環(huán)境問題（如濕地，土壤鹽度問題），鹽漬化和水質量的損害其他水源減少的問題已經出現。最然而終的結果可能是積極的或是消極的。積極的成果，可能出現在區(qū)域水平上，但負面結果可能觸發(fā)像過度開發(fā)Malthusian地區(qū)而導致嚴重后果那樣的警鐘。</p><p>　　另一方面，深度開發(fā)或透支的主要觀點，指的是集約使用地下水，如提高環(huán)保認知，新聞媒體和廣大公眾的關

57、注，并提高對不利或有害的方面的重視。因此，為了評價地下水的開采，不僅要考慮負面影響，而且還必須考慮積極因素，否則可能得出有偏見的評價。一般來說，實踐經驗告訴我們，最有利的方面起決定作用。根據作者的觀點，對含水層開采最嚴重的后果源于盲目的開發(fā)，并疏忽了進行生產需要的水文地質條件和經濟形勢的正確數據。另一種有害的后果是不負責任的向水力行政主管部門過度反應消極因素，特別是當他們不熟悉或缺乏必要的科學技術和技能以正確地評估當前的問題之前就將問題

58、反映給上級部門。最重要的行動是為了解決問題，所以也就沒有必要在下定義方面浪費時間和精力。任何水力資源不是以綜合的方式管理資源的開發(fā)的，同時只考慮到目前和未來幾代人的需要，會把水資源置于危險之中。那么，這種發(fā)展就是不可持續(xù)的發(fā)展，摒棄要。</p><p>　　四、有關含水層過度開采的監(jiān)督管理問題</p><p>　　引言列出了幾個最近關于含水層的過度開采會議。在會議記錄內，也不存在單一對過度

59、開發(fā)的定義。西班牙的立法（皇家法令849/1986）定義文章中下列用語的171.2它：“一個含水層如果在超過或非常接近儲備限度或超過平均每年的補給量來開采的話，會導致在水的質量嚴重惡化，應當被認為是過度開發(fā)，或危險物。</p><p>　　根據Dijon and Custodio (1992)提出的， 超過了可再生資源的限制并不一定是過度捕撈。相反，在相同的限制，并不一定意味著住所有的不良后果正在避免產生有利的影

60、響增強。</p><p>　　Llamas (1992) 建議要么取消使用要么限制地下水?？傊?，他定義過度抽取地下水的所有具有影響（物理，化學，經濟，生態(tài)和社會），它將在現在或未來對人類的生活產生影響。過度開采應該避免道德方面的譴責?；谔崛〉叵滤Y源的開發(fā)已經超過了含水層的平均補給。</p><p>　　在第23屆國際水文地質協會大會提交的文件，有人說，在許多情況下，對含水層過度開發(fā)和利

61、用效率低下（比利亞羅亞1994；比利亞羅亞和Rebollo1993年）的代名詞。本屆大會期間的“過度開采”來自世界各地（Custodio1991）提出了許多例子和摘要可以在Dijng和Custodio（1992）發(fā)現。</p><p>　　五、試問水資源短缺影響到土地利用規(guī)劃？</p><p>　　如前所述，一個含水層的過度開發(fā)已經明顯影響到了土地的規(guī)劃和土地的利用。用水者協會將在調節(jié)常規(guī)

62、的天然資源開發(fā)方面發(fā)揮非常重要的作用，尤其是水資源。公民通過非政府組織參與，如用水戶協會已被證明是非常有效的，在許多場合，緩解了一個地區(qū)的水資源開發(fā)利用的嚴重問題。該協會也被證明是有效的監(jiān)管機構，以確保限制和規(guī)定是否得到遵守。在這個意義上說水行政主管部門都應將其視為盟友，而不是他們的對手。</p><p>　　在某些情況下，地下水有一個在國際的級戰(zhàn)略作用。一些作者強調的重要作用地下水可以在確保至少一個獨立的供給。

63、這種供應的典型例子在東歐國家發(fā)現。 Margat（1992年），分為三個類型的情況：</p><p>　　1、擁有可再生資源的國家（因此獨立于其他國家）：黎巴嫩，也門，擁有獨立和自我供給。</p><p>　　2、沒有自我水資源供給的國家：阿拉伯酋長國，卡塔爾，阿曼，敘利亞和沙特阿拉伯。遲早，他們將成為依賴其他國家民族。</p><p>　　3、大量依靠其他國家的水

64、資源的國家：埃及，蘇丹，敘利亞，伊拉克，以色列和約旦。 Margat預見了未來“以石油換水“的東歐國家，由于缺水而被迫建立新的關系。沙米爾（1993）更進一步認為，水是在和平談判中極為重要的因素。因此，水不僅是一種寶貴的資源，但也可以在通往和鄰國之間和平（或戰(zhàn)爭）的工具。</p><p><b>　　六、結論</b></p><p>　　在短期內，地下水的質量方面的問

65、題將超過數量方面的問題。從現在到本世紀末之間應采取的主要措施是防止地下水污染的擴大。 </p><p>　　除了對數量或質量控制，水用戶協會組織可以解決以上所建議的發(fā)展計劃，正確的看待工作成效。</p><p>　　地下含水層過度開發(fā)的定義是不明確和有爭議的。在大多數情況下它是指含水層的不正確使用，和一些不正確的計劃。為了評價地下水的開采，不僅要考慮積極的影響，而且還要考慮消極方面的影響，

66、否則會產生有偏見的評價。 </p><p>　　西班牙法律規(guī)定了應采取的步驟來確定含水層是否被過度開發(fā)，并特別重視形成一個水用戶協會義務教育的建立和一個抽象的工作計劃的準備。在同一時間，水行政主管部門可以與劃定含水層的使用限制保護區(qū)。這種方法的應用是有爭議的同時可以起到很大的政治作用。</p><p>　　只有團結，借助輔助性措施和包容，才可以實現持續(xù)地下水開發(fā)。根據實際應用的要求，應把廣