國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)和比較優(yōu)勢(shì)介紹

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p>　　絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)和比較優(yōu)勢(shì)介紹</p><p>　　根據(jù)十九世紀(jì)英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家大衛(wèi)李嘉圖引進(jìn)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易的傳統(tǒng)模式來(lái)解釋這個(gè)模式，并且從貿(mào)易的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)中得出，它假定一個(gè)完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和一個(gè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)單因素，不同的國(guó)家之間每輸出單位對(duì)不斷需求的勞動(dòng)力是不同的。在李嘉圖模型中的貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)是國(guó)家之間的技術(shù)差異。因此，有兩

2、種不同的方法來(lái)描述技術(shù)差異：第一種方法，叫做絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，是大多數(shù)人理解科學(xué)技術(shù)不同的方法。第二種方法，叫做比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，是一個(gè)更為困難的概念。</p><p>　　絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論又稱絕對(duì)成本說(shuō)（Theory of Absolute Cost）、地域分工說(shuō)（Theory of Territorial Division of Labor）。該理論將一國(guó)內(nèi)部不同職業(yè)之間、不同工種之間的分工原則推演到各國(guó)之間的分工，從而形成其國(guó)

3、際分工理論。絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論是最早的主張自由貿(mào)易的理論，由英國(guó)古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派主要代表人物亞當(dāng)·斯密創(chuàng)立。</p><p>　　絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的主要內(nèi)容：</p><p>　　(1)分工可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，增加國(guó)民財(cái)富。斯密認(rèn)為 ，交換是出于利己心并為達(dá)到利己目的而進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)，是人類的一種天然傾向。</p><p>　　(2)分工的原則是成本的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)或絕對(duì)利益。斯密進(jìn)

4、而分析到，分工既然可以極大地提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，那么每個(gè)人專門從事他最有優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，然后彼此交換，則對(duì)每個(gè)人都是有利的。即分工的原則是成本的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)或絕對(duì)利益。</p><p>　　(3)國(guó)際分工是各種形式分工中的最高階段，在國(guó)際分工基礎(chǔ)上開展國(guó)際貿(mào)易，對(duì)各國(guó)都會(huì)產(chǎn)生良好效果。斯密由家庭推及國(guó)家，論證了國(guó)際分工和國(guó)際貿(mào)易的必要性。他認(rèn)為，適用于一國(guó)內(nèi)部不同個(gè)人或家庭之間的分工原則，也適用于各國(guó)之間。國(guó)際分工是各

5、種形式分工中的最高階段。</p><p>　　(4)國(guó)際分工的基礎(chǔ)是有利的自然稟賦或后天的有利條件。斯密認(rèn)為，有利的生產(chǎn)條件來(lái)源于有利的自然稟賦或后天的有利條件。自然稟賦和后天的條件因國(guó)家而不同，這就為國(guó)際分工提供了基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)是經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)的最簡(jiǎn)單的方式。它是對(duì)于其他國(guó)家的資源來(lái)說(shuō)，能夠以較低的成本來(lái)生產(chǎn)出一個(gè)產(chǎn)品。對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家出口產(chǎn)品來(lái)說(shuō)，絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)既不是必要的也不是

6、充分的條件。換言之，一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)另一個(gè)國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)上具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，是指生產(chǎn)一件特定商品，價(jià)格比其他國(guó)家生產(chǎn)得更便宜，或者是利用同樣數(shù)量的資源比其他國(guó)家生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量更多。事實(shí)上，絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的出現(xiàn)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生多種產(chǎn)品被考慮的現(xiàn)象。例如，當(dāng)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品X時(shí)，如果A國(guó)比B國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，在生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品Y時(shí)，A國(guó)對(duì)B國(guó)也有經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，那么A國(guó)在生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品X和生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品Y時(shí)，對(duì)B國(guó)都有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　事實(shí)上，如果一個(gè)國(guó)家在利用同樣數(shù)量

7、的資源生產(chǎn)出更多的產(chǎn)品，或者是生產(chǎn)同樣數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品耗費(fèi)更少的資源，那么這個(gè)國(guó)家就對(duì)它的貿(mào)易伙伴具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。例如，贊比亞在生產(chǎn)銅制品方面比許多國(guó)家都有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)樗你~礦石和鋁土礦儲(chǔ)量相對(duì)較大。因此，在商品生產(chǎn)上，如果贊比亞的銅生產(chǎn)出口到其他商品或服務(wù)生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化的其他國(guó)家，就有明顯的專業(yè)化合貿(mào)易收益。換句話說(shuō)，一些國(guó)家在許多商品的生產(chǎn)上相對(duì)于其貿(mào)易伙伴來(lái)說(shuō)具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。一些國(guó)家擁有絕對(duì)劣勢(shì)。他們進(jìn)行低效的生產(chǎn)。比較成本理論認(rèn)為，對(duì)于一個(gè)

8、產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)或服務(wù)效率低下的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)于這種低效產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)進(jìn)行專業(yè)分工，要比生產(chǎn)其他商品更有好處。</p><p>　　絕對(duì)成本說(shuō)是科學(xué)成分與非科學(xué)成分的混合，其正確的方面，是深刻指出了分工對(duì)提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的巨大意義。各國(guó)之間根據(jù)各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)行分工，通過國(guó)際貿(mào)易使各國(guó)都能得利。其錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在，認(rèn)為交換引起分工，而交換又是人類本性所決定的。事實(shí)上，交換以分工為前提，在歷史上分工早于交換。同時(shí)，交換也不是人類本性的產(chǎn)物

9、，而是社會(huì)生產(chǎn)方式和分工發(fā)展的結(jié)果。絕對(duì)成本說(shuō)解決了具有不同優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家之間的分工和交換的合理性。但是，這只是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的一種特例。如果一個(gè)國(guó)家在各方面都處于絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，而另一個(gè)國(guó)家在各方面則都處于劣勢(shì)，那么，它們應(yīng)該怎么辦？對(duì)此，斯密的理論無(wú)法回答，這個(gè)問題的解決是大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖的功勞。</p><p>　　大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖在其代表作《政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及賦稅原理》中提出了比較成本貿(mào)易理論（后人稱為“比較優(yōu)

10、勢(shì)貿(mào)易理論”）。比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論是一個(gè)基于假設(shè)的純理論，比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論認(rèn)為，國(guó)際貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)是生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的相對(duì)差別（而非絕對(duì)差別），以及由此產(chǎn)生的相對(duì)成本的差別。每個(gè)國(guó)家都應(yīng)根據(jù)“兩利相權(quán)取其重，兩弊相權(quán)取其輕”的原則，集中生產(chǎn)并出口其具有“比較優(yōu)勢(shì)”的產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)口其具有“比較劣勢(shì)”的產(chǎn)品。比較優(yōu)勢(shì)貿(mào)易理論在更普遍的基礎(chǔ)上解釋了貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)和貿(mào)易利得，大大發(fā)展了絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)貿(mào)易理論。</p><p>　　比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論是從現(xiàn)實(shí)世

11、界的復(fù)雜性中提取的一個(gè)抽象理論。這一理論解釋了為什么它可以實(shí)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)當(dāng)事方（國(guó)家，地區(qū)，個(gè)人）之間的交易，即使其中一方可能在生產(chǎn)每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目時(shí)都能夠比另一方更加便宜。事實(shí)上，比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論是一個(gè)示范：它展示了即使一個(gè)國(guó)家在所有產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中具有絕對(duì)劣勢(shì)，或者一個(gè)國(guó)家在所有產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，它都可以從貿(mào)易中獲益。作為結(jié)果，具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的一方可以放棄生產(chǎn)通過它的勞動(dòng)力和資源生產(chǎn)得到具有較少價(jià)值的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，從而生產(chǎn)特定的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，同樣，另

12、一方也放棄了同樣的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，來(lái)生產(chǎn)特定的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。</p><p>　　比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的方法在相對(duì)程度的條件下是有效的。由于國(guó)家資源和技術(shù)水平有限，他們往往在他們具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)上進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。比較優(yōu)勢(shì)是和一種產(chǎn)品與另一種產(chǎn)品相比而產(chǎn)生的機(jī)會(huì)成本相關(guān)的。然而，這個(gè)理論有一定的局限性，因?yàn)樗窃诩僭O(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的。例如，一家公司的生產(chǎn)成本不僅要基于要素成本，如工資和材料，而且也要基于生產(chǎn)量。另一個(gè)局限是，它忽略了

13、產(chǎn)品和方案的差別，具體來(lái)說(shuō)，國(guó)家或國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力只是由它的成本地位決定的。實(shí)際的產(chǎn)品，程序分化和公司的效益，要比提供一個(gè)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)品更為重要。</p><p>　　比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的理論的假設(shè)條件：</p><p>　?。?）假定貿(mào)易中只有兩個(gè)國(guó)家和兩種商品（X與Y商品），這一個(gè)假設(shè)的目的是為了用一個(gè)二維的平面圖來(lái)說(shuō)明這一理論。</p><p>　?。?）兩國(guó)在生產(chǎn)中使

14、用相同的技術(shù)。即：如果要素價(jià)格在兩國(guó)間是相同的，兩國(guó)在生產(chǎn)同一商品時(shí)，就會(huì)使用相同數(shù)量的勞動(dòng)。由于要素價(jià)格通常是不同的，因此，各國(guó)的生產(chǎn)者都將使用更多的低價(jià)格要素，以降低生產(chǎn)成本。</p><p>　　（3）模型只假定在物物交換條件下進(jìn)行，沒有考慮復(fù)雜的商品流通，而且假定1個(gè)單位的X產(chǎn)品和一個(gè)單位的Y產(chǎn)品等價(jià)（不過他們的生產(chǎn)成本不等）。</p><p>　?。?）在兩個(gè)國(guó)家中，商品與要素市

15、場(chǎng)都是完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的。</p><p>　?。?）在一國(guó)內(nèi)要素可以自由流動(dòng)，但是在國(guó)際間不流動(dòng)。</p><p>　?。?）分工前后生產(chǎn)成本不變。</p><p>　?。?）不考慮交易費(fèi)用和運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用，沒有關(guān)稅或影響國(guó)際貿(mào)易自由進(jìn)行的其他壁壘。但是，在貿(mào)易存在的條件下，當(dāng)兩國(guó)的相對(duì)商品價(jià)格完全相等時(shí)，兩國(guó)的生產(chǎn)分工才會(huì)停止。如果存在運(yùn)輸成本和關(guān)稅，當(dāng)兩國(guó)的相對(duì)價(jià)格差小于每

16、單位貿(mào)易商品的關(guān)稅和運(yùn)輸成本時(shí)，兩國(guó)的生產(chǎn)分工才會(huì)停止。</p><p>　?。?）價(jià)值規(guī)律在市場(chǎng)上得到完全貫徹，自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，自由貿(mào)易。</p><p>　?。?）假定國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)處于靜態(tài)之中，不發(fā)生其他影響分工和經(jīng)濟(jì)變化。</p><p>　?。?0）兩國(guó)資源都得到了充分利用，均不存在未被利用的資源和要素。</p><p>　　（11）兩國(guó)的貿(mào)易

17、是平衡的，即總的進(jìn)口額等于總的出口額。</p><p>　　總之，比較優(yōu)勢(shì)始終決定著貿(mào)易的方向，但無(wú)論是競(jìng)優(yōu)勢(shì)還是絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，都影響著資源分配，貿(mào)易格局和貿(mào)易量。 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，從某種意義上說(shuō)，家庭消費(fèi)的統(tǒng)一下降會(huì)導(dǎo)致家庭所有部分的產(chǎn)出，也會(huì)導(dǎo)致符合比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家分工較少。比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，從某種意義上說(shuō)，使更多的國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)把國(guó)外企業(yè)的邊緣部門驅(qū)逐出去，同時(shí)也使一些國(guó)內(nèi)的邊緣部門缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。因此，我們沒有理由假定國(guó)家的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)是

18、靜態(tài)的。如果一個(gè)國(guó)家做它具有相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的方面，并能夠得到收益，它就有能力提供更好的教育和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。</p><p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　Introduce an absolute advantage and comparative advantage</p><p>　　According to the classi

19、c model of international trade introduced by David Ricardo (19th-century English economist) to explain the pattern and the gains from trade in terms of comparative advantage, it assumes a perfect competition and a single

20、 factor of production, labor, with constant requirements of labor per unit of output that differ across countries. The basis for trade in the Ricardian model is the differences in technology between countries. As a resul

21、t, there are two different ways to de</p><p>　　Absolute advantage is also called the Theory of Absolute Cost or Theory of Territorial Division of Labor , The theory made the division of labor between differe

22、nt occupations and different types of deductions in one country to the division of labor between countries, and creating an international division of labor theory. Absolute advantage theory is the earliest advocates of f

23、ree trade theory, it is founded by the main representative of the British Classical Economists ? Adam Smith .</p><p>　　The main content of the Absolute advantage is:</p><p>　　(1) Division of la

24、bor can increase the labor capacity, increase the national wealth. Smith believes that the exchange is the activity which is caused by the self-regard and to achieve the purpose to favor themselves. And the activity is

25、a natural human tendency.</p><p>　　(2) The principle of division of labor is the absolute advantages or absolute interest in cost. Smith further analysis that since the division of labor can greatly increas

26、e as labor capacity, if everyone specialized in his most advantageous products, and exchanged, then it is beneficial for everyone. That is to say, the principle of division of labor is the absolute advantages or absolute

27、 interest in cost.</p><p>　　(3) International division of labor is the highest stage in various forms of division of labor, it will have good effects on every counties to have the international trade based o

28、n international division of labor. Smith pushed the theory from family to country, and demonstrates the necessity of international division of labor and international trade. In his opinion, if the principle is fit to dif

29、ferent individuals and families, then it will also fit to different counties. International division </p><p>　　(4) The basis of the international division of labor is the favorable conditions of the Natural

30、Endowment or Acquired Endowment . Smith believes that the favorable conditions of production is based on the favorable conditions of Natural Endowment or Acquired Endowment . Natural endowments and Acquired Endowment var

31、y from country to country, and this provides the basis for the international division of labor.</p><p>　　Absolute advantage is the simplest measure of economic performance. It is the ability to produce a goo

32、d at a lower cost, in terms of real resources than another country. Absolute Advantage is neither necessary nor sufficient for a country to export a good. In other words, a country has an absolute advantage economically

33、over another, in a particular good, when it can produce that good more cheaply or it can produce more of the good than another country can, with the same amount of resources. In </p><p>　　In fact, a country

34、has an absolute advantage over it trading partners if it is able to produce more of a good with the same amount of resources or the same amount of a good with fewer resources. For example, Zambia has an absolute advantag

35、e over many countries in the production of copper because of the existence of reserves of copper ore or bauxite. So in terms of the production of goods, there are obvious gains from specialization and trade, if Zambia pr

36、oduces copper and exports it to those cou</p><p>　　The theory of Absolute cost is the mixture of the component of science and the component of non-science .The right side of the theory is profoundly pointed

37、out the great significance of division of labor on improving labor productivity. Different countries made their own division of labor based on their own advantages, and through international trade all countries can benef

38、it from others. The wrong side is mainly in that it believes the division of labor is caused by exchange, and exchange is de</p><p>　　David ? Ricardo proposed the Theory of Comparative Cost (later known as t

39、he "Comparative Advantage Trade Theory") in his masterpiece, "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation". The Comparative Advantage Trade Theory is a pure theory based upon a set of assumpti

40、ons, The Comparative Advantage Trade Theory consider that international trade is based on the relative differences in production technology (rather than absolute difference), and the resulting differences in the relative

41、 cost. </p><p>　　The theory of comparative advantage is a pure theory based upon a set of assumptions, which is an abstraction from the complexities of the real world. This theory explains why it can be bene

42、ficial for two parties (countries, regions, individuals) to deal, even though one of them may be able to produce every item more cheaply than the other. In fact, the theory of comparative advantage is a demonstration tha

43、t a country can gain from trade even if it has an absolute disadvantage in the production </p><p>　　Comparative advantage measures efficiency in terms of relative magnitudes. Since countries have limited res

44、ources and level of technology they tend to produce gods or services in which they have a comparative advantage. Comparative advantage implies an opportunity cost associated with the production of one good compared to an

45、other. However, the theory has some limitations because it is based on assumptions. For example, a firm’s costs are based not only on factor costs, such as wages and materia</p><p>　　The assumptions of The C

46、omparative Advantage Theory:</p><p>　　(1) Assume that there are only two countries and two commodities (commodity X and Y) in the trade, this assumption is intended to use a plan to illustrate the theory.<

47、;/p><p>　　(2) The two countries use the same technology in the production. That is to say, if the factor prices are same between the two countries, when the two countries produce the same goods, they will use t

48、he same amount of labor, So, every producer countries will use more low- price factors to reduce the production costs.</p><p>　　(3) The model only assumes that under conditions in barter, and not considered

49、the complex circulation of commodities, and assume that a unit of X products are equivalent to a unit of Y products ( their cost of production is different ).</p><p>　　(4) In two countries, commodities and f

50、actor markets are perfectly competitive.</p><p>　　(5) Elements may free flow in one country, but may not flow between the nations.</p><p>　　(6) The production costs will not change after the div

51、ision of labor.</p><p>　　(7) Not consider transaction costs and transportation costs, and there is no tariff and no other barriers to impact the development of international trade .However, in the presence o

52、f trade conditions, when the relative commodity prices between the two countries are completely equal, the production division of labor between the two countries will stop. If there are transport costs and tariffs, while

53、 the difference in relative prices between the two countries is less than the tariff in per unit o</p><p>　　(8) The law of value in the market will be fully implemented. Free competition and free trade.</

54、p><p>　　(9) Assume that the international economy is being in a static, there is no aspect to influence the division of labor and the economic change.</p><p>　　(10)The resources in the two countrie

55、s have been fully utilized , there is no unused resources and elements.</p><p>　　(11) The bilateral trade is balanced, that is to say, the total Imports and the total Exports are equal.</p><p>　

56、　In conclusion, comparative advantage always determines the direction of trade, but both competitive and absolute advantage affect resource allocation, trade patterns and trade volumes. Absolute advantage in the sense of

57、 a uniform fall in home costs tends to raise home output in all sectors but also leads both countries to specialize less in accordance with comparative advantage. Competitive advantage in the sense of more home firms dri