城市環(huán)境土壤污染的原因外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　原 文：</b></p><p>　　Causes of Soil Contamination in the Urban Environment</p><p>　　Dust Deposition</p><p>　　Extensive dust deposition is mainly caused by i

2、ndustrial emission. It is deposited in dry conditions and as suspended particulate matter. The size of particulate matter varies. The fraction of less than 10 μm designated as respirable particulate matter is most danger

3、ous for human health. A portion of cement dust and fly ash may exceed that value, but there are some kinds of particulate matter with a general size distribution of less than 10 μm like asbestos dust and smoke derived fr

4、om oil-fired </p><p>　　Contaminated particulate matter can be transported from outdoors into rooms. There, a dust accumulation occurs, particularly if windows remain opened during daytime. Of interest is the

5、 comparison between garden soil and house dust concentration. In England it has been found that the Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn values were larger in house dust than in the associated gardens (Thornton 1991). </p><p>

6、　　Dust formation in urban areas may play an important role, in particular in arid and semi-arid regions, where dry conditions dominates, but also in humid climates dust is of importance for soil formation. For instance,

7、in the city of Hanover (Germany) with a population of 520,000, an enormous accumulation of 5–8 cm within 50 years was observed (Burghardt and Höke 2005). When dust development and deposition occurred without any fil

8、ter technique systems, the deposited layer can reach enormous thick</p><p>　　One important feature of urban areas is the often exposed land surface you can never discover in woodland and pasture and over lon

9、g periods percentages of bare soils are private gardens and allotments in wintertime, playing fields, cemeteries, demolition and building sites, derelict and disused, mostly industrial land, waste heaps, railway embankme

10、nts, and storage sites, where permanent dust deposition occurs (Thornton 1991). In urban and industrial areas sealed sites are influenced as well, sin</p><p>　　It is logical to expect that urban soils show h

11、igher contamination levels than the rural areas because of their proximity to a number of potential pollution sources. Big cities like New York (USA) with 23,200,000 inhabitants are affected by several contamination sour

12、ces, for instance simultaneous industrial emission, impact of traffic, deposits of technogenic substrates, etc. Consequently, a decline in e.g. Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations was found with increasing distance from the cit

13、y centre (Man</p><p>　　The urban-to-rural gradient has frequently been found in developed countries of the northern hemisphere. Figure 3.3 presents the lead concentrations of five relatively small towns in t

14、he United States. The contamination level of the urban lawn is comparably high, as would be expected by the vicinity and exposure to high levels of air pollution in urban environments. The air pollution is related to met

15、allic aerosols from heavy industry as well as combustion of fossil fuel. The investigations refe</p><p>　　A city – suburb gradient has been confirmed by the soil investigations of the upper 5 cm in Marrakech

16、 (Morocco) with 1,200,000 inhabitants (El Khalil et al. 2008). They collected material from nine sites according to a gradient from suburban (No. 1) to urban zones (No. 9) (Fig. 3.4a–c). It is obvious that the Cd, Cu, Ni

17、 and Zn values tend to increase the shorter the distance to the city centre is. However, other factors as well as the expected dust deposition close to the city influence the situ</p><p>　　In general, dust c

18、oncentration in industrial areas tends to be much higher than in residential and rural areas. In particular, in regions with factories that have a relatively low number of air pollution filter systems the differences bet

19、ween the areas are enormous. For instance, the emission of suspended particulate matter ranged between 360 and 500 μg m?3 in industrial catchments of several Indian cities, whilst in residential and rural areas the value

20、s varied from 140 to 200 μg m?3 only. In r</p><p>　　If some industrial complexes with very high emissions such as heavy metal works are present, the soil contamination is going to reach extremely high values

21、. As seen in Fig. 3.5a and b, the non-ferrous metallurgy plot in Pirdop (Bulgaria) with a population of 8,000 influenced the soil properties not only in the immediate proximity of the industrial plot. Apart from lead, th

22、e elements Cu and Zn revealed the same tendencies of decreasing values with increasing soil depth and with increasing distanc</p><p>　　The tendencies described associated with the heavy metal gradients are b

23、asically applicable to organic pollutants as well. Near the town of Strazske (Slovakia) with 5,000 inhabitants which is dominated by a chemical factory that produced technical Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) mixtures bet

24、ween 1959 and 1984, samples were taken on an adjacent mountain slope influenced by the intensive dust emission and nearby deposition. As shown in Table 3.2, the accumulation of PCB (and Polycyclic Aromatic Hy</p>

25、<p>　　Industrial and mining processes influence increasingly the inventory of contaminants in the upper parts of the soils in the course of time. Trace elements usually in the earth’s crust in very small quantities

26、reach high concentrations that would never have been found in the absence of industrial development. For instance, in Wyoming and Idaho, USA, dust-inducing surface mining of coal and phosphorus led to an increase of sele

27、nium in the environment due to the exposure of Se containing overburden</p><p>　　If soils of an urban environment are compared with heavy metal mining soils, an appreciable difference can be noticed. Thornto

28、n (1991) analysed topsoils of special mining villages and the British capital London, with a population of 13,200,000, with reference to all locations investigated in England and Wales (Table 3.3). In general, it was sta

29、ted that the results from London are much higher than from all locations investigated as everybody would expect, but surprisingly, the concentrations of t</p><p>　　With reference to urban environments, in th

30、e two Norwegian cities Bergen, with 230,000 inhabitants, and Trondheim, with 160,000 inhabitants, sensitive uses like gardens, parks, kindergartens and playgrounds were checked in order to ascertain the influence of dust

31、 deposition. Consequently, the upper 2 cm of the 661 (Bergen) and 631 (Trondheim) soil samples were taken into consideration. Bergen’s most important economic sectors are trade, shipping, the maritime industry and the pu

32、blic service. Tro</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　外文題目: Causes of Soil Contamination in the Urban Environment </p><p>　　出 處: Contaminate

33、d Urban Soils Environmental Pollution </p><p>　　作 者: Helmut meuser </p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　城市環(huán)境土壤污染的原因</p&

34、gt;<p><b>　　粉塵沉積</b></p><p>　　廣泛的灰塵沉積，主要是工業(yè)排放造成的。這是存放在干燥的條件和懸浮顆粒物。這些顆粒物大小各不相同。不到10微米的可吸入顆粒物含量指定是最適合人類健康的危險(xiǎn)界限。部分的水泥粉塵和粉煤灰可能超過該值，但也有一些小于10微米的微粒一般像石棉粉塵粒度因煙油發(fā)電廠而得的。應(yīng)該注意的是較小的懸浮物，是高濃度的污染物，其吸附能力的

35、增強(qiáng)污染越嚴(yán)重。</p><p>　　污染顆粒物可由戶外運(yùn)進(jìn)入房間。在那里，一旦積塵發(fā)生，尤其是當(dāng)窗戶在白天開放時(shí)候。令人感興趣的是、花園土壤和屋塵濃度比較。在英國已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)鎘，銅，鉛，鋅值在屋塵大于其在相關(guān)的花園（桑頓1991年）。</p><p>　　市區(qū)粉塵的形成可能起著重要作用，特別是在干旱和半干旱地區(qū)，那里干燥的環(huán)境下占主導(dǎo)地位，而且灰塵是土壤潮濕氣候條件形成的重要部分。例如，在漢

36、諾威（德國）52萬人口的城市，一個(gè)在50年內(nèi)5-8厘米的巨大積累的粉塵（瑞光和霍克2005年）。當(dāng)灰塵發(fā)展和沉積技術(shù)沒有任何過濾系統(tǒng)，巨大的沉積層厚度可以達(dá)到在一個(gè)在哈雷（德國）煤炭廠加工的情況。</p><p>　　城市地區(qū)的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)是經(jīng)常暴露地表，你永遠(yuǎn)無法發(fā)現(xiàn)在林地和草場和在長期內(nèi)裸土的百分比大部分是是私人花園和冬季撥款，運(yùn)動(dòng)場，墓地，拆遷和建筑工地，廢棄和廢棄，主要是工業(yè)用地，廢物堆，鐵路路基，和儲(chǔ)存

37、地點(diǎn)，在那里發(fā)生永久性的塵埃沉積（桑頓1991年）。在城市和工業(yè)區(qū)設(shè)密封網(wǎng)站的影響，以及，因?yàn)榛覊m容易滲透到路面的石頭之間的縫隙，卵石以及鐵路路堤，不斷填補(bǔ)起來。據(jù)推測灰塵會(huì)在人行道上橫向運(yùn)動(dòng)，并最終在下坡（瑞光和霍克2005年）集中。</p><p>　　這是合乎邏輯的期望，城市土壤表明不是因?yàn)樗鼈兛拷鼭撛谖廴驹吹娜甾r(nóng)村地區(qū)高污染水平。大城市如紐約，二千三百二十〇萬居民（美國）遭受多種污染源，如工業(yè)排放的同時(shí)，

38、對(duì)交通的影響，存款技術(shù)性基板等，在如下降銅，鎳，鉛含量，發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著進(jìn)入農(nóng)村地區(qū)距離市中心（曼哈頓）以外的城市。雖然在曼哈頓鉛值超過130毫克公斤表土- 1的測量，在50-60公里的值下降到約40毫克公斤- 1的距離，并在該120-130公里的距離約30毫克公斤-1（Pierzynski等。2005年）。</p><p>　　在北半球的發(fā)達(dá)國家城市到農(nóng)村梯度經(jīng)常被發(fā)現(xiàn)。圖3.3介紹了五個(gè)相對(duì)較小的美國城鎮(zhèn)的鉛濃度。城

39、市草坪的污染程度相對(duì)比較高，這將由附近，暴露于高濃度的空氣污染城市環(huán)境的預(yù)期?？諝馕廴臼侵毓I(yè)以及化石燃料的有關(guān)金屬氣溶膠的燃燒。該調(diào)查稱草坪靠近房屋和公園。高級(jí)別并沒有被限制到上層的視野和森林地板?？赡苁球球?，螞蟻（生物擾動(dòng)）的活性在腐植表土和底土的礦物長期混合作用，導(dǎo)致污染物如鉛（見6.3節(jié)）易位。</p><p>　　一個(gè)城市 - 郊區(qū)梯度已經(jīng)證實(shí)了在高5馬拉喀什（摩洛哥）厘米，1,200,000人（200

40、8年薩爾瓦多哈利勒等。）土壤調(diào)查。他們收集的材料，從九個(gè)地點(diǎn)據(jù)來自郊區(qū)（第一號(hào)）梯度（第9號(hào)）（圖3.4a - C）的城市區(qū)域。很明顯，鎘，銅，鎳和鋅的量往往會(huì)離城市中心距離較短。然而，其他因素以及預(yù)期的塵埃沉積靠近城市的影響情況。歷史悠久的城市中心，人為干擾的土壤剖面也顯示不同的指紋。在上面的土層技術(shù)性分?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到14％，9號(hào)在現(xiàn)場，顯示了巨大的干擾。技術(shù)性部分的粗發(fā)現(xiàn)了約500米的距離歷史中心相似的價(jià)值觀。這個(gè)距離后面的百分比介于1％和

41、2％。由于其相對(duì)較高的污染水平，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能有助于土壤污染研究（見4.3節(jié)）。這兩個(gè)因素粉塵沉積和技術(shù)上存在重疊基板參考表層土污染對(duì)方。</p><p>　　一般來說，在工業(yè)區(qū)粉塵濃度往往比在住宅和農(nóng)村地區(qū)高。特別是在工廠有一個(gè)空氣污染過濾系統(tǒng)地區(qū)的數(shù)量與相對(duì)較少的地區(qū)之間的差別是巨大的。例如，懸浮顆粒物的排放量不等的幾個(gè)印度城市，而工業(yè)集水區(qū)360和500微克之間的M - 3的住宅和農(nóng)村地區(qū)介于140至200微

42、克的M - 3只值。關(guān)于可吸入顆粒物的直徑小于10微米的事，結(jié)果是120-150微克在工業(yè)區(qū)和60-100微克在住宅和農(nóng)村地區(qū)（CPCB 2004年）。</p><p>　　如果具有非常高排放重金屬等一些工業(yè)園區(qū)存在的話，土壤污染是要達(dá)到非常高的指標(biāo)。Pirdop（保加利亞）有色金屬冶金8000人口與密度不僅影響在工業(yè)小區(qū)緊鄰的土壤性狀。除鉛，銅和鋅的內(nèi)容揭示了隨著土壤深度的下降，并伴隨著距離值相同的傾向。此外，

43、很明顯，有一個(gè)風(fēng)向的依賴，因?yàn)闈舛瓤赡軙?huì)隨著主風(fēng)向的方向濃度越高為主。非常高濃度的重金屬積累了（Penin和Tschernev 1997年）土壤的上半部分，特別是胡敏表土。</p><p>　　所描述的與重金屬梯度有關(guān)，以及有機(jī)污染物，基本上是適用的傾向。附近的Strazske（斯洛伐克）5000這是由化學(xué)工廠在1959年和1984年之間生產(chǎn)技術(shù)多氯聯(lián)苯（PCB）的混合物產(chǎn)生的污染，樣本被送往附近的山上在一個(gè)密集

44、的沉積粉塵排放及附近斜坡的影響。如表3.2，PCB的積累在有機(jī)層（和多環(huán)芳香烴）所示底土的礦物超過了從（深度梯度）和高價(jià)值的結(jié)果往往是在鄰近斜坡下的直接接觸位置與發(fā)現(xiàn)其在中部和上部正電子發(fā)射源。與此相反的重金屬，距離梯度似乎不那么明顯差異（Wilcke等。2003年）。</p><p>　　在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候工業(yè)和采礦過程中越來越多的影響土壤的上部污染物清單。高濃度的微量元素在地球的地殼通常是在非常小的數(shù)量達(dá)到，這個(gè)情

45、況永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)在工業(yè)發(fā)展的情況下發(fā)現(xiàn)。例如，在懷俄明州和愛達(dá)荷州，美國，因?yàn)楹形模≒ierzynski等。2005）磷礦開采，防塵表面誘導(dǎo)煤與導(dǎo)致環(huán)境中硒的增加。</p><p>　　如果拿一個(gè)城市環(huán)境與土壤重金屬礦山土壤的環(huán)境相比，一個(gè)明顯的差異就可以被看到。桑頓（1991）分析了表層土壤的特殊開采的村莊和英國首都倫敦的情況，參考了擁有13,200,000人口的英格蘭和威爾士（表3.3）的調(diào)查的所有地點(diǎn)。在一

46、般情況下，有人說，從倫敦的結(jié)果看大家都期望從調(diào)查的所有地點(diǎn)較高，但奇怪的是，從鎘來說采礦村的濃度大大超過了倫敦的濃度結(jié)果。換句話說，城市的影響的顯著性顯然小于礦山采礦影響。</p><p>　　關(guān)于城市環(huán)境，在這兩個(gè)挪威城市卑爾根的23萬居民，和特隆赫姆16萬居民，也喜歡花園，從公園，幼兒園及游樂場敏感的用途是檢查，以確定粉塵沉積的影響。因此，高2661（卑爾根）和631厘米（Trondheim）的土壤樣品進(jìn)行了

47、檢查。卑爾根最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)部門是貿(mào)易，航運(yùn)，海運(yùn)業(yè)和公共服務(wù)。特隆赫姆已得到了生產(chǎn)和加工農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的大量企業(yè)。對(duì)于這兩個(gè)城市的主要污染源建筑維修中發(fā)現(xiàn)（尤其是繪畫），工業(yè)廢物處理，能源生產(chǎn)，汽車行駛和使用的銅鉻作為浸漬木材。許多注重后者的根源，因?yàn)樯翱釉诓賵龊陀變簣@是由銅，鉻，砷浸漬。表3.4提供了有關(guān)這兩個(gè)挪威直轄市土壤濃度信息。具體而言，一些地區(qū)被認(rèn)為是為了確認(rèn)兩者之間的一些因素和表層土壤污染狀況的密切相關(guān)。金屬砷，鎘，銅，鉛，硒，鋅更高