外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯---伊斯坦布爾地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問題及補(bǔ)救建議

1、<p>　　Environmental problems caused by</p><p>　　Istanbul subway excavation and suggestions</p><p>　　for remediation</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問題及補(bǔ)救建議</p><p>　　Ibrahim

2、 Ocak</p><p>　　Abstract：Many</p><p>　　environmental problems caused by subway excavations have</p><p>　　inevitably become an important</p><p>　　point in city life. Thes

3、e problems can be categorized as</p><p>　　transporting and stocking of excavated material, traf?c jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud</p><p>　　and lack of supplies. Although these problem

4、s cause many dif?culties,the most pressing for a big</p><p>　　city like Istanbul is excavation,since other listed dif?culties result from it. Moreover, these</p><p>　　problems are environmentall

5、y and regionally restricted to the period over which construction</p><p>　　projects are underway and disappear when construction is ?nished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are</p><p>　　nine subwa

6、y construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200</p><p>　　km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing</p><p>　　co

7、nstruction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the</p><p>　　problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions</p>&

8、lt;p>　　for remediation are offered.</p><p>　　摘要：許多地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問題不可避免地成為城市生活的重要部分。這些問題可</p><p>　　歸類為開挖肥料的運(yùn)輸和儲存、交通堵塞、噪音污染、震動、成堆的灰塵和泥漿以及物資不</p><p>　　足。雖然這些問題引起很多困難，對于一個像伊斯坦布爾這樣的城市，最亟待解

9、決的問題是</p><p>　　開挖的問題，因為其他一系列問題都是由此引起的。此外，這些問題受環(huán)境和地域限制并具</p><p>　　有周期性，他們隨工程項目開始和結(jié)束而出現(xiàn)和消失。最近，伊斯坦布爾有 9 條地鐵項目在</p><p>　　施工，總長約有 73km，另外，將有超過 200km 的地鐵線會在不久的將來動工。正在施工的</p><p&

10、gt;<b>　　3</b></p><p>　　的問題，并對補(bǔ)救辦法提出建議。</p><p>　　Keywords: Environmental problems</p><p>　　.Subway excavation .</p><p>　　Waste management .</p><p&

11、gt;　　Excavation waste</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境問題 地鐵開挖 廢物處理 開挖廢料</p><p><b>　　I. Ocak</b></p><p>　　Rail Transport Construction Department,</p><p>　　Istanbul Metropolit

12、an Municipality,</p><p>　　IETT General Directorate, Karakoy-Istanbul, Turkey</p><p>　　I. Ocak (郵件)</p><p>　　Mining Engineering Department, Istanbul University,</p><p>　

13、　Avc?lar-Istanbul, Turkey</p><p>　　e-mail: iocak@iett.gov.tr</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Nowadays, cities are spreading over larger areas with increasing demand on extending</

14、p><p>　　transport facilities. Thus,all over the world, especially in cities where the population exceeds</p><p>　　300,000–400,000 people, railway-based means of transportation is being accepted as

15、the ultimate</p><p>　　solution.Therefore, large investments in subway and light rail construction are required. The</p><p>　　construction of stated systems requires surface excavations, cut and

16、cover tunnel excavations,</p><p>　　bored tunnel excavations, redirection of infrastructures and tunnel construction projects. These</p><p>　　elements disturb the environment and affect everyday

17、life of citizens in terms of running water,</p><p>　　natural gas, sewer systems and telephone lines.</p><p>　　簡介：現(xiàn)如今，城市的大面積擴(kuò)張要求交通設(shè)施快速增長。因此，全世界，特別是在人</p><p>　　口超過 30 萬-40 萬的城市，軌道交通逐漸

18、被認(rèn)為是最終的解決辦法。正因如此，地鐵和輕</p><p>　　軌上的大規(guī)模投資是必然的。整個軌道交通系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)包括地表建設(shè)、明挖隧道開挖、鉆孔</p><p>　　隧道開挖、地下建筑的改造和隧道建設(shè)項目。這些都會影響周圍的環(huán)境并在自來水、天然氣、</p><p>　　排污和電話線等方面影響市民的日常生活。</p><p>　　One rea

19、son why metro excavations affect the environment is the huge amount of excavated</p><p>　　material produced.Moreover, a large amount of this excavated material is composed of muddy and</p><p>　　

20、bentonite material. Storing excavated material then becomes crucial. A considerable amount of</p><p>　　pressure has been placed on of?cials to store and recycle any kind of excavated material. Waste</p>

21、;<p>　　management has become a branch of study by itself. Many studies have been carried out on the</p><p>　　destruction, recycling and storing of solid, (Vlachos 1975; Huang et al. 2001; Winkler</

22、p><p>　　2005;Huang et al. 2006; Khan et al. 1987; Boadi and Kuitunen 2003; Staudt and Schroll 1999;</p><p>　　Wang 2001; Okuda and Thomson 2007; Yang and Innes 2007), organic (Edwards et al. 1998,&l

23、t;/p><p>　　Jackson 2006; Debra et al. 1991; Akhtar and Mahmood 1996; Bruun et al. 2006; Minh et al.</p><p>　　2006),plastic (Idris et al. 2004; Karani and Stan Jewasikiewitz 2007; Ali et al. 2004; N

24、ishino et al.</p><p>　　2003; Vas ile et al.2006; Kato et al. 2003; Kasakura et al. 1999; Hayashi et al. 2000), toxic</p><p>　　(Rodgers et al. 1996; Bell and Wilson 1988; Chen et al. 1997; Sulliv

25、an and Yelton 1988), oily</p><p>　　(Ahumada et al. 2004; Al-Masri and Suman 2003), farming(Garnier et al. 1998; Mohanty 2001)</p><p>　　and radioactive materials (Rocco and Zucchetti 1997; Walker

26、 et al. 2001;Adamov et al. 1992;</p><p>　　Krinitsyn et al. 2003).</p><p>　　地鐵建設(shè)影響環(huán)境的一個原因是開挖產(chǎn)生的大量垃圾，而且大部分開挖垃圾都是泥土。</p><p>　　工程垃圾的處理是關(guān)鍵，負(fù)責(zé)儲存和回收利用這些工程廢料的人員承受著非常大的壓力，廢</p><p&

27、gt;　　物處理也因此成為一個單獨(dú)的研究分支。關(guān)于這些垃圾的銷毀、回收利用和儲存的研究已經(jīng)</p><p>　　開展了很多：泥土（Vlachos 1975; Huang et al. 2001; Winkler 2005;Huang et al. 2006; Khan et al.</p><p>　　1987; Boadi and Kuitunen 2003; Staudt and Sc

28、hroll 1999; Wang 2001; Okuda and Thomson 2007;</p><p>　　Yang and Innes 2007）、有機(jī)物（Edwards et al. 1998, Jackson 2006; Debra et al. 1991; Akhtar and</p><p>　　Mahmood 1996; Bruun et al. 2006; Minh e

29、t al. 2006）、塑料（Idris et al. 2004; Karani and Stan</p><p>　　Jewasikiewitz 2007; Ali et al. 2004; Nishino et al. 2003; Vasile et al.2006; Kato et al. 2003;</p><p>　　Kasakura et al. 1999; Hayashi e

30、t al. 2000）、油脂（ Ahumada et al. 2004; Al-Masri and Suman</p><p>　　2003）、耕地（Garnier et al. 1998; Mohanty 2001）、放射性物質(zhì)（Rocco and Zucchetti 1997;</p><p>　　Walker et al. 2001;Adamov et al. 1992; Krini

31、tsyn et al. 2003）。</p><p>　　Today, traditional materials, including sand, stone, gravel, cement, brick and tiles are being</p><p>　　used as major building components in the construction sector.

32、All of these materials have been</p><p>　　produced from existing natural resources and may have intrinsic distinctions that damage the</p><p>　　environment due to their continuous exploitation.

33、In addition, the cost of construction materials is</p><p>　　incrementally increasing. In Turkey, the prices of construction materials have increased over the</p><p>　　last few years (Fig. 1). Th

34、erefore,it is very important to use excavation and demolition wastes</p><p>　　(DW) in construction operations to limit the environmental impact and excessive increase of raw</p><p>　　material pr

35、ices. Recycling ratios for excavation waste (EW) and DW of some countries are in</p><p>　　shown Table 1 (Hendriks and Pietersen 2000). The recycling ratio for Turkey is10%.Every year,</p><p>　　1

36、4 million tons of waste materials are generated in Istanbul. These waste materials consist of 7.6</p><p>　　million tons EW, 1.6 million tons organic materials and 2.7 million tons DW (IMM 2007). The</p>

37、;<p>　　distribution of waste materials, according to listed sources, can be seen in Figs. 2 and 3.</p><p>　　Approximately, 3.7 million tons of municipal wastes are produced in Istanbul every year. How

38、ever,</p><p>　　the recycling rate is approximately equal to only 7%. This rate will increase to 27%, when the</p><p>　　construction of the plant is completed. Medical wastes are another problem,

39、 with over 9,000 tons</p><p>　　dumped every year. Medical wastes are disposed by burning. Distributions of municipal wastes</p><p>　　are given in Fig. 4.</p><p>　　目前，包括沙子、石頭、砂礫、水泥、磚

40、頭、瓷磚在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)材料被建筑部門用作主要</p><p>　　的建筑成分。所有這些材料都是從現(xiàn)有的自然資源中生產(chǎn)出來的，具有固有的特性，并因不</p><p>　　斷的開采而對環(huán)境造成危害。另外，建筑材料的價格正在逐漸上漲，在土耳其，近幾年的建</p><p>　　筑材料的價格一直在上漲（見圖 1）。因此，為減輕環(huán)境破壞和減緩原材料價格的過渡上漲，</p>

41、;<p>　　在建筑工程中循環(huán)利用開挖廢料和拆遷廢料是非常重要的。一些國家的開挖廢料和拆遷廢料</p><p>　　的回收利用率見表 1（Hendriks and Pietersen 2000），土耳其的回收利用率是 10%。每年伊斯</p><p>　　坦布爾會產(chǎn)生 1400 萬噸垃圾，其中包括 7600 萬噸開挖廢料，1600 萬噸有機(jī)材料，2700 萬</p>

42、;<p>　　噸拆遷廢料（IMM2007），按來源分類，垃圾的分布情況如圖 2、3。每年伊斯坦布爾約會產(chǎn)</p><p>　　生 3700 萬噸城市垃圾，然而垃圾的回收利用率卻只有 7%左右，垃圾處理廠建設(shè)完成之后，</p><p>　　回收比率將上升到 27%。另一個問題的醫(yī)療垃圾，每年將傾倒 9000 噸醫(yī)療垃圾，目前處理</p><p>　　醫(yī)療

43、垃圾的方式是焚燒。城市垃圾的分類見圖 4。</p><p>　　Fig. 1 The increase of construction material prices over the last 10 years</p><p><b>　　圖 1</b></p><p>　　最近 10 年建筑材料價格增長</p><p&g

44、t;　　Table 1 Comparison of a few countries’ construction waste concentration</p><p><b>　　表 1</b></p><p>　　部分國家建筑垃圾濃度對比</p><p>　　Fig. 2 Current status of solid waste gener

45、ation in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 2</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前固體垃圾的組成</p><p>　　Fig. 3 Current status of solid waste distribution in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 3&l

46、t;/b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前固體垃圾的分布</p><p>　　Fig. 4 Current status of municipal waste distribution in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 4</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前城市垃圾的分布</

47、p><p>　　In this study, environmental problems in Istanbul, such as EW resulting from tunnelling</p><p>　　operations, DW resulting from building demolition and home wastes, are evaluated. Resources

48、of</p><p>　　EW, material properties and alternatives of possible usage are also evaluated.</p><p>　　本文論及伊斯坦布爾的環(huán)境問題，如隧道開挖產(chǎn)生的開挖廢料、建筑拆遷產(chǎn)生的拆遷垃</p><p>　　圾、生活垃圾，也涉及開挖垃圾的來源、材料屬性以及使用替代材料的可能

49、。</p><p>　　Railway system studies</p><p>　　Three preliminary studies concerning transportation in Istanbul were conducted in 1985,</p><p>　　1987 and 1997. A fourth study is currentl

50、y being conducted. The Istanbul Transportation Main</p><p>　　Plan states that railway systems must constitute the main facet of Istanbul’s transportation</p><p>　　net-work (IMM 2005). In additio

51、n to existing lines, within the scope of the Marmaray Project, 36</p><p>　　km of metro, 96 km of light rail, and 7 km of tram, with a total of 205 km of new railway lines,</p><p>　　must be const

52、ructed. Consequently, the total length of railway line will exceed 250 km.</p><p><b>　　軌道交通系統(tǒng)研究</b></p><p>　　關(guān)于伊斯坦布爾交通系統(tǒng)的三個研究分別在 1985 年、1987 年和 1997 年開展，第四個</p><p>　　研究項

53、目將于近期開展?！兑了固共紶柦煌傄?guī)劃》表明，軌道交通系統(tǒng)將成為伊斯坦布爾</p><p>　　交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的主要部分（IMM 2005)。除了目前的線路，根據(jù) Marmaray 項目計劃，包括 36km</p><p>　　地鐵、96km 輕軌、7km 有軌電車在內(nèi)的總計 205km 新軌道線路將建設(shè)完成。因此，軌道交</p><p>　　通線路總長將超過 250km

54、。</p><p>　　Details regarding railway lines currently under construction in Istanbul are given in Table 2</p><p>　　and Fig. 5.Railway lines in the project stage or tender stage are given in Table

55、 3 (IMM 2004).</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾正在施工的軌道交通線路詳情見表 2 和圖 5，處于設(shè)計或投標(biāo)階段的軌道交</p><p>　　通線路見表 3（IMM 2004）。</p><p>　　Table 2 Ongoing railway systems in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　表 2

56、</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾施工中的軌道交通線路</p><p>　　Fig. 5 Ongoing railway system studies in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 5</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾施工中的軌道交通線路研究</p><

57、;p>　　Table 3 Railway lines in project or tender stage in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　表 3</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾設(shè)計或投標(biāo)中的軌道交通線路</p><p>　　Environmental</p><p><b>

58、　　problems</b></p><p><b>　　caused</b></p><p><b>　　by</b></p><p><b>　　subway</b></p><p>　　excavations</p><p>　　地鐵建

59、設(shè)引起的環(huán)境問題</p><p>　　Transporting and storing excavated material</p><p>　　開挖廢料的運(yùn)輸和儲存</p><p>　　Almost all land in Istanbul is inhabited. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to store a

60、nd</p><p>　　recycle excavated material obtained either from metro excavations or other construction activities,</p><p>　　causing minimal damage and disturbance to the city.The collection, tempor

61、ary storage, recycling,</p><p>　　reuse,transportation and destruction of excavated material and construction waste are controlled</p><p>　　by environmental law number 2872. According to this law

62、, it is essential that:</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾幾乎所有的土地都有人居住，因此，為了將對城市產(chǎn)生的破壞降到最低，包</p><p>　　括地鐵開挖和其他建筑工程引起的開挖廢料的儲存和回收利用顯得非常重要。環(huán)境法 2872</p><p>　　條規(guī)定了開挖廢料和建筑垃圾的采集、暫時儲存、回收、重新利用、運(yùn)輸和銷毀等方面，主</p&g

63、t;<p><b>　　要內(nèi)容有：</b></p><p>　　1. Waste must be reduced at its source.</p><p>　　2. Management must take necessary precautions to reduce the harmful effects of waste.</p>

64、<p>　　1、垃圾必須從源頭控制；</p><p>　　2、管理部門必須采取必要的措施以減少垃圾的不良影響；</p><p>　　3. Excavated material must be recycled and reused,especially within the construction</p><p>　　infrastructure.&l

65、t;/p><p>　　4. Excavated material and construction waste must not be mixed.</p><p>　　5. Waste must be separated from its source and subjected to “selective destruction” in order to</p><p&

66、gt;　　form a sound system for recycling and destruction.</p><p>　　6. Producers of excavated material or construction waste must provide required funds to destroy</p><p><b>　　waste.</b>

67、;</p><p>　　3、開挖廢料必需回收利用，特別是地下結(jié)構(gòu)工程中的開挖廢料；</p><p>　　4、開挖廢料和建筑垃圾必需區(qū)分開來；</p><p>　　5、廢料必需在源頭分類，并按“選擇性銷毀”的原則形成一套完整的回收和銷毀系統(tǒng)；</p><p>　　6、開挖廢料或者建筑垃圾的責(zé)任人必須為處理垃圾提供必需的費(fèi)用。</p>

68、<p>　　According to environmental laws, municipalities are responsible for ?nding areas within</p><p>　　their province limits to excavate and operate these systems. Both the Istanbul Metropolitan</p

69、><p>　　Municipality Environmental Protection and Waste Recycling Company are the foundations that</p><p>　　actively carryout all operations regarding excavated material.</p><p>　　根據(jù)環(huán)境法

70、規(guī)定，政府有責(zé)任在行政范圍內(nèi)規(guī)劃一定的土地用來建設(shè)和運(yùn)行垃圾回收處</p><p>　　理系統(tǒng)，伊斯坦布爾環(huán)保局和垃圾回收公司是負(fù)責(zé)廣泛開展開挖廢料處理的主要部門。</p><p>　　Since dumping areas have limited space, they are quickly ?lled, without any available</p><p&

71、gt;　　plausible solution for remediation. In addition, existing dumping areas are far away from metro</p><p>　　excavation areas. This means that loaded trucks are competing with city traf?c, causing traf?c<

72、;/p><p>　　congestion with their low speed and pollutants dropping off their wheels or bodies. Furthermore,</p><p>　　this results in a loss of money and labour.</p><p>　　垃圾堆放空間有限，很快就會堆滿

73、，目前卻又沒有任何有效可行的解決辦法。除此之外，</p><p>　　目前的垃圾堆放區(qū)遠(yuǎn)離地鐵建設(shè)的地方，這意味著滿載的貨車將擠進(jìn)城市交通，并因低速和</p><p>　　車輪、車身上掉落的污染物而引起交通堵塞，另外，這也將導(dǎo)致資金和人力的短缺。</p><p>　　Details regarding excavated material pertaining to

74、 ongoing railway systems in Istanbul are</p><p>　　given in Table 4.The cross section in the table represents only tunnels on the main line. Given the</p><p>　　fact that the swelling value of roc

75、k is 1.4–1.5, together with the diameter values given above, the</p><p>　　approximate amount of excavated material from ongoing railway excavation will be equal to 12</p><p>　　million m3. All tu

76、nnels have been excavated with new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), earth</p><p>　　pressure balance method (EPBM), tunnel boring machine (TBM), and cut and cover method.</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾建設(shè)中軌道交通線

77、路的開挖廢料詳情，見表 4。表格中橫斷面代表主要線路</p><p>　　上的隧道不分。巖石的實際膨脹率是 1.4-1.5，綜合考慮表中給出的直徑，建設(shè)中的軌道交</p><p><b>　　3</b></p><p>　?。‥PBM）、TBM 法或明挖法進(jìn)行施工。</p><p>　　Existing dumping

78、areas in Istanbul are listed in Table 5.When Tables 4 and 5 are examined</p><p>　　together, it can be seen that existing dumping areas can only accommodate material excavated</p><p>　　from the m

79、etro construction. Another important matter according to Table 5 is that 93% of existing</p><p>　　dumping areas are on the European side of Istanbul, with 88% of them in Kemerburgaz. Thus, all</p><

80、;p>　　excavated material on the Anatolian side must cross over European site every day for a distance of</p><p>　　approximately 150 km. Every day, on average, 3,000 trucks carry various types of excavated&

81、lt;/p><p>　　material to Kemerburgaz from other parts of Istanbul. This leads to a waste of time and increased</p><p>　　environmental pollution.</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾現(xiàn)存的垃圾堆放區(qū)見表 5。對比分析表 4、表 5，我

82、們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)存的垃圾</p><p>　　傾倒區(qū)僅能滿足地鐵開挖產(chǎn)生的開挖廢料。表 5 反映的另一個嚴(yán)重問題是，93%的現(xiàn)存垃圾</p><p>　　傾倒區(qū)都在伊斯坦布爾靠歐洲一側(cè)，其中的 88%是在凱梅爾布爾加茲。因此，安那托利亞</p><p>　　所有的開挖廢料每天必須穿過約 150km 的距離來傾倒。每天約有 3000 輛來自伊斯坦布爾其</p>

83、<p>　　他各地方的卡車滿載開挖廢料前往凱梅爾布爾加茲，從而導(dǎo)致時間的浪費(fèi)并加重了環(huán)境污</p><p><b>　　染。</b></p><p>　　Table 4 Excavation volume occurred from ongoing railway systems in Istanbul</p><p><b

84、>　　表 4</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾建設(shè)中軌道交通線路開挖量</p><p>　　Table 5 Existing dumping areas in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　表 5</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾目前的垃圾傾倒區(qū)</p><

85、;p>　　Another problem related to excavation is that the materials, obtained from EPBM machines</p><p>　　(Fig. 6) and muddy areas, cannot be directly sent to dumping facilities. They have to be kept in</

86、p><p>　　suitable places, so that water can be drained off from the material and then sent to proper facilities.</p><p>　　However, this causes muddy material to drop from trucks, causing increased l

87、itter in cities (Fig.</p><p><b>　　7).</b></p><p>　　和開挖相關(guān)的另一個問題是，來自土壓平衡盾構(gòu)機(jī)械和污泥區(qū)的廢料（見圖 6）不能直</p><p>　　接傾倒，為使水能從中順利排出并使用合適的處理設(shè)備，這些廢料必須在合適的地方暫存。</p><p>　　然而這仍然會

88、導(dǎo)致污泥從卡車中流出并增加城市垃圾（見圖 7）。</p><p>　　Fig. 6 Muddy material resulting from EPBM</p><p><b>　　圖 6</b></p><p>　　土壓平衡法施工產(chǎn)生的泥漿</p><p>　　Fig. 7 Excavated material sto

89、cked for draining</p><p><b>　　圖 7</b></p><p><b>　　正在排水的開挖廢料</b></p><p>　　Traf?c jam</p><p>　　Since most of the railway constructions are carried

90、 out in the most densely populated areas,</p><p>　　city traf?c must be closed and redirected during the construction. In most cases, an entire area</p><p>　　must be closed for traf?c. For exampl

91、e, Uskudar square is now closed due to the Marmaray project</p><p>　　and most bus stops and piers have been moved to other locations.</p><p><b>　　交通堵塞</b></p><p>　　由于大部分

92、軌道交通線路都處在人口最稠密的地方，在施工期間，城市交通必須關(guān)閉并</p><p>　　重新疏導(dǎo)。大部分情況下，一整個區(qū)域的交通都會被中斷。例如，由于 Marmaray 項目的施</p><p>　　工，于斯屈達(dá)爾廣場現(xiàn)已全部封閉，而且大部分公交站牌都已遷移到其他地方。</p><p>　　With cut and cover constructions, the

93、case becomes even more complicated. In this case, an</p><p>　　entire route is closed to traf?c because cut and cover tunnels are constructed across streets. In</p><p>　　order to ensure that mach

94、ine operation and construction can continue uninterrupted and to</p><p>　　minimize the risk of accidents to the people living around the construction zone, streets are either</p><p>　　totally cl

95、osed to traf?c or traf?c is redirected (Figs. 8, 9). This causes long-term difficulties.For</p><p>　　example, shop owners on closed streets have dif?culties reaching their shops, stocking and</p><

96、p>　　transporting their goods and retaining customers.</p><p>　　采用明挖法施工時，情況會變得更為復(fù)雜。這時，由于明挖法施工隧道會穿過馬路，整</p><p>　　條交通線路都會被中斷。為了保證機(jī)械操作和施工的連續(xù)性并將對施工區(qū)周圍人們生活的影</p><p>　　響降到最低，道路交通只有完全中斷或

97、重新疏導(dǎo)（見圖 8、圖 9）。這也會引起其他問題，比</p><p>　　如，道路兩邊的店主進(jìn)出商店、進(jìn)出貨物、招攬顧客都會遇到困難。</p><p>　　Fig. 8 Redirected traf?c during tram construction</p><p><b>　　圖 8</b></p><p>　　有

98、軌電車施工時交通的重新疏導(dǎo)</p><p>　　Fig. 9 Sultanciftligi–Edirnekap? tram construction and closed streets</p><p><b>　　圖 9</b></p><p>　　Sultanciftligi–Edirnekapi 有軌電車建設(shè)和中斷的街道</p>

99、;<p>　　Noise and vibration</p><p><b>　　噪音污染和振動</b></p><p>　　For metro excavations, a lot of different machines are used.These machines seriously disturb</p><p>　　

100、the environment with their noise and vibrations. In some regions, excavation may be as close as 5</p><p>　　–6 m away from inhabited apartment blocks (Fig. 10). In such cases, people are disturbed as</p>

101、;<p>　　excavation may take a signi?cant period of time to be completed.</p><p>　　地鐵建設(shè)中會用到各種不同的機(jī)械設(shè)備，這些機(jī)械設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的噪聲和震動嚴(yán)重影響了周</p><p>　　圍的環(huán)境。有些地區(qū)，施工操作距離居民樓近達(dá) 5-6 米（見圖 10），這種情況下，居民生活</p>&

102、lt;p>　　會受到嚴(yán)重打擾，直到施工結(jié)束都會是斷難熬的日子。</p><p>　　Drilling–blasting may be needed in conventional methods for drilling through hard rock. In</p><p>　　this case, no matter how controlled the blasting i

103、s, people who are living in the area experience</p><p>　　both noise and vibrations. Some become scared, thinking that an earthquake is happening. In</p><p>　　blasting areas, the intensity of vib

104、rations is measured. In order to keep them within accepted limits,</p><p>　　delayed capsules are used.</p><p>　　當(dāng)需要通過堅硬巖石時，鉆孔爆破是一種常用工法。這種情況下，無論如何控制爆破，</p><p>　　這一區(qū)域的居民都要忍受噪音和震動，有些人甚

105、至感到害怕，認(rèn)為發(fā)生了地震。在爆破區(qū)內(nèi)，</p><p>　　震動強(qiáng)度必須監(jiān)測，為了把震動強(qiáng)度控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)，常采用延遲爆破。</p><p>　　In order to minimize vibration and noise caused by machines and to reduce the effects of</p><p>　　blastin

106、g, working areas are surrounded by fences. Super?cial blasting shaft rims are covered with a</p><p>　　large canvas and fences are covered with wet broadcloths. However, these precautions can only</p>

107、<p>　　reduce negative effects; they cannot totally eliminate them.</p><p>　　為了最大程度的降低機(jī)械設(shè)備引起的震動和噪音從而降低爆破的影響，工作區(qū)會用圍欄</p><p>　　隔離起來。淺層爆破時，鉆孔周邊會用一塊大的帆布包起來，圍欄會用濕布填充。無論如何，</p><p>　　這

108、些防范措施只能減少不良影響，并不能完全消除。</p><p>　　Fig. 10 A shaft that is 5–6 m away from an apartment</p><p><b>　　圖 10</b></p><p>　　距離居民樓 5-6 米遠(yuǎn)的豎井</p><p>　　The formation of

109、 dust and mud</p><p>　　Depending on the season, both dust and mud disturb the environment. During removal of</p><p>　　excavated material, especially muddy material, trucks may pollute the enviro

110、nment despite all</p><p>　　precautions taken. Mud that forms around the excavation area may slide down the slope and cover</p><p>　　the ground (Fig. 11). In this case although roads are frequent

111、ly cleaned, the environment is still</p><p>　　disturbed.Trucks, which travel from dumping areas to areas that are muddy cannot enter traf?c</p><p>　　until their wheels and bodies are washed. How