外文翻譯--鋰電池充電器的設(shè)計(jì)

1、<p><b>　　鋰電池充電器的設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)其尺寸，重量和能量儲(chǔ)存優(yōu)點(diǎn)，鋰- 離子可再充電電池正在被用于許多的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。這些電池已經(jīng)被考慮為優(yōu)先的電池于手提式計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用,移置 NiMH 和 NiCad電池,而且行動(dòng)電話正在飛快地成為鋰電池的第二個(gè)主要的市場。 理由是

2、明顯的。 鋰- 離子的電池提供很多的好處對(duì)與終端消費(fèi)者。 對(duì)于手提式計(jì)算機(jī)來說,鋰- 離子電池在相同條件和大小并減少重量的情況下能夠提供比 NiCad 和 NiMH更為持久的電力。 相同的優(yōu)點(diǎn)對(duì)于蜂窩電話更是真實(shí)的。一個(gè)電話能被做得更小和更輕如果使用李- 離子的電池的話而不犧牲續(xù)航時(shí)間。 當(dāng)鋰- 離子的電池費(fèi)用降下來的話,甚至更多的應(yīng)用將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變到這一個(gè)更輕巧和更小巧的技術(shù)上來。當(dāng)消費(fèi)者一直要求方便的時(shí)候，市場的趨勢表明一個(gè)持續(xù)不斷的增長

3、在所有的可再充電的電池中。 根據(jù)以前市場的資料大約在 1997年的時(shí)候表明大約二億個(gè)鋰-離子電芯將會(huì)被裝船運(yùn)送,相比較于 600 百萬 個(gè)NiMH的電芯 。 然而,有必要說明的是三個(gè)NiMH 的電芯相當(dāng)于一個(gè)鋰- 離子的電芯在被包裹為電池包裝的時(shí)候。 因此，真實(shí)的體積對(duì)兩者來說是非常接近一樣的。1997年也被標(biāo)記為第一年鋰- 離子</p><p>　　隨著越來越多的手持式電器的出現(xiàn)，對(duì)高性能、小尺寸、重量輕的電池

4、充電器的需求也越來越大。電池技術(shù)的持續(xù)進(jìn)步也要求更復(fù)雜的充電算法以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速、安全的充電。因此需要對(duì)充電過程進(jìn)行更精確的監(jiān)控，以縮短充電時(shí)間、達(dá)到最大的電池容量，并防止電池?fù)p壞。AVR 已經(jīng)在競爭中領(lǐng)先了一步，被證明是下一代充電器的完美控制芯片。Atmel AVR 微處理器是當(dāng)前市場上能夠以單片方式提供Flash、EEPROM 和10 位ADC的最高效的8 位RISC 微處理器。由于程序存儲(chǔ)器為Flash，因此可以不用象MASK ROM一

5、樣，有幾個(gè)軟件版本就庫存幾種型號(hào)。Flash 可以在發(fā)貨之前再進(jìn)行編程，或是在PCB貼裝之后再通過ISP 進(jìn)行編程，從而允許在最后一分鐘進(jìn)行軟件更新。EEPROM 可用于保存標(biāo)定系數(shù)和電池特性參數(shù)，如保存充電記錄以提高實(shí)際使用的電池容量。10位A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換器可以提供足夠的測量精度，使得充好后的容量更接近其最大容量。而其他方案為了達(dá)到此目的，可能需要外部的ADC，不但占用PCB 空間，也提高了系統(tǒng)成本。AVR 是目前唯一的針對(duì)象 “C”這

6、樣的高級(jí)語言而設(shè)計(jì)的8 位微處理器。AT90S4433 參</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代消費(fèi)類電器主要使用如下四種電池：</p><p>　　? 密封鉛酸電池 (SLA)</p><p>　　? 鎳鎘電池 (NiCd)</p><p>　　? 鎳氫電池(NiMH)</p><p>　　? 鋰電池(Li-Ion)</p

7、><p>　　在正確選擇電池和充電算法時(shí)需要了解這些電池的背景知識(shí)。</p><p>　　密封鉛酸電池(SLA) 密封鉛酸電池主要用于成本比空間和重量更重要的場合，如UPS和報(bào)警系統(tǒng)的備份電池。SLA 電池以恒定電壓進(jìn)行充電，輔以電流限制以避免在充電過程的初期電池過熱。只要電池單元電壓不超過生產(chǎn)商的規(guī)定( 典型值為2.2V)， SLA 電池可以無限制地充電。</p><p&

8、gt;　　鎳鎘電池(NiCd) NiCd 電池目前使用得很普遍。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是相對(duì)便宜，易于使用；缺點(diǎn)是自放電率比較高。典型的NiCd 電池可以充電1,000 次。失效機(jī)理主要是極性反轉(zhuǎn)。在電池包里第一個(gè)被完全放電的單元會(huì)發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn)。為了防止損壞電池包，需要不間斷地監(jiān)控電壓。一旦單元電壓</p><p>　　下降到1.0V 就必須停機(jī)。NiCd 電池以恒定電流的方式進(jìn)行充電。</p><p>　

9、　鎳氫電池(NiMH) 在輕重量的手持設(shè)備中如手機(jī)、手持?jǐn)z象機(jī)，等等鎳氫電池是使用最廣的。這種電池的容量比NiCd 的大。由于過充電會(huì)造成NiMH 電池的失效，在充電過程中進(jìn)行精確地測量以在合適的時(shí)間停止是非常重要的。和NiCd 電池一樣，極性反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)電池也會(huì)損壞。NiMH 電池的自放電率大概為20%/ 月。和NiCd 電池一樣，NiMH 電池也為恒定電流充電。</p><p>　　鋰電池 (Li-Ion) 和本文

10、中所述的其他電池相比，鋰電池具有最高的能量/ 重量比和能量/ 體積比。鋰電池以恒定電壓進(jìn)行充電，同時(shí)要有電流限制以避免在充電過程的初期電池過熱。當(dāng)充電電流下降到生產(chǎn)商設(shè)定的最小電流時(shí)就要停止充電。過充電將造成電池?fù)p壞，甚至爆炸。電池的安全充電現(xiàn)代的快速充電器( 即電池可以在小于3 個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間里充滿電，通常是一個(gè)小時(shí)) 需要能夠?qū)卧妷骸⒊潆婋娏骱碗姵販囟冗M(jìn)行精確地測量，在充滿電的同時(shí)避免由于過充電造成的損壞。充電方法SLA 電池和鋰

11、電池的充電方法為恒定電壓法要限流； NiCd 電池和NiMH 電池的充電方法為恒定電流法，且具有幾個(gè)不同的停止充電的判斷方法。最大充電電流最大充電電流與電池容量(C) 有關(guān)。最大充電電流往往以電池容量的數(shù)值來表示。例如，電池的容量為750 mAh，充電電流為750 mA，則充電電流為1C (1 倍的電池容量)。若涓流充電時(shí)電流為C/40，則充電電流即為電池容量除以40。過熱電池充電是將電能傳輸?shù)诫姵氐倪^程。能量以化學(xué)反應(yīng)的方式保存了下來

12、。但不是所有的電能都轉(zhuǎn)化為了電池中的化學(xué)能。一些電能轉(zhuǎn)化成了熱能，對(duì)電池起了加熱的作用。</p><p>　　停止充電的判別方法電池的不同應(yīng)用場合及工作環(huán)境限制了對(duì)判斷停止充電的方法的選擇。有時(shí)候溫度不容易測得，但可以測得電壓，或者是其他情況。本文以電壓變化率(-dV/dt) 為基本的判斷停止充電的方法，而以溫度和絕對(duì)電壓值為輔助和備份。但是本文所描述的硬件支持以下講述的所有的方法。</p><

13、;p>　　t – 時(shí)間這是決定何時(shí)停止充電的最簡單的方法。通常用于快速充電時(shí)的后備方案。有時(shí)也作為普通充電 (14 - 16 小時(shí)) 方法的基本方案。適用于各種電池。</p><p>　　V – 電壓當(dāng)電壓超出上限時(shí)停止充電。通常與恒定電流充電配合使用。最大電流由電池決定，通常為1C。為了防止充電時(shí)電流過大導(dǎo)致電池過熱，此時(shí)電流限制是非常關(guān)鍵的。這個(gè)方法是鋰電池的基本充電和停止方案。實(shí)際鋰電池充電器往往在達(dá)

14、到最大電壓之后還繼續(xù)進(jìn)行第二階段的充電，以達(dá)到100% 的電池容量。對(duì)于NiCd 電池和NiMH 電池本方法可以作為后備的判斷停止充電方案。</p><p>　　-dV/dt – 電壓變化率這個(gè)判斷停止充電的方法利用了負(fù)的電壓變化率。對(duì)于某些類型的電池，當(dāng)電池充滿后繼續(xù)充電將導(dǎo)致電壓的下降。此時(shí)本方案就非常合適了。這個(gè)方法通常用于恒定電流充電，適用于對(duì)NiCd 電池和NiMH 電池的快速充電。</p>

15、<p>　　I – 電流當(dāng)充電電流小于某個(gè)預(yù)先設(shè)定的數(shù)值時(shí)停止充電。通常用于恒定電壓充電法。適用于SLA電池和鋰電池。</p><p>　　T – 溫度絕對(duì)溫度可以作為NiCd 電池和NiMH電池停止充電的依據(jù)，但是更適合于作為備份方案。溫度超出設(shè)定值時(shí)任何電池都得停止充電。</p><p>　　dT/dt – 溫度上升速率快速充電時(shí)溫度的變化率可以作為停止充電的依據(jù)。請(qǐng)參考

16、電池生產(chǎn)商的規(guī)范(NiCd電池的典型值為1oC/min) – 適用于NiCd 電池NiMH 電池。</p><p>　　DT – 超出環(huán)境溫度的溫度值當(dāng)電池溫度和環(huán)境溫度之差超過一定門限時(shí)需要停止充電。此方法可以作為NiCd 電池和SLA 電池停止充電的方案。在寒冷環(huán)境中充電時(shí)這個(gè)方法比絕對(duì)溫度判定法更好由于大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)往往只有一個(gè)溫度探頭，只好將充電之前的溫度作為環(huán)境溫度。</p><p>

17、;　　dV/dt = 0 – 零電壓差這個(gè)方法與-dV/dt 方法極其類似，而且在電壓不會(huì)再升高的情況下更準(zhǔn)確。 適用于NiCd電池和NiMH 電池。</p><p>　　本參考設(shè)計(jì)完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了電池充電器設(shè)計(jì)的最新技術(shù)，可以對(duì)各種流行的電池類型進(jìn)行快速充電而無須修改硬件，從而圍繞單個(gè)硬件平臺(tái)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)完整的充電器產(chǎn)品系列。只需要將新的充電算法通過ISP 下載到處理器的FLASH 存儲(chǔ)器就可以得到新的型號(hào)。很顯然，這種

18、方法可以大大縮短新產(chǎn)品上市的時(shí)間，而且只需要庫存一種硬件。本設(shè)計(jì)提供完整的適合SLA、NiCd、NiMH 和Li-Ion 電池的庫函數(shù)。</p><p>　　The design of the lithium battery charger</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Li-Ion rechargeable batteries

19、are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiC

20、ad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,</p><p>

21、　　Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter

22、using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller</p><p>　　technology. Market trends show a continual grow

23、th in all rechargeable</p><p>　　battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compar

24、ed to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both.

25、1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, d</p><p>　　the circuits to meet these requirements.</p><p>　　Along with more and more the

26、emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to re

27、fresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and atta

28、in the biggest battery capacity</p><p>　　Bad.The AVR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel AVR is curre

29、nt and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Si

30、milar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distanc</p><p>　　The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery char

31、acteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good

32、empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.</p><p>　　

33、The AVR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the softw

34、are design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the

35、 language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.</p><p>　　An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:</p><p>　　1.Seal completely

36、 the sour battery of lead( SLA)</p><p>　　2.The battery of NiCd</p><p>　　3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)</p><p>　　4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)</p><p>　　At right choice

37、 battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more

38、important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.</p><p>　　The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , ass

39、ist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for

40、 the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.</p><p>　　The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being ea

41、sy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack driv

42、e over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric </p><p>　　Battery of NiMH of from tur

43、n on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts

44、, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery</p><p>　　Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the elect

45、ric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current</p><p>　　Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the e

46、nactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.</p><p>　　The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be fi

47、lled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the

48、 time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in of damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the elect</p><p>　　Biggest ref

49、resh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,</p>

50、;<p>　　The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If</p><p>　　The electric current to flow re

51、fresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction c

52、onservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function of the heating to th

53、e battery.When electricity.Af</p><p>　　The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refres

54、h.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop</p><

55、;p>　　The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describe speaks as follows.The method of the havings of sa

56、y.</p><p>　　Time of t – this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in brief.Usually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the

57、 method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper limit.Usually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The

58、biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent°fr</p><p>　　Most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperat

59、ure to be the environment temperature.</p><p>　　DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric volt

60、age will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type qu

61、icklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity</p><p>　　However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on mar