外文翻譯---美國(guó)環(huán)保署發(fā)表的第一份超級(jí)基金年報(bào)

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　EPA Publishes First Superfund Annual Report</p><p>　　In an effort to inform the publi

2、c about the progress of the Superfund program, EPA has issued the first-ever Superfund Annual Report. The report, which is entitled FY 2004 Superfund Annual Report, highlights the environmental and financial performance

3、of the Superfund program during fiscal year (FY) 2004. The report also includes a detailed history of Superfund, outlines components of the program, and describes trends that EPA has initiated to improve the program.<

4、/p><p>　　Superfund History</p><p>　　The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) was passed by Congress in 1980 to address the dangers of abandoned or uncontrol

5、led hazardous waste sites. The legislation was enacted in response to a number of serious hazardous waste disasters that occurred in the 1970s, such as Love Canal (Niagara Falls, NY), Valley of the Drums (Kentucky), and

6、Times Beach (Missouri).</p><p>　　CERCLA gives EPA and other federal agencies the authority to respond to a release, or substantial threat of a release, of a hazardous substance into the environment. It also

7、covers releases, or potential releases, of any pollutant or contaminant that may endanger public health or the environment. </p><p>　　The law established a trust fund, called the Superfund, for EPA to use in

8、 cleaning up sites when responsible parties could not be found or were unable to pay for cleanup. The fund was financed primarily by a tax on crude oil and certain chemicals. CERCLA also allows the federal government to

9、recover its response costs from responsible parties or to compel them to clean up sites at their own expense. </p><p>　　In 1986, Congress passed the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). SARA

10、added several provisions to the original legislation.</p><p>　　Superfund Program Features</p><p>　　The Superfund program comprises several types of activities, including the following:</p>

11、<p>　　? Site assessment—EPA screens potential Superfund sites using three procedural steps:</p><p>　　—1) Preliminary assessment, which consists of the collection and review of readily available inform

12、ation;</p><p>　　—2) Site inspection, which is an onsite assessment; and</p><p>　　—3) Calculation of a score for the site using the Hazard Ranking System (HRS), which is a numerically-based scree

13、ning system that assesses the hazards a site poses to human health and the environment.</p><p>　　? National Priorities List (NPL)— Sites with HRS scores ≥28.5 may be listed on the NPL, EPA’s list of high pri

14、ority sites for action.</p><p>　　? Site response—In situations where immediate action is required, EPA may undertake short-term or emergency actions (i.e., removal actions). At sites where immediate response

15、 is not necessary, long-term cleanups (i.e., remedial actions) are taken to provide a more permanent solution. Remedial actions may take years to complete. After remedial actions are finished, long-term maintenance may b

16、e necessary to maintain the integrity of the response actions.</p><p>　　? Enforcement—CERCLA gives EPA the authority to 1) conduct cleanups and seek cost recovery from the responsible parties, 2) enter into

17、settlement agreements, or 3) issue a unilateral administrative order to force responsible parties to conduct a cleanup or pay for cleanup.</p><p>　　? Federal facilities cleanup—SARA added a provision to make

18、 CERCLA expressly applicable to federal facilities. Numerous federal facilities are listed on the NPL and many large cleanups are underway, mainly at U.S Department of Defense and U.S. Department of Energy facilities.<

19、;/p><p>　　? Community involvement and stakeholder participation—A major thrust of the Superfund process is to include community members and stakeholders in cleanup planning and implementation decisions.</p&g

20、t;<p>　　? Redevelopment and reuse—EPA’s Superfund Redevelopment Initiative offers communities assistance to identify reasonably anticipated future land uses for Superfund sites. </p><p>　　FY 2004 Acco

21、mplishments </p><p>　　Table 1 outlines EPA’s Superfund program accomplishments during FY 2004. The information is grouped into the following categories:</p><p>　　? Financial resources,</p>

22、<p>　　? Expenditures,</p><p>　　? Cost recovery,</p><p>　　? National Priorities List,</p><p>　　? Cleanup actions at Superfund sites,</p><p>　　? Removal actions, a

23、nd</p><p>　　? Federal facilities.</p><p>　　Trends Identified</p><p>　　In addition to providing information on the status of the Superfund program, the report outlines trends that EP

24、A has initiated to improve the program. These trends are outlined below.</p><p>　　Cost Management Measures</p><p>　　As the Superfund program has evolved, EPA has seen an increase in the number o

25、f complicated sites, site size, and cleanup length. This has put pressure on the Superfund budget. In FY 2004, EPA committed more than 52% of the Superfund budget to long-term, ongoing cleanup work at just nine sites. A

26、similar situation is expected in FY 2005.</p><p>　　To address the resulting budgetary shortfall, EPA has taken steps to make the program more cost efficient. These steps include the following actions:</p&

27、gt;<p>　　? EPA takes continuing steps to make sure that potentially responsible parties (PRPs) pay for, or conduct, cleanups. In FY 2004, EPA obtained $109 million from PRP settlements.</p><p>　　? His

28、torically, some funds remain attached to cleanup agreements with states and contracts with private companies for work no longer required. The agency makes efforts to deobligate prior year’s funds from these agreements an

29、d contracts. The recaptured funds are used for long-term construction, site investigation, remedy selection, emergency response, and other activities.</p><p>　　? The agency is working to increase the efficie

30、ncy and effectiveness of remedies by reviewing and improving high cost remedies and paying careful attention to design and operation. Specifically, EPA has:</p><p>　　—Created the Contaminated Sediments Techn

31、ical Advisory Group. This group of EPA experts monitors the progress at large, complex, or controversial contaminated sediment Superfund sites and provides advice to EPA regions in order to help control costs.</p>

32、<p>　　—Updated remedies based on changes in science, technology, or new information. For instance, in FY 2003, EPA updated 60 remedies, saving an estimated $85 million.</p><p>　　—Developed new cost est

33、imating tools for use during design.</p><p>　　—Reviewed and modified contaminated groundwater treatment systems.</p><p>　　? Finally, EPA is using new, more effective technologies for site manage

34、ment. For instance, the agency is exploring the use of the Triad Approach that involves 1) systematic project planning, 2) dynamic work plan strategies, and 3) real-time measurement technologies for site investigation. S

35、ince this approach uses more real-time sample analysis and decision making, it can potentially reduce costs and cleanup time.</p><p>　　PRP Settlements</p><p>　　EPA continues to actively pursue P

36、RP settlements to pay for Superfund cleanup and removal actions. For every case where EPA’s total past costs exceed $200,000, the agency attempts to either settle with the PRPs, file a claim against them, or formally doc

37、ument its reasons for waiving cost recovery before the statute of limitations expire. </p><p>　　The agency also seeks cash out settlements, which are cash payments in resolution of liability for past and fut

38、ure costs, that designate funds to a special, interest-bearing account. The number of settlements creating site specific special accounts has increased over the last five years. In FY 2004, 106 special accounts were crea

39、ted.</p><p>　　Private party cleanup commitments are also sought. In FY 2004, EPA negotiated $523 million in private party commitments for future response work, including cash outs, and $157 million in privat

40、e party commitments for EPA’s past costs. Private party commitments have increased steadily from FY 2001, when they totaled $20 billion, to $22.8 billion in FY 2004.</p><p>　　In Situ Remediation</p>&

41、lt;p>　　In order to efficiently target contaminants and decrease cleanup time, EPA has been selecting in situ remediation at more and more Superfund sites. In situ methods also reduce operation and maintenance costs, a

42、nd effectively treat contaminants that are hard to remediate (e.g., dense nonaqueous phase liquids, chlorinated solvents). The percentage of groundwater records of decision that specified in situ remediation increased st

43、eadily from FY 1986 through FY 2002.</p><p>　　Reducing Human Health Threats</p><p>　　In FY 2004, the Superfund program protected human health through response actions that reduced current, direc

44、t human exposures to contaminants. At the end of FY 2004, human exposures were under control at 83% of affected NPL sites (i.e., 1,242 of 1,493 sites with human health exposures). At these sites, protective controls are

45、in place to prevent any unacceptable human exposures under current land and groundwater use.</p><p>　　Outlook for FY 2005</p><p>　　According to EPA, the Superfund program faces a backlog of new

46、cleanup projects ready to begin construction. Meanwhile, there are several large and complex ongoing projects that require large amounts of resources. The projected FY 2005 needs will exceed appropriated funding levels.

47、Therefore, EPA must continue to rely on debilitations and carryover to fund new projects.</p><p>　　Due to the funding dilemma, EPA is stepping up its efforts to get PRPs to pay for site work. This includes e

48、ncouraging PRPs to conduct site activities earlier in the cleanup process (i.e., at the remedial investigation/ feasibility study stage). EPA is also working to strengthen financial assurance requirements for operating h

49、azardous waste sites (and PRPs doing work at NPL sites). This will help ensure that money is available in the future for site closure and maintenance. Furthermore, the agen</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b><

50、;/p><p>　　美國(guó)環(huán)保署發(fā)表的第一份超級(jí)基金年報(bào)</p><p>　　為了努力向市民告知超級(jí)基金計(jì)劃的進(jìn)展情況，美國(guó)環(huán)保署發(fā)表了有史以來(lái)第一份超級(jí)基金年報(bào)。該報(bào)告的題目是2004超級(jí)基金年度報(bào)告，重點(diǎn)介紹了2004年度超級(jí)基金的環(huán)境和財(cái)政計(jì)劃。該報(bào)告還包括了超級(jí)基金的詳細(xì)歷史記錄和方案組成，并描述了美國(guó)環(huán)保署的計(jì)劃改善趨勢(shì)。</p><p><b>　　

51、一、超級(jí)基金的歷史</b></p><p>　　1980年經(jīng)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的《綜合環(huán)境反應(yīng)賠償和責(zé)任法》，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《環(huán)境法》，目的是為了處理遺棄物或不受控制的危險(xiǎn)物的威脅。該法律的頒布減少了嚴(yán)重危害物的數(shù)量，例如20世紀(jì)70年代的尼亞加拉大瀑布，肯塔基州山谷和密蘇里州發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重危險(xiǎn)物的侵害。</p><p>　　《環(huán)境法》賦予美國(guó)環(huán)保署和其他聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)一個(gè)反對(duì)排放有害物質(zhì)的權(quán)力，他包括

52、任何污染物的排放，和可能危機(jī)公眾健康的潛在污染物的排放。</p><p>　　法律設(shè)立了一項(xiàng)信托基金，稱(chēng)為超級(jí)基金，用于無(wú)法找到環(huán)保責(zé)任方或責(zé)任方無(wú)法支付清理費(fèi)用時(shí)使用的環(huán)?；?。該基金的資金來(lái)源主要是一些原油和化學(xué)品稅，環(huán)境法還允許政府從責(zé)任方收回環(huán)境成本，或利用一些手段迫使他們自費(fèi)清理費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　1986年，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了超級(jí)基金的修正和重新授權(quán)，宗教局還增加了一些新的

53、規(guī)定到原有法例中。</p><p>　　二、超級(jí)基金的計(jì)劃特點(diǎn)</p><p>　　超級(jí)基金計(jì)劃包括了多種類(lèi)型，主要有以下內(nèi)容：</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┈F(xiàn)場(chǎng)評(píng)估——美國(guó)環(huán)保署網(wǎng)站使用超級(jí)基金的三個(gè)步驟：</p><p>　　1、初步評(píng)估，是對(duì)收集的現(xiàn)成資料的審查；</p><p>　　2、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)評(píng)估，這是一個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查

54、；</p><p>　　3、使用在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)排序系統(tǒng) (HRS)，這是一個(gè)基于數(shù)值的篩選系統(tǒng)，評(píng)估危險(xiǎn)站點(diǎn)的得分，以計(jì)算對(duì)人類(lèi)健康和環(huán)境的影響。</p><p>　　國(guó)家優(yōu)先項(xiàng)目清單——危險(xiǎn)站點(diǎn)的得分大于28.5的網(wǎng)站可能會(huì)被列出，環(huán)保署根據(jù)站點(diǎn)列表采取行動(dòng)。</p><p>　　場(chǎng)地響應(yīng)——在那些需要立即采取行動(dòng)的情況下，美國(guó)環(huán)保署可能采取短期或緊急行動(dòng)（即，遣返行動(dòng)）

55、。在站點(diǎn)，立即反應(yīng)是沒(méi)有必要的，長(zhǎng)期的清理（即補(bǔ)救措施）是為提供更持久的解決辦法。補(bǔ)救行動(dòng)可能需要幾年時(shí)間才能完成。完成補(bǔ)救行動(dòng)后，長(zhǎng)期維護(hù)可以維持響應(yīng)行動(dòng)的完整性。</p><p>　?。ǘ﹫?zhí)法——環(huán)境法賦予環(huán)保署的權(quán)利：1）進(jìn)行清理，并要求責(zé)任方負(fù)擔(dān)清理成本；2）簽訂和解協(xié)議；3）發(fā)出單方面的行政命令，強(qiáng)制責(zé)任方進(jìn)行清理或支付清理費(fèi)用。</p><p>　?。ㄈ┞?lián)邦設(shè)施清理——宗教

56、局增加了明確規(guī)定，使環(huán)境法適用于聯(lián)邦設(shè)施。許多聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)都在清理不良貸款和大清理，主要是美國(guó)國(guó)防部和美國(guó)能源設(shè)施不。</p><p>　　（四）社區(qū)參與和利益相關(guān)者的參與——設(shè)立超級(jí)基金的主要目的是在規(guī)劃和實(shí)施決策清理社區(qū)成員和利益相關(guān)者。</p><p>　?。ㄎ澹┲亟ê驮倮谩h(huán)保署的超級(jí)基金為社區(qū)重建計(jì)劃提供援助，以確定合理預(yù)期的超級(jí)基金場(chǎng)址。</p><p>

57、;　　三、2004年度的主要成就</p><p>　　在此列出了2004年度美國(guó)環(huán)保署的超級(jí)基金計(jì)劃的成就。該成就主要分為以下幾類(lèi)：</p><p><b>　　1、財(cái)政資源；</b></p><p><b>　　2、支出；</b></p><p><b>　　3、收回成本；</b&

58、gt;</p><p>　　4、國(guó)家優(yōu)先項(xiàng)目清單；</p><p>　　5、超級(jí)基金場(chǎng)址的清理行動(dòng)；</p><p><b>　　6、遣返行動(dòng)；</b></p><p><b>　　7、聯(lián)邦設(shè)施。</b></p><p><b>　　四、確定的趨勢(shì)</b>

59、;</p><p>　　除了提供關(guān)于超級(jí)基金計(jì)劃的狀態(tài)信息，該報(bào)告還概述了美國(guó)環(huán)保署發(fā)起的改善方案趨勢(shì)。這些趨勢(shì)概述如下：</p><p><b>　?。ㄒ唬┏杀竟芾泶胧?lt;/b></p><p>　　由于超級(jí)基金計(jì)劃的不斷演變，美國(guó)環(huán)保署在網(wǎng)站的大小，長(zhǎng)度的增加和清理方面出現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)，這對(duì)超級(jí)基金預(yù)算施加了壓力。在2004財(cái)政年度，美國(guó)環(huán)保局承諾了

60、九個(gè)場(chǎng)址超過(guò)52％的超級(jí)基金預(yù)算，致力于長(zhǎng)期的清理工作。類(lèi)似的情況，預(yù)計(jì)在2005財(cái)政年度。</p><p>　　為了解決由此產(chǎn)生的預(yù)算短缺，美國(guó)環(huán)保署已采取措施，使方案更具成本效益。這些措施包括了以下行動(dòng)：</p><p>　　1、美國(guó)環(huán)保署繼續(xù)采取措施，確保潛在責(zé)任方進(jìn)行清理或支付清理費(fèi)用。2004年度，美國(guó)環(huán)保署索取了覆檢委員會(huì)1.09億美元。</p><p>

61、;　　2、由歷史來(lái)看，一些基金保持連續(xù)的狀態(tài)，并不再需要與私營(yíng)公司簽訂清理協(xié)議。該機(jī)構(gòu)作出努力，使私營(yíng)公司前一年就繳納協(xié)議和合同的資金。收取的資金主要用于長(zhǎng)期建設(shè)，實(shí)地調(diào)查，緊急應(yīng)變以及其他活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　3、該機(jī)構(gòu)正致力于增加審查和補(bǔ)救措施大的成本，并密切注意設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)行效率和補(bǔ)救措施效力，具體來(lái)說(shuō)，美國(guó)環(huán)保署有：1）創(chuàng)建了污染底泥技術(shù)咨詢小組。這個(gè)環(huán)保專(zhuān)家小組主要是監(jiān)測(cè)大型的、復(fù)雜的或有爭(zhēng)議的超級(jí)基金

62、場(chǎng)址的污染成績(jī)無(wú)的清理，并向環(huán)保署提供咨詢意見(jiàn)，幫助控制成本。2）基于科學(xué)、技術(shù)和信息的變化或更新的補(bǔ)救措施，例如2003年度，美國(guó)環(huán)保署更新了60%的補(bǔ)救措施，大約節(jié)省了8500萬(wàn)美元。3）在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中開(kāi)發(fā)新的成本估算工具。4）檢修受污染的地下水處理系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　4、最后，環(huán)保署正在使用新的，更有效的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理技術(shù)。該機(jī)構(gòu)正在探討的方法涉及到三合會(huì)調(diào)查方法的使用，1）系統(tǒng)的項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃；2）動(dòng)態(tài)工作計(jì)劃

63、策略；3）現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查的實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量技術(shù)。由于這種方法使用了更多的實(shí)時(shí)采樣分析和決策，它可以潛在地降低成本和清理時(shí)間。</p><p>　?。ǘ撛谪?zé)任方的清理責(zé)任</p><p>　　環(huán)保署繼續(xù)積極推進(jìn)潛在責(zé)任方的清理和遣返行動(dòng)。在過(guò)去，環(huán)保署每一次的總費(fèi)用超過(guò)20萬(wàn)美元?，F(xiàn)在，環(huán)保署試圖與潛在責(zé)任方進(jìn)行結(jié)算，在正式文件到期前進(jìn)行索賠。</p><p>　　環(huán)保署還要求

64、對(duì)過(guò)去和未來(lái)的決議費(fèi)用使用現(xiàn)款結(jié)算，劃入一個(gè)特殊的計(jì)息賬戶，在過(guò)去五年，專(zhuān)用賬戶的數(shù)目在不斷增加。在2004年，共創(chuàng)建了106個(gè)專(zhuān)用賬戶。</p><p>　　此外，還尋求私人當(dāng)事方的清理承諾。在2004年度，美國(guó)環(huán)保署通過(guò)談判，共獲得523萬(wàn)美元的私人資金，以支持環(huán)保清理工作，包括逾157萬(wàn)美元的現(xiàn)金。私人責(zé)任人承諾資金從2001年度的總額200億美元，到2004年度達(dá)228億美元的增加。</p>

65、<p><b>　　（三）現(xiàn)場(chǎng)修復(fù)</b></p><p>　　為了有效地減少污染物和清理時(shí)間，環(huán)保署在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)修復(fù)中中選擇越來(lái)越多的超級(jí)基金站點(diǎn)，以降低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本和維護(hù)費(fèi)用，有效清理污染物。地下水的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)修復(fù)比例從1986年到2002年穩(wěn)步上升。</p><p>　?。ㄋ模p少對(duì)人類(lèi)健康的威脅</p><p>　　在2004財(cái)政年度中，通

66、過(guò)超級(jí)基金計(jì)劃的保障響應(yīng)行動(dòng)，減少了污染物對(duì)人類(lèi)健康的威脅，避免人類(lèi)直接接觸到污染物。截至2004年度結(jié)束時(shí)，在防護(hù)控制程序的保護(hù)下，防止83%以上的人類(lèi)暴露在現(xiàn)行的土地和地下水的污染下。</p><p>　　五、對(duì)2005年度的展望</p><p>　　美國(guó)環(huán)保局的超級(jí)基金計(jì)劃的一系列新的凈化工程開(kāi)始施工，與此同時(shí)，有幾個(gè)龐大而復(fù)雜并且需要大量資源的項(xiàng)目也在同步進(jìn)行。由于2005年的預(yù)計(jì)