外文翻譯--利用熱電偶測量50噸金屬陶瓷鋯硼化物端蓋轉(zhuǎn)爐中的金屬均值溫度

1、<p><b>　　中文1778字</b></p><p>　　利用熱電偶測量50噸金屬陶瓷鋯硼化物端蓋轉(zhuǎn)爐中的金屬均值溫度</p><p>　　鋼的質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量在轉(zhuǎn)爐冶煉過程中的生產(chǎn)效率取決于對金屬的溫度控制程度。因此，在整個流程中必需控制實時溫度。</p><p>　　用熱電偶測量溫度是測量液態(tài)金屬溫度最有效的方法。熱電偶測試在工業(yè)

2、條件下的一個50噸轉(zhuǎn)爐中進行熱電偶測試，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)計量特性最穩(wěn)定的熱電偶是PR30 / 6熱電偶。所有后續(xù)實驗，與此熱電偶有關(guān)。</p><p>　　為了防止液態(tài)金屬破壞熱電偶，我們使用三層氣密端蓋。三層氣密端蓋是用耐熱鋯硼化物制作的。鋯硼化物端蓋耐久性由化學(xué)作用而產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)對它們的腐蝕和流動金屬流動的侵蝕造成的磨損所決定。它們的高耐火度和化學(xué)性質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定性是由化合物中的強化學(xué)鍵和價電子所決定。其中硼化物由是內(nèi)部元素

3、的原子中不完整電子層的電子和晶體晶格中的硼原子組成。</p><p>　　許多的氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐鋯硼化物端蓋損耗嚴重，因為有非均勻加熱金屬，使反應(yīng)區(qū)溫度可能會超過2500℃。在這種流動的狀態(tài)下，它有時可能使帶有硼化物端蓋的轉(zhuǎn)換器與金屬渣進行接觸。</p><p>　　該轉(zhuǎn)換器產(chǎn)生的爐渣含有氧化亞鐵（FeO），它構(gòu)成了中間化合物，在轉(zhuǎn)移過程中金屬里面大量的雜質(zhì)被空氣中氧氣氧化。被氧化的雜質(zhì)氧化性比較

4、高而鋯及硼有還原性，在溫度為800℃左右鋯及硼不會被氧化，如果溫度超過1600℃鋯及硼會被氧化（這是在轉(zhuǎn)換器的情況下），其耐火度降低。在鋯硼化物端蓋表面，形成氧化鋯，是一種破壞臭氧層的氧化物，所以要隨時清洗，因此該端蓋的保護成為主要問題。</p><p>　　設(shè)計轉(zhuǎn)換器和50噸轉(zhuǎn)爐時，應(yīng)該將熱電偶通過金屬套管固定在轉(zhuǎn)換器的低圓錐形部分內(nèi)層。在墨西哥社會環(huán)境保護協(xié)會中展出了由烏克蘭和蘇維埃社會主義共和國的科學(xué)家共同

5、開發(fā)了新的方法，他們是通過在轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部和爐渣之間插入熱電偶的方法來避免鋯硼化物的氧化。</p><p>　　該鋯硼化物端蓋被封裝在一個狹窄的剛玉管內(nèi)，并在剛玉管的一端，由一個蓋帽來蓋住。這種保護手段，使熱電偶在一個金屬管內(nèi)進行測溫。在第一次實驗中，剛玉端蓋因長時間工作，已經(jīng)被液態(tài)金屬所封閉。有關(guān)的疑慮是，通過剛玉端蓋液態(tài)金屬的可能進入剛玉管而與熱電偶接觸。</p><p>　　在第一次安

6、裝熱電偶實驗時，鐵水滲透到剛玉端蓋內(nèi)，當它凝固時，密封了剛玉管，從而自動封裝了熱電偶。受到剛玉管保護的熱電偶在安裝拆卸，高溫加熱和與含水量高的耐火粘土接觸時不會受到損壞。</p><p>　　一塊導(dǎo)流板，一塊或兩塊以上的突起磚與端蓋兩邊的耐火磚組成結(jié)構(gòu)是為了保護剛玉管不受到損壞</p><p>　　正如所料，在金屬液體含量較低時，金屬液體液面位于靠近轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部那里，熱電偶容易被氧化。在低

7、于200毫米的深度這個水平時，在金屬表面持續(xù)5-8分鐘就被氧化。在320毫米的水平，持續(xù)15至19分鐘。在安裝轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部，最終使整個冶煉過程中熱電偶性能穩(wěn)定。</p><p>　　通過建立的調(diào)查，與爐渣的化學(xué)反應(yīng)相比，液體的流動對金屬端蓋耐久性的影響是微不足道的。該端蓋從轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部安裝到耐火磚里面減少與流動液體的接觸，這并不能提高金屬端蓋耐久性。</p><p>　　把熱電偶插入到測試

8、地點時，我們應(yīng)該確定轉(zhuǎn)換器的溫度控制在哪個層次。在轉(zhuǎn)換器對流空氣中含有氧氣的基礎(chǔ)上，我們假設(shè)液態(tài)金屬流量和金屬溫度在轉(zhuǎn)換器的外圍是均勻的，由于熱電偶的金屬管安裝在不同的位置，在冷卻添加外加劑的時刻開始，也是在金屬溫度迅速變化，也是由溫度變低使空氣產(chǎn)生對流的過程中，熱電偶安裝在距離320和800毫米的轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部是否被氧化，</p><p>　　該熱電偶金屬管安裝在不同深度的位置上，幾乎沒有產(chǎn)生對金屬溫度產(chǎn)生任何影

9、響的，熱電偶安裝在靠近金屬表面有微小的冷卻補充作用。</p><p>　　因此，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)對于有硼化物端蓋的熱電偶，安裝在50噸轉(zhuǎn)換器最合適的測量區(qū)，是距離轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部200-500毫米處。事實證明，澆注已后的鋼可能仍然存在影響端蓋的爐渣。對于確定動態(tài)誤差的測量，我們平常使用的熱電偶方法是放置在端蓋底部，使暴露于復(fù)雜的熱交環(huán)境中。</p><p>　　冶煉過程中控制溫度，以防止溫度過高，并把

10、金屬澆注時溫度下降一些。在此期間，溫度變化率是在10℃-40℃/min的范圍內(nèi)變化，動態(tài)誤差將在7-30℃的范圍內(nèi)。但是，通過這些信息，在動態(tài)誤差校正的理論上可以很容易地得出誤差減少到可以忽略不計。</p><p>　　恒溫的熱電偶自由端控制具有特殊的重要性。對溫度的依賴，轉(zhuǎn)換器的外殼，在上述兩哥方面是在轉(zhuǎn)換器的操作就開始固定。外殼溫度達到400℃時，第一個實驗中在自由端恒溫控制是借助的是空氣流動，它的目的是為了

11、在一個特殊的金屬管內(nèi)引入的空氣。后來的恒溫控制是借助了水箱冷卻方法，使用一種銅合金（99.4%銅和0.6％鎳）。在同一時間，在補償?shù)淖杂啥丝刂频臒犭娕甲杂啥藴囟入娐返碾娮柚到档汀?lt;/p><p>　　MEASUREMENT OF THE METAL TEMPERATURE</p><p>　　IN 50-TON CONVERTERS BY MEANS OF HERMOCOUPLES<

12、/p><p>　　PROTECTED BY CERMET ZIRCONIUM-BORIDE END CAPS</p><p>　　S. M. Serdyuk, M. I. Korobko, S. K. Sobolev,</p><p>　　A. S. Sizenko, B. K. Kachur, and K. R. Vlasov</p><p>

13、　　Institute of Automation of the State Planning Commission, Ukr. SSR,</p><p>　　and Institute of Problems in the Study of Materials, Academy of Sciences, Ukr. SSR</p><p>　　Translated from Poroshk

14、ovaya Metallurgiya, No. 1 (19),</p><p>　　pp. 91-95, January-February, 1964</p><p>　　Original article submitted September 6, 1968</p><p>　　The quality of steel and the output and eff

15、iciency of converter production during the smelting process depend to a considerable extent on the metal temperature. Therefore, continuous temperature control is necessary during the blowing-through process.</p>

16、<p>　　Measurement by means of thermocouples is considered to be the most efficient method for measuring the temperature of the liquid metal. A tungsten-molybdenum, a tungsten-molybdenum with aluminum (Central Scient

17、ific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy), a platinorhodium-platinum, and a platinorhodium-platinum PR 30/6 thermocouple were tested during the operation of a 50-ton converter under industrial conditions. It was fou

18、nd that the most stable thermocouple with the necessary metrological ch</p><p>　　In order to protect the thermocouple from destruction by liquid metal, we used three-layer gastight end caps, which were devel

19、oped on the basis of heat-resistant zirconium-boride cases. The durability of zirconium-boride end caps was basically determined with respect to the chemical action wh

20、ich the stag exerted on them and with respect to the erosion wear caused by metal flow. It is known [1, 2] that zirconium-boride end caps can be exposed t</p><p>　　The operating conditions of zirconium-borid

21、e end caps are more severe in an oxygen converter, since there are large convection currents of nonuniformly heated metal (local overheatings are possible), and the temperature in the reaction zone :may exceed 2500 ~ C.

22、As a result of this flow, it is possible that the end cap sometimes comes into contact with the converter slag carried by the metal.</p><p>　　The converter reduction slag contains a large amount of ferrous o

23、xide FeO, which constitutes the intermediate compound that transfers the oxygen from the gaseous phase to the interior of the metal for the oxidation of impurities. The slag activity with respect to oxygen is very high.

24、Zirconium and boron have an affinity to oxygen and are actively oxidized at temperatures as low as 800~ If the slag temperature exceeds 1600 ~ C (which is the case in the converter), the end cap material, regardless</

25、p><p>　　The design of the converter proper and the caisson of the 50-ton converter are such that the thermocouple can be introduced into the metal only through the casing and the lining of the converter's l

26、ower conical part (Fig. 1). In* The zirconium-boride cases were developed at IMSS, Academy of Sciences, Ukr. SSR, under the supervision of G. V. Samsonov, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences, Ukr. SSR.order to test

27、 the resistance of the end caps in the metal, they were inserted through the linin</p><p>　　The thermoelectrodes were encased in a narrow alundum tube (Fig. 2), and the junction was place in an alundum end c

28、ap, which was protected by means of a zirconiumboride cap, after which the thermocouple was place in a metallic tube. After the first experiments, the alundum end cap was made longer in order to protect the thermoeouple

29、from shorting by the metal that has penetrated the lining. The misgivings concerning the possibility of the metal escaping through the entrance opening were not just</p><p>　　During the first melting after t

30、he thermocouple was installed, the molten iron penetrated the thermoeouple entrance opening, sometimes even appearing on the outside of the casing, but it solidified, thereby "automatically" sealing the thermoc

31、ouple. The metallic tube protected the thermocouple from damage during the laying and heating of the lining and also from the moisture in refractory clay.</p><p>　　A deflector (Fig. 2, 1) consisting of one o

32、r two bricks was provided above the protruding end cap in order to protect it from being damaged by a piece of brick in laying</p><p>　　the upper rows of lining, a piece of ore, or a piece of lime when cooli

33、ng additions are introduced in the bath.</p><p>　　As was expected, the resistance of the end pieces was greater when theywere located closer to the converter's bottom where the amount of slag emulsion in

34、 the metal was lower. End caps mounted at the metal surface lasted 5-8 min. At a depth of 200 mm below this level, they lasted 15-19 min. At a level of 320 mm from the converter's bottom, the end caps lasted througho

35、ut the entire smelting process.</p><p>　　It has been established by investigations that, in comparison with the chemical action of slag, the effect of metal convection flow on the durability of end caps is n

36、egligible. The end caps fitted into the lining (Fig, 1, 3) were screened from the flow by refractory brick. This did not improve their resistance.</p><p>　　Simultaneously with testing the resistance of end c

37、aps at the insertion place, we determined the degree to which the temperature readings were representative of the temperature of the converter bath. On the basis of the converter's symmetry with respect to the oxygen

38、 stream, we assumed that the convective metal flow and the metal temperature were uniform along the converter's perimeter. With the thermocouples installed at different levels in the metal zone, we recorded the begin

39、ning and the rate</p><p>　　The placement of the thermocouple at different depths in the metal hardly exerted any influence on the riseof the metal temperature during the blowing-through process (Fig. 3). The

40、 thermocouples installed closer to the metal surface were found to be more sensitive to the action of cooling additions. </p><p>　　Thus, it was found that, for zirconinm-boride end caps, the most suitable me

41、asurement zone in 50-ton converters is the region within 200-500 mm from the converter's bottom. The lower limit is determined by the fact that the slag that has remained after the pouring of steel may affect the res

42、istance of the end caps. For determining the dynamic measurement error, we used the average time constant of the thermocouple, which was placed in the end cap and exposed to complex heat exchange conditions.</p>&

43、lt;p>　　The information on temperature is used during the second half of smelting in order to prevent overheating and to bring the metal to the assigned pouring temperature. During this period, the temperature variatio

44、n rate lies within 10- 40~ so that the dynamic error will be in the 7-a0 ~ range. However, by feeding this information to a computer, a theoretical correction for the dynamic error can readily be introduced and the error

45、 reduced to a negligible quantity.</p><p>　　Thermostatic control of the thermocouple's free ends is of special importance. In dependence on its heating, the converter's Casing, where the above ends a

46、re fastened at the beginning of the converter's operation, can have a temperature of 70-150" C along the lining. At the end Of operation, the casing temperature attains 400"C. In the first experiments, the

47、thermostatic control of the free ends was effected by means of a stream of air, for which the ends were introduced in a special tube. Later</p><p><b>　　URE CITED</b></p><p>　　1.G. V.

48、 Samsonov, P. S. Kislyi, A. D. Panasyuk, A. G. Strel'ehenko, I. G. Khavrunyak, and G. N. Serikova,</p><p>　　Ogneupory, No. 2 (1961).</p><p>　　2.V. S. Kocho, A. G. Strel'chenko, and I. G.

49、 Khavrunyak, Coll.: Complex Automation of Steel Production in</p><p>　　Martin Furnaces [in Russian] (1963).</p><p>　　3.S, G. Manas'ev, Investigation of the Bessemer Process [in Russian], Met

50、allurgizdat, Moscow (1957).</p><p>　　4.I. P. Bardin, S. G. Afanas'ev, M. M. Shumov, and Z. D. I~psl~tein, Use of Oxygen in the Converter Production</p><p>　　of Steel [in Russian], Metallurgi

51、zdat, Moscow (1959).</p><p>　　5.G. V. Samsonov, High-Melting Compounds [in Russian], Metallurgizdat, Moscow (1963).</p><p>　　6.H. Trenkler, Ein Jahr L.-D Stahl Voest (1953).</p><p>