巴雷特m82狙擊步槍外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Barrett M82</p><p>　　The M82 is a recoil-operated, semi-automatic anti-materiel rifle developed by the American Barrett Firearms Manufacturing. A heavy SASR (Special Application Scoped Rifle), it

2、is used by many units and armies around the world. It is also called the "Light Fifty" for its .50 caliber BMG (12.7 mm) chambering. The weapon is found in two variants—the original M82A1 (and A3) and the

3、bullpup M82A2. The M82A2 is no longer manufactured, though the XM500 can be seen as its successor, in that it also emplo</p><p>　　Barrett Firearms Manufacturing was founded by Ronnie Barrett for the single p

4、urpose of building semi-automatic rifles chambered for the powerful 12.7×99mm NATO (.50 BMG) ammunition, originally developed for and used in M2 Browning machine guns. Barrett began his work in the early 1980s and t

5、he first working rifles were available in 1982, hence the designation M82. Barrett designed every single part of the weapon personally and then went on to market the weapon and mass produce it out of his own </p>

6、<p>　　The first conventional military success was the sale of about 100 M82A1 rifles to the Swedish Army in 1989. Major success followed in 1990, when the United States armed forces purchased significant numbers of

7、the M82A1 during operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in Kuwait and Iraq. About 125 rifles were initially bought by the United States Marine Corps, and orders from Army and Air Force soon followed. The M82A1 is know

8、n by the US military as the SASR—"Special Applications Scoped Rifle", a</p><p>　　Further development led to the M82A2 bullpup rifle in 1987, which was a reduced-recoil design to be fired from the s

9、houlder. It failed to make an impression on the world firearms market, and was soon dropped from production. However, in 2006, Barrett completed development of the XM500, which has a bullpup configuration similar to the

10、M82A2. </p><p>　　The latest derivative of the M82 family is the M82A1M rifle, adopted by U.S. Marine Corps as the M82A3 SASR and bought in large numbers. This rifle differs from M82A1 in that it has a full l

11、ength Picatinny rail that allows a wide variety of scopes and sighting devices to be mounted on the rifle. Other changes are the addition of a rear monopod, slightly lightened mechanism, and detachable bipod and muzzle b

12、rake.</p><p>　　Another variant of the original weapon is the M82A1A Special Application Scoped Rifle, an almost identical model but specifically designed to fire the Raufoss Mk 211 Mod 0 round, a type of API

13、 (Armour Piercing Incendiary) ammunition.</p><p>　　Barrett M82 rifles were bought by various military and police forces from at least 30 countries, such as Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

14、Greece, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, the Netherlands,[2] Norway, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and others. The M82 also is widely used for civilian .50 caliber lo

15、ng range shooting competitions, being fired accurately out to 3,000 feet (910 m) and even farther.</p><p>　　The United States Coast Guard Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron uses a version of

16、 the Barrett M82 to disable the engines of go-fast boats carrying illegal drugs. Similarly, Barrett M82 rifles have attracted attention from law enforcement agencies; they have been adopted by the New York City Police De

17、partment. If it becomes necessary to immobilize a vehicle, a .50 BMG round in the engine block will shut it down quickly. If it is necessary to breach barriers, a .50 BMG round will penetrate</p><p>　　Accord

18、ing to the documentary The Brooklyn Connection, M82s smuggled into Kosovo by sympathizers in the United States have quickly become popular long range sniper rifles in the Kosovo Liberation Army. In Northern Ireland durin

19、g the 1990s, the South Armagh Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) used Barrett rifles against the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary police.</p><p>　　As a side note, the Barre

20、tt M82A1 rifle was used in 2002 as a platform for the experimental OSW (Objective Sniper Weapon) prototype. This weapon was fitted with a shorter barrel of 25 mm caliber, and fired high explosive shells developed fo

21、r the 25×59 mm OCSW (Objective Crew Served Weapon) automatic grenade launcher. The experimental OSW showed an increased effectiveness against various targets, but the recoil was beyond human limitations. This w

22、eapon, also known as the Barrett "Payload Rifle", </p><p>　　Technical description</p><p>　　The M82 is a short recoil semi-automatic firearm. When the gun is fired, the barrel initially

23、 recoils for a short distance (about 1 in/25 mm) being securely locked by the rotating bolt. After the short travel, a post on the bolt engaged in the curved cam track in the receiver turns the bolt to unlock i

24、t from the barrel. As soon as the bolt unlocks, the accelerator arm strikes it back, transferring part of the recoil energy of the barrel to the bolt to achieve reliable cycling. Then the barrel is</p><p>　　

25、The receiver is made from two parts (upper and lower), stamped from sheet steel and connected by cross-pins. The heavy barrel is fluted to improve heat dissipation and save weight, and fitted with a large and effective r

26、eactive muzzle brake. On the earlier models the muzzle brakes had a round cross-section; later M82 rifles are equipped with two-chamber brakes of rectangular cross-section.</p><p>　　M82A1 rifles are fitted w

27、ith scope mount and folding backup iron sights, should the glass scope break. The U.S. military M82 rifles are often equipped with Leupold Mark 4 telescopic sights. The M82A1M (USMC M82A3) rifles have long Picatinny acce

28、ssory rails mounted and US Optics telescopic sights. Every M82 rifle is equipped with a folding carrying handle and a folding bipod (both are detachable on the M82A3). The M82A3 is also fitted with a detachable rear mono

29、pod under the butt. The buttpad is </p><p>　　The M82A2 differed from M82A1 mostly in its configuration—that the pistol grip along with trigger had been placed ahead of the magazine, and the buttpad has been

30、placed below the receiver, just after the magazine. An additional forward grip was added below the receiver, and the scope mount has been moved forward too.</p><p>　　The maximum range of this weapon (specifi

31、cally the M107 variant) is 7,450 yards (6,812m). The maximum effective range of the M107 is 2,000 yards (1,829m). This is, in fact, the distance as quoted in the owner's manual that should be allowed downrange for bu

32、llet travel. Fifty caliber (and larger) rounds have the potential to travel great distances if fired in an artillery-like fashion, necessitating the observance of large safety margins when firing on a range.</p>&

33、lt;p>　　巴雷特M82狙擊步槍</p><p>　　巴雷特M82是由美國巴瑞特火器制造公司生產的一種利用后坐力操縱的、半自動的反器材步槍。作為重型SASR(特殊用途狙擊步槍) 被世界多個國家的軍隊和警察單位使用。美軍昵稱“輕50”，因為其使用M2重機槍的大口徑.50 BMG（12.7x99 mm）彈藥。</p><p>　　此槍有兩種衍生型—原本的M82A1（A3）和采用無托式設

34、計以便于攜帶的M82A2，隨后的XM500也繼承它的設計理念，使用了無托式設計。</p><p>　　M82是由朗尼·巴雷特（Ronnie Barrett）發(fā)明，唯一的目標是以使用12.7×99mm NATO（0.50 BMG）口徑彈藥來發(fā)展的一套半自動狙擊步槍方案，該彈藥最初用于開發(fā)勃朗寧M2HB重機槍。巴雷特在20世紀80年代初開始了他的工作，之后在1982年造出第一把樣槍，命名為M82。

35、巴雷特親自設計了步槍的每一個部分，然后又繼續(xù)對武器進行上市和大規(guī)模生產都是自己掏腰包的。20世紀80年代他繼續(xù)開發(fā)步槍，并且于1986年開發(fā)了改進版M82A1。</p><p>　　第一張成功推銷的軍用訂單是瑞典于1989年采購100支M82A1，而最大而又成功的訂單緊接在1990年，美軍購買了大量M82A1用于科威特的沙漠之盾和沙漠風暴行動中攻擊伊拉克軍，125支步槍最先被美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊購買，陸軍和空軍的訂購也

36、隨之而來。M82A1被美軍稱為SASR—“特殊用途狙擊步槍”，可以并始終被用于反器材攻擊和爆炸物處理(EOD)。M82具有超過1500米的有效射程，搭配高能彈藥，可以有效摧毀雷達站、卡車、停放的戰(zhàn)斗機等目標，如挪威諾霍斯 Mk 211穿甲燃燒彈，因此也稱為“反器材步槍”。 M82也可以在防區(qū)外用來攻擊敵人，或者對抗掩護下的目標。然而，殺人并不是M82最主要的用途。（或者其它的類似的.50BMG步槍也是一樣）。由此產生了這樣一種誤解，許多

37、條約禁止使用.50BMG用于攻擊人，射擊教官建議新兵僅用.50口徑瞄準人員的非要害或是身上的裝備。然而，美國陸軍將軍辦公室頒布一條命令，.50口徑和諾霍斯 Mk 211彈藥可以用來對付人員。</p><p>　　更先進的M82A2無托式步槍于1987年研發(fā)成功，降低后座力的設計使其可以手持抵肩射擊而不必使用兩腳架，但M82A2沒有成功打入世界火器市場，很快停產。然而2006年，巴雷特開始研發(fā)XM500，它的無托式

38、設計類似于M82A2。</p><p>　　M82A1M步槍是M82家族的最新產品，被美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊大量裝備并名命為M82A3 SASR。M82A1M與M82A1不同之處在于M82A1M的戰(zhàn)術導軌被大幅度加長，除原本的望遠式瞄準鏡外更可同時加裝其他如夜視鏡等的瞄準裝置，在槍托底部加裝單腳架，其他還包括槍身輕量化、改用可拆式兩腳架及改良的雙室槍口制退器。</p><p>　　其他衍生自M82

39、A1還有M82A1A SASR，基本設計相同但專門發(fā)射挪威諾霍斯Mk 211 Mod 0穿甲燃燒彈。</p><p>　　巴雷特M82的軍警用戶至少有30個國家，如巴西、比利時、智利、丹麥、芬蘭、法國、德國、希臘、以色列、意大利、牙買加、印度尼西亞、墨西哥、荷蘭、挪威、菲律賓、葡萄牙、臺灣省、沙特阿拉伯、西班牙、瑞典、土耳其、英國及美國等。M82也是民間市場常用的的.50遠程射擊競賽用槍，競賽標靶達1000碼（約

40、914米）甚至更遠。</p><p>　　美國海岸警衛(wèi)隊使用M82打爆了運毒快艇的引擎。同樣地，巴雷特M82也受執(zhí)法機關所鐘愛，包括紐約警察局，因為它可以很快地攔截車輛，而且.50口徑一發(fā)就能打壞車子引擎。它能有效打破屏障，.50口徑一發(fā)就能打穿磚墻和水泥。</p><p>　　根據文件連接布魯克林記載，M82由科索沃在美國國內的支持者走私進科索沃, 成為科索沃革命軍的武器。上世紀90年代

41、的北愛爾蘭，臨時愛爾蘭共和軍（IRA）的南阿馬旅采用極其有效的狙擊戰(zhàn)術對抗英軍和皇家警察，用的就是巴雷特步槍。</p><p>　　此外, M82A1于2002年被選為實驗性的OSW（Objective Sniper Weapon）理想狙擊武器。此槍改成25mm口徑的短槍管，發(fā)射25x59mm OCSW高爆榴彈。實驗性的OSW可以更有效打擊目標，但是后座力超出了人體承受的范圍?，F在已經被稱為XM109。</

42、p><p><b>　　性能說明:</b></p><p>　　M82是身管短后坐式半自動槍械，射擊時槍管將后座約一英寸(25mm), 這時槍膛依然由回轉式槍機安全閉鎖的。經過短暫的后坐，槍機開鎖突筍被推入機匣上的曲線開鎖槽內，槍機回轉把槍管開鎖。當槍機開鎖的同時，槍機加速臂瞬間后壓，將槍管的一部分后座能量傳遞給槍機使其完成自動動作循環(huán)。之后槍管后座到位并被固定， 槍機繼

43、續(xù)后座，彈出彈殼。在槍機復進行程，槍機從彈匣推出一顆子彈并送進槍膛，最終回轉式槍機跟槍管閉鎖。擊針重新回到待發(fā)位置。此槍的彈匣一次可裝10發(fā)，雖然也有12發(fā)彈匣的，但是1991年第一次波灣戰(zhàn)爭后就沒有生產了。</p><p>　　機匣分兩部份（上部和下部），由薄鋼板沖壓而成再用十字栓固定。槍管有凹槽可以加快散熱和減輕重量，還裝有高效的大型槍口制退器。早期的槍口制退器是圓錐形，新的M82裝有雙膛直角箭頭形（V形）制

44、退器。</p><p>　　M82A1可安裝瞄準鏡和折疊式機械瞄準具，以備瞄準鏡損壞時使用。美軍M82通常裝備Leupold Mark 4望遠瞄準鏡，而M82A1M（海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊M82A3）有加長型皮卡汀尼導軌和US Optics望遠鏡，所以可用瞄準配件更多。所有的M82都有可折疊式提把和兩腳架（M82A3中兩者可以拆下）。M82A3有分離式槍托，槍托內有柔軟填充物和特種橡膠肩托墊可以抵消射擊后座力，據說后坐力比1

45、2號口徑霰彈和7.62毫米口徑的步槍更小。M82A1和M82A3能裝于M3或M122三腳架（機槍用的）或是一些車輛載具上的“巴雷特緩沖托架”。M82A1可以安裝背帶，然而實戰(zhàn)中M82很難用傳統(tǒng)的背帶，因為重量和長度都太大。通常會使用軟式的槍袋或硬質槍盒攜帶。</p><p>　　無托式的M82A2不同于M82A1的地方大多數在于結構：握把和板機在彈匣之前，槍托提前到槍膛后面一點處，幾乎靠近彈匣。外加的前握把在靠近

46、槍管的下方，瞄準鏡也往前移了一段距離。 </p><p>　　.50 BMG口徑步槍（包括M82步槍的各種型號）, 發(fā)射42.7克的M33型軍用標準彈頭, 最大射程為6800米。 但它經常被錯誤地引用，號稱這個武器能對付6800米的目標。事實上，這是在使用手冊中提到的允許射擊的安全距離，它的有效射程約1500米。 .50口徑的子彈擁有在6800米致死的潛力，但是需要運用類似于火炮的發(fā)射方式（槍口仰角超過30