裝載機(jī)概況外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文</b></p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料題目： Loader Overview</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源： 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2012.3.10&

2、lt;/p><p>　　院 （部）： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院</p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化</p><p>　　班 級(jí)： 機(jī)械</p><p><b>　　姓 名： </b></p><p><b>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 2</b></p>

3、<p><b>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </b></p><p>　　翻譯日期： 2012.4.5</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　Loader Overview</p><p>　　The main function of the loader s

4、hovel of loose material and short-distance transport operations. It is the fastest growing engineering machinery, machine production and sales and market demand one. We usually see the largest wheel loaders, it is acrawl

5、er loaders. Crawler than it has good mobility, does not destroy the road surface, easy to operate, etc.. Wheel loaders has been widely used.</p><p>　　A loader (also known as: bucket loader, front loader, fro

6、nt end loader, payloader, scoop loader,shovel, skip loader, and/or wheel loader) is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (

7、arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled materia

8、l f</p><p>　　Loaders in general by the chassis, powertrain, running gear, working device, steeringbrake, hydraulic system and operating system.</p><p>　　The basis of the loader classification is

9、 the Society of Automotive Engineers of America (SAE) rated capacity of the bucket. The classification is based on the largest general purpose bucket offered by the manufacturer or the bucket size adopted by the Contract

10、or, whichever is the lesser.The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets o

11、r shipping containe</p><p>　　Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere 844K, Caterpillar 950H, Volvo L120E, Case 921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only

12、a front bucket and are called Front Loaders, whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a small backhoe and are called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes or JCBs, after the c

13、ompany that first invented them.</p><p>　　The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350. Currently these large loaders are in production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel elect

14、ric propulsion system similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent electric motor.</p><p>　　Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and

15、 versatility. Hydraulics, powertrain, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a 18machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and m

16、ore versatility. Komatsu’s highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machines built for the 21st century. </p><p>　　Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks,

17、laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoecan. The capacity of a loader bucket

18、0;can be anywhere from 0.5 to 36 m3 depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loader's bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader.&l

19、t;/p><p>　　Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debr

20、is would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.</p><p&g

21、t;　　In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.</p><p>　　Front loaders are commonly used to 

22、remove snow especially from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow attachment but commonly ha

23、ve a bucket or snowbasket, which can also be used to load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck.</p><p>　　High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as chip, peat and light g

24、ravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height.</p><p>　　Loaders bucket characteristics1.Bucket edge for super-hard wear resistant steel plate up to 500 Brinell hardne

25、ssfor long life.2.Bucket shell and side Brinell hardness of 400 to resist abrasive wear. Installed bythe enhanced treatment of attachment hinge points to&

26、#160;reduce Wear and tear.3.bucket cutting blade for resistance to abrasive wear of steel, Brinell hardness of 500. Resistant liner installed in the 

27、bucket on the floor byThe bolt may be replaced, the Brinell hardness of 500.4. bolt and</p><p>　　Skid-steer Loader Features 1. The round-back bucket design is

28、 stronger with no angled corners. This configuration makes it easier to fill and dump — improving productivity. 2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator. 3. A total of four exterior lights help to i

29、lluminate any job site day or night. 4. A safety system locks lift, tilt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat, raises the seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple di<

30、;/p><p>　　10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections. 11. A drop-down step makes it convenient to check engine

31、 and maintenance Points.</p><p>　　This wheel loader offers two selectable engine operating modes — Normal and Power. The operator can adjust the machine’s engine performance to match the condition requiremen

32、ts. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side control panel. （1）Normal Mode: provides maximum fuel efficiency for most general loading conditions.</p><p>　?。?）Power Mode: provides maximum powe

33、r output for hard digging conditions or hill climb operations. </p><p>　　2 Automatic Transmission with Four Mode Select System This operator controlled system allows the selection of manual shifting or thr

34、ee levels of automatic shifting modes (low, medium, and high). The operator can match the machine’s operating requirements with optimum performance efficiency. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side of t

35、he control panel. （1）Manual: The transmission is fixed to the gear speed and selected with the gear shift lever. （2）Auto Low: Low mode provides </p><p>　?。?）Auto Medium: Medium mode provides gear shifting

36、at mid-range engine speeds required for more aggressive conditions. （4）Auto High: High mode provides maximum rim pull and fast cycle times by shifting the transmission at high engine speeds. This mode is suitable for hi

37、ll-climb and load and carry operations..</p><p>　　Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydra

38、ulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articul

39、ated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the op</p><p>　　Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades

40、, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Heavy equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and duties.The term "loader" is also used in the debris removal

41、 field to describe the boom on a grapple truck.</p><p>　　The Israeli Combat Engineering Corps use armored Caterpillar 966 wheel loader for construction and combat engineeringmissions

42、 in hostile territories such as the West Bank. They are often seen building or removing road blocks, building bases and fortifications and starting in 2005, demolishing small houses. The IDF adde

43、d armor plating for the loader, protecting it against rocks, stones, molotov cocktails, and light gunfire.</p><p>　　Rio de Janeiro's police elite squad BOPE have recently acquired one whee

44、l loader of military purposes to open routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiro's slums, which are controlled, and blocked, by drug dealers.</p><p>　　These loaders are a popular addition to tr

45、actors from 50 to 200 hp. Its current 'drive-in' form was originally designed and developed in 1958 by a company called Quicke. They were developed to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are popul

46、ar due to their relatively low cost (compared toTelehandler) and high versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with many attachments such as hydraulic grabs and spikes to assist with bale and silagehandling, forks

47、 for pallet work, and buckets for more ge</p><p>　　Popular additions to compact utility tractors and farm tractors are Front End Loaders, also referred to as a FEL. Compact util

48、ity tractors, also called CUTs are small tractors, typically with 18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW) and used primarily for grounds maintenance and landscape chores. There are 2 primary designs of compact tractor FELs

49、, the traditional dogleg designed style and the curved arm style.</p><p>　　John Deere Tractor manufactures a semi-curved loader design that does not feature the one piece curved arm, but also is not of

50、the traditional two piece design. New Holland Ag introduced a compact loader with a one piece curved arm on its compact utility tractors, similar one piece curved arm loaders are now available on compact tracto

51、rs on many brands including Case/Farmall, and some Montana and Kioti tractors. Kubota markets traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors but now fe</p><p>　　While the Front End

52、 Loaders on CUT size tractors are capable of many tasks, given their relatively small size and low capacities when compared to commercial loaders, the compact loaders can be made more useful with some simple options

53、. A Toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, otherwise known as a Quick Attach (QA) system, the

54、60;QA system allows the bucket to be removed easily and other tools to be added i</p><p>　　A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with hydraulic drive that directs power to eith

55、er, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar in appearance and design is the track loader, which utilizes a continuous track on either side of the vehicle instead of the wheels. Since the expiration of Bobcat'

56、;s patent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models are standardizing on that popular format for front end attachments.</p><p>　　A swing loader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom. The

57、boom can swing 180 degrees or more. Swingloaders are primarily used by the railroad industry to lay rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be attached to the boom such as magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swing

58、loaders are used in farming applications for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous where space is limited. The loader is able to lift on all sides and dump off on all sides. </p><p>　　At present, fore

59、ign multi-functional logistics equipment and related technologies are increasingly improved, and development series, large-scale, miniaturization, multi-purpose and other direction. Internationally renowned manufact

60、urers (such as Lynx, Case, Caterpillar, Komatsu, liebherr, Volvo, etc.) widely used in microelectronics and information technology, and improve computer-aided driving systems, information management systems, such as the

61、application of electronic monitoring and automati</p><p>　　China Loader Industry has the third-generation products. The third-generationmachine reliability is greatly improved, the main performance indicator

62、s largely withthe international advanced level. However, in reliability, comfort, operational efficiency and manufacturing levels of baking and foreign advanced level there is a considerable gap. Fourth-generation produc

63、t in the third generation on the basis offurther optimization of the overall performance and configuration, the electric control box</p><p>　　Microelectronics and information technology will be widely used,

64、further improve thecomputer-aided driving systems, information management systems and fault diagnosis system; single sound-absorbing material, the noise suppression methodsto eliminate or reduce machine noise; through co

65、ntinuous improvement of the fuel injection device further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines. In addition tothese, but: multifunctional bucket, ripper, liquid Village hammer, snow, etc. a variety of devices,</

66、p><p>　　Half of the market, China has become the world's multi-function loader production and marketing power.</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　裝載機(jī)概況</b>&l

67、t;/p><p>　　裝載機(jī)是一個(gè)通常用于建筑的重型設(shè)備，主要用于將材料（等asasphalt，拆除雜物，灰塵，雪，飼料，礫石，原木，礦物原料，再生材料，巖石，沙，木屑）裝入另一種類(lèi)型的機(jī)械（如自卸車(chē)，輸送帶，進(jìn)料斗，或車(chē)廂）。它對(duì)于減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，加快工程建設(shè)速度，提高工程質(zhì)量起著重要的作用。</p><p>　　裝載機(jī)的主要功能是對(duì)松散物料進(jìn)行鏟裝及短距離運(yùn)輸作業(yè)。它是工程機(jī)械中發(fā)展最快、產(chǎn)

68、銷(xiāo)量及市場(chǎng)需求最大的機(jī)種之一。我們平時(shí)看到最多的是輪式裝載機(jī)，與它相對(duì)的是履帶式的裝載機(jī)。與履帶式的相比它具有機(jī)動(dòng)性能好，不破壞路面，操作方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。所以輪式裝載機(jī)得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　裝載機(jī)（又稱(chēng)：斗裝載機(jī)，前裝載機(jī)，前端裝載機(jī)，鏟裝載機(jī)，鏟，翻斗，或輪式裝載機(jī)）是一種類(lèi)型的拖拉機(jī)，通常采用輪式，有時(shí)使用軌道，有正面安裝方方形寬斗，連接到兩個(gè)繁榮（武器），從地上收集松散材料，如灰塵，沙子或砂礫，

69、并從一個(gè)地方移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)。裝載機(jī)常被用來(lái)移動(dòng)堆存物料,從地面,把堆存物料倒進(jìn)一個(gè)等待中的自卸汽車(chē)或倒進(jìn)一個(gè)開(kāi)放的挖掘中的坑道。</p><p>　　裝載機(jī)一般由車(chē)架、動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、行走裝置、工作裝置、轉(zhuǎn)向制動(dòng)裝置、液壓系統(tǒng)和操縱系統(tǒng)等組成。</p><p>　　裝載機(jī)分類(lèi)是根據(jù)美國(guó)機(jī)動(dòng)工程協(xié)會(huì)認(rèn)定的存儲(chǔ)桶量來(lái)分類(lèi)的。無(wú)論是小容積的，分類(lèi)是根據(jù)制造商提供最大容存儲(chǔ)桶量或者承包商采用的存儲(chǔ)桶量

70、來(lái)制定的。</p><p>　　裝載機(jī)裝配可能是一個(gè)可拆卸的附件，也可以是永久性安裝。往往斗可以與其他設(shè)備互相更換，例如，許多裝載機(jī)可以增加裝載叉來(lái)舉升很沉重的托盤(pán)或者船運(yùn)集裝箱，并且一個(gè)液壓開(kāi)放式的“翻蓋”斗允許裝載機(jī)作為輕型推土機(jī)或刮刀。鏟斗也可以向處理大捆干草或秸稈捆抓斗設(shè)備擴(kuò)充。</p><p>　　大型裝載機(jī)，例如川崎95ZV-2，844K約翰迪爾，卡特彼勒950H，沃爾沃L12

71、0E，凱斯921E，或日立ZW310，通常只有前斗，被稱(chēng)為推土機(jī)，而小型裝載機(jī)拖拉機(jī)往往還配備了一個(gè)小的反向鏟，被稱(chēng)為挖土機(jī)和挖掘裝載機(jī)，或者裝載挖土機(jī)， JCBs公司首先發(fā)明的。</p><p>　　小松集成設(shè)計(jì)可獲得最大的價(jià)值、最高的可靠性與多功能性。液壓系統(tǒng)、傳動(dòng)裝置、機(jī) </p><p>　　架等主要部件均由小松制造。機(jī)械部件通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)使其共同協(xié)調(diào)工作，以獲得更大的生產(chǎn)能力、 更高的

72、可靠性和更多的功能。小松的高生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與環(huán)境友好型機(jī)械產(chǎn)品為21世紀(jì)而制造。 </p><p>　　世界上最大的裝載機(jī)是萊圖爾諾L - 2350。目前，這些大型裝載機(jī)在得克薩斯州的朗維尤工廠生產(chǎn)。L-2350采用類(lèi)似機(jī)車(chē)使用的柴油電力推進(jìn)系統(tǒng)。每個(gè)的橡膠輪胎由它自己獨(dú)立的電動(dòng)馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)。</p><p>　　挖掘裝載機(jī)主要用于往卡車(chē)上搬運(yùn)物料，鋪設(shè)管道，清理廢墟。裝載機(jī)不是最有效的挖掘

73、機(jī)械，因?yàn)樗诓涣颂睢Ｑb載機(jī)鏟斗的容量可以從0.5至36 m3 不等， 這取決于裝載機(jī)的型號(hào)及其應(yīng)用。前裝載機(jī)的斗容量是一般遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比挖掘裝載機(jī)鏟斗容量更大。</p><p>　　不同于大多數(shù)推土機(jī)，大多數(shù)裝載機(jī)輪式，沒(méi)有履帶，盡管最常見(jiàn)的還是履帶式裝載機(jī)。它們?cè)谔幚斫ㄖ械匿J邊材料很有效，因?yàn)檫@些建筑垃圾材料會(huì)割壞橡膠輪，或是用在地面是軟的，泥濘的地方。車(chē)輪提供更好的機(jī)動(dòng)性和速度，比履帶對(duì)鋪設(shè)的道路造成的損害

74、要小，但提供的牽引力也小。</p><p>　　在建筑領(lǐng)域的裝載機(jī)也可用于在短距離內(nèi)運(yùn)輸建筑材料，如磚，管道，金屬條，挖掘工具。</p><p>　　推土通常用來(lái)去除雪，特別是從人行道，停車(chē)場(chǎng)，和其他使用掃雪機(jī)和其他重型設(shè)備作用小的地方。他們有時(shí)被用來(lái)作為掃雪機(jī)的附件，但通常有一個(gè)水桶或乘雪筐，這也可以用來(lái)加載到掃雪機(jī)或自卸卡車(chē)車(chē)廂后部。</p><p>　　高尖端

75、鏟斗適用于輕質(zhì)材料，如芯片，泥炭和輕礫石和水桶從高處被清空。</p><p><b>　　裝載機(jī)鏟斗特點(diǎn) </b></p><p>　　1.鏟斗棱邊為超硬耐磨鋼板，布氏硬度達(dá)到500，具有較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命。 </p><p>　　2.鏟斗殼體與側(cè)板的布氏硬度達(dá)400,以抵抗磨料磨損。經(jīng)強(qiáng)化處理的附件安裝鉸點(diǎn)減少了磨損。 </p>&

76、lt;p>　　3.鏟斗切削刀刃為抗磨料磨損鋼材，布氏硬度達(dá)500。鏟斗底板上安裝有耐磨襯板，由螺栓緊固可更換，布氏硬度為500。 </p><p>　　4.螺栓緊固的邊緣節(jié)省塊和分段防止了切削刃的不必要磨損。 </p><p>　　5.沃爾沃斗齒系統(tǒng)配備有螺栓緊固型或焊接型連接器，布氏硬度達(dá)515，具有最佳的插入深度和較小的磨損。</p><p><b&

77、gt;　　輪式裝載機(jī)特點(diǎn) </b></p><p>　　1. 圓弧底鏟斗設(shè)計(jì)更加堅(jiān)固，沒(méi)有死角。這種結(jié)構(gòu)使鏟斗更加容易裝載和 </p><p>　　傾卸物料，從而提高了生產(chǎn)率。 </p><p>　　2. 防傾翻/防落物駕駛室結(jié)構(gòu)保護(hù)了駕駛員的安全。 </p><p>　　3.四個(gè)外部照明燈設(shè)置可在白天或夜晚照亮施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。

78、</p><p>　　4.當(dāng)駕駛員離開(kāi)座椅、提起座椅橫桿或者關(guān)閉啟動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)，安全系統(tǒng)將鎖定 </p><p>　　提升、傾翻和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。 </p><p>　　5. 使用重型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輪胎，適應(yīng)滑移轉(zhuǎn)向的耐久性要求。 </p><p>　　6. 全焊接整體車(chē)架由0.375英寸工具鋼建造，堅(jiān)固耐用，滿足長(zhǎng)期生產(chǎn)能力 </p><

79、;p>　　要求。重要樞軸均采用階梯襯套，以便增加強(qiáng)度和減小應(yīng)力。 </p><p>　　7. 較寬的軸距保證了平穩(wěn)行駛，重載作業(yè)更加穩(wěn)定。 </p><p>　　8.液壓管路設(shè)置于裝載機(jī)動(dòng)臂內(nèi)部受到保護(hù)。 </p><p>　　9. 野馬牌裝載機(jī)的特點(diǎn)是具有自找平垂直提升特性。 </p><p>　　10. 先進(jìn)的液壓系統(tǒng)可提供

80、較長(zhǎng)的工作時(shí)間，并配置了玻璃液面計(jì)，以便于 </p><p>　　檢查液壓油面高度。 </p><p>　　11. 下落式臺(tái)階設(shè)置便于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和保養(yǎng)點(diǎn)的檢查。 </p><p>　　小松集成設(shè)計(jì)可獲得最大的價(jià)值、最高的可靠性與多功能性。液壓系統(tǒng)、傳動(dòng)裝置、機(jī)架等主要部件均由小松制造。機(jī)械部件通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)使其共同協(xié)調(diào)工作以獲得更大的生產(chǎn)能力、更高的可靠性和更多的功能。小松

81、的高生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與環(huán)境友好型機(jī)械產(chǎn)品為21世紀(jì)而制造。</p><p>　　本輪式裝載機(jī)設(shè)置了兩個(gè)可選發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作模式——正常與動(dòng)力工作模 </p><p>　　式。駕駛員可以調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)器發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)特性，使其與工況要求相匹配。這一調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)用 </p><p>　　右控制臺(tái)上的旋鈕進(jìn)行控制。 </p><p>　?。?）正常工作模式：在大多數(shù)負(fù)載條

82、件下提供最大的燃油效率。 </p><p>　　（2）動(dòng)力工作模式：在堅(jiān)硬土壤挖掘條件下或在爬坡行駛時(shí)提供最大的動(dòng) </p><p><b>　　力輸出。 </b></p><p>　　四工作模式自動(dòng)變速箱 </p><p>　　這一由駕駛員控制的系統(tǒng)允許其進(jìn)行人力換擋或三級(jí)（低、中、高）自動(dòng) </p>

83、<p>　　換擋模式選擇。駕駛員能夠使作業(yè)要求與最佳性能相匹配。這一系統(tǒng)由控制臺(tái)上 </p><p>　　右邊的旋鈕進(jìn)行控制。 </p><p>　　（1）人力換擋模式：變速箱齒輪速度固定并通過(guò)變速桿進(jìn)行選擇。 </p><p>　?。?）自動(dòng)低檔模式：抵擋模式保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低速工況下的平穩(wěn)換擋，適用于 </p><p>　　普

84、通鏟裝作業(yè)，具有較低的燃油消耗。 </p><p>　?。?）自動(dòng)中檔模式：提供發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中速范圍換擋操作，適用于更加主動(dòng)的作 </p><p><b>　　業(yè)工況。 </b></p><p>　　（4）自動(dòng)高檔模式：提供發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)高速工況下的換擋操作，可產(chǎn)生最大的鏟 </p><p>　　掘力與快速的作業(yè)循環(huán)。這一模式適用

85、于爬坡、鏟裝與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的循環(huán)作業(yè)。</p><p>　　不同于反向鏟或與前鏟斗配備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的拖拉機(jī)，許多大型裝載機(jī)不使用汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)制。不同的是，它們的液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的支點(diǎn)設(shè)置在前軸和后軸之間。這被稱(chēng)為“鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向”，前軸固定不動(dòng)，能夠攜帶更大的重量。鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向?yàn)榻o定的軸距提供了更好的機(jī)動(dòng)性。由于前輪和附件在同一軸線上旋轉(zhuǎn)，操作者定位機(jī)械后能夠在一個(gè)弧線上“引導(dǎo)”負(fù)載，這可能是有用的。代價(jià)是，當(dāng)機(jī)器“扭曲”向一方或?qū)⒊林氐呢?fù)荷高高舉

86、起時(shí)，它有一個(gè)更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)翻向“寬”的一面。</p><p>　　前裝載機(jī)在過(guò)去二十年取得了普及，尤其是在城市的工程項(xiàng)目和小型土方工程。重型設(shè)備制造商提供各種型號(hào)和職能的裝載機(jī)?！把b載機(jī)”一詞在雜物清除領(lǐng)域來(lái)形容抓斗卡車(chē)的熱潮。</p><p>　　以色列戰(zhàn)斗工程兵在敵對(duì)地區(qū)使用裝甲卡特彼勒966輪式裝載機(jī)執(zhí)行任務(wù)，如在西岸的建設(shè)和作戰(zhàn)工程任務(wù)。他們往往參與建設(shè)或拆除路障，建設(shè)基地和防御工事

87、，并從2005年開(kāi)始，拆除小房子。以色列國(guó)防軍增加裝載機(jī)裝甲，用于抵御巖石，石塊，燃燒瓶，和光炮火的襲擊。</p><p>　　里約熱內(nèi)盧的警察精英隊(duì)BOPE最近獲得一輛軍用輪式裝載機(jī)為在里約熱內(nèi)盧的被毒品走私者控制的貧民窟工作的警察開(kāi)路。</p><p>　　這些裝載機(jī)是一種流行的50到200馬力的拖拉機(jī)的附加物。目前的“驅(qū)動(dòng)器”的形式最初于1958年由Quicke公司設(shè)計(jì)和開(kāi)發(fā)，他們執(zhí)

88、行多種耕作任務(wù)，很受歡迎，由于其相對(duì)較低的成本（相比Telehandler）和通用性強(qiáng)。拖拉機(jī)裝載機(jī)可配備許多附件，如液壓抓斗和尖刺協(xié)助打包和貯藏，在一般的農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)中叉起平板和水桶。</p><p>　　小巧實(shí)用的拖拉機(jī)和農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)的流行配件，還提到作為一個(gè)自由電子激光的前端裝載機(jī)。小巧實(shí)用的拖拉機(jī)，小型拖拉機(jī)也被稱(chēng)為CUTS，通常18至50馬力（37千瓦），主要用于場(chǎng)地維護(hù)和景觀家務(wù)。緊湊型拖拉機(jī)有兩種設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格

89、，傳統(tǒng)的狗腿的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和彎曲手臂風(fēng)格。</p><p>　　約翰?迪爾拖拉機(jī)制造了一個(gè)半弧形的裝載機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，沒(méi)有彎曲的手臂，但也不是傳統(tǒng)的兩件式設(shè)計(jì)。荷蘭Ag公司推出新的緊湊型裝載機(jī)，其小巧實(shí)用拖拉機(jī)上有一塊彎曲的手臂，類(lèi)似的一塊彎曲的手臂裝載機(jī)用于許多品牌的緊湊型拖拉機(jī)，包括Case/ Farmall品牌，一些部分Montana和Kioti的拖拉機(jī)。久保田銷(xiāo)售它的緊湊型拖拉機(jī)上最傳統(tǒng)的裝載機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，但現(xiàn)在擁有一個(gè)半

90、弧形的類(lèi)似約翰迪爾裝載機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的幾個(gè)小型拖拉機(jī)裝載機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　雖然CUT型號(hào)前端裝載機(jī)能勝任許多任務(wù)，但是由于相比商業(yè)裝載機(jī)其尺寸相對(duì)較小，緊湊型裝載機(jī)可以在一些簡(jiǎn)單的任務(wù)上更為有用。一個(gè)的帶齒的棒通常被添加到前端來(lái)幫助挖掘。一些裝載機(jī)配備了被稱(chēng)為“快速連接（QA）系統(tǒng)’的快速接頭，這套系統(tǒng)使鏟斗容易地和其他工具，在相應(yīng)位置上被添加或刪除。常見(jiàn)的附加設(shè)備包括一套托盤(pán)叉，起重吊裝或干草托盤(pán)。<

91、;/p><p>　　回旋裝載機(jī)是一個(gè)有搖擺吊桿的剛架裝載機(jī)。吊桿可以擺動(dòng)180度或以上?；匦睫D(zhuǎn)載機(jī)主要用于鐵路行業(yè)的軌道鋪設(shè)。像許多其他裝載機(jī)附件可以連接磁鐵，叉，和鏟斗。較小的回旋式裝載機(jī)用于農(nóng)業(yè)加載?；匦降鯒U適合用于空間有限的地方。裝載機(jī)能夠完成全方位舉升和傾倒。</p><p>　　滑移裝載機(jī)是一種利用液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)四個(gè)車(chē)輪小型裝載機(jī)。履帶式裝載機(jī)在外觀設(shè)計(jì)上非常相似，它在兩側(cè)采用了連續(xù)的

92、履帶軌道，代替了輪胎。由于山貓的快速連接系統(tǒng)的專(zhuān)利到期，新的拖拉機(jī)模型流行的前端附件格式將要實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和規(guī)范化。</p><p>　　目前，國(guó)外多功能物流裝備及其相關(guān)技術(shù)正日益的完善，并朝著系列化、大型化、微型化、多用途等方向發(fā)展。國(guó)際知名廠商(如山貓，凱斯，卡特彼勒、小松、利渤海爾、沃爾沃等)廣泛應(yīng)用微電子技術(shù)與信息技術(shù)，完善計(jì)算機(jī)輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)、信息管理系統(tǒng)，如應(yīng)用電子監(jiān)控和自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，用于物料精確裝、載、運(yùn)

93、作業(yè)的GPS定位與重量自動(dòng)稱(chēng)量裝置；采用特殊降噪材料、噪聲抑制方法等，消除或降低裝載機(jī)工作時(shí)的機(jī)器噪聲；通過(guò)不斷改善電噴裝置，進(jìn)一步降低柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的尾氣排放量，研究無(wú)污染、經(jīng)濟(jì)型、環(huán)保型的動(dòng)力裝置；優(yōu)化工作裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，如由單一的“Z”型連桿機(jī)構(gòu)演變出八桿平行機(jī)構(gòu)、TP連桿機(jī)構(gòu)和“ERASLINK”機(jī)構(gòu)(單動(dòng)臂鑄鋼結(jié)構(gòu))，以及O&K公司專(zhuān)為小型多功能裝載機(jī)而設(shè)計(jì)的LEAR連桿機(jī)構(gòu)等，為了提高裝載機(jī)的作業(yè)生產(chǎn)率，相繼研制出許多功

94、能超強(qiáng)的系統(tǒng)，例如：動(dòng)力電子控制/管理系統(tǒng)，自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出功率；發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)，當(dāng)裝載機(jī)處于非作業(yè)工況是，自動(dòng)降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，減少燃料消耗及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噪音；關(guān)鍵信息顯示系統(tǒng)等。 我國(guó)裝載機(jī)行業(yè)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品，基本上都是以柳工70年代初開(kāi)發(fā)的ZL50為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展起來(lái)的，屬?lài)?guó)際60年代技術(shù)水</p><p>　　目前我國(guó)裝載機(jī)行業(yè)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了第三代產(chǎn)品。第三代產(chǎn)品的整機(jī)可靠性有很大的提高，各主要性能指標(biāo)基本上能與國(guó)際先進(jìn)

95、水平接軌。但是在可靠性、舒適度、作業(yè)效率及制造水平等發(fā)面和國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平還有相當(dāng)差距。第四代產(chǎn)品在第三代的基礎(chǔ)上也已出現(xiàn)，進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化了整機(jī)的性能及配置，電控箱、濕式制動(dòng)器等技術(shù)得到了應(yīng)用，并形成了各企業(yè)的專(zhuān)有技術(shù)及專(zhuān)利技術(shù)，使產(chǎn)品以嶄新的面目推向市場(chǎng)。這些都將是進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)我國(guó)裝載機(jī)行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步。 </p><p>　　微電子技術(shù)與信息技術(shù)將得到廣泛應(yīng)用，進(jìn)一步完善計(jì)算機(jī)輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)、信息管理系統(tǒng)及故障診斷系統(tǒng)；采

96、用單一吸聲材料、噪聲抑制方法等消除或降低機(jī)器噪聲；通過(guò)不斷改進(jìn)電噴裝置，進(jìn)一步降低柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的尾氣排放量。除了上述這些外，還有：多功能鏟斗、松土器、液村錘、掃雪器等多種工作裝置，體積小、功率大、輕巧靈活、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性更好，增大駕駛室尺寸和玻璃窗面積，提高室內(nèi)的氣壓以防塵，改善控制系統(tǒng)和操縱桿的位置，提高操作環(huán)境的舒適性，降低操作者的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度以及美化外觀造型等。特別的由于我國(guó)挖掘裝載機(jī)起步晚，不論是產(chǎn)品品種、性能參數(shù)還是使用可靠性、售后服務(wù)