裝載機國內現(xiàn)狀與市場開發(fā)之分析外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　題目: 裝載機國內現(xiàn)狀與市場開發(fā)之分析</p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及其自動化 </p><p>　　班 級： 機 升 111 班 </p><p>　　學 號：

2、110614121 </p><p>　　姓 名： 侯 家 奎 </p><p>　　指導教師： 李 乃 坤 </p><p>　　Domestic Market Present Situation And The Development Of The Excava

3、ting Loader Analysis</p><p>　　The loader digger is so called “two favour”. Because it has special structure, loads device being the head and the equipment for the excavation behind. in the workplace , you ne

4、ed to turn the chair, completing the change from loader to the excavator loader digger is mainly used for the highway construction and protect of the city and village, the electric cable build, electric power and airport

5、 engineering, municipal services construction, farmland irrigation construction, village residence cons</p><p>　　FIRST: A CLASSIFICATION OF THE LOADERDIGGER</p><p>　　The loader digger is so call

6、ed “two favour” having two kinds of funcitions of lading and scooping out in the meantime. The classifications are as fallows</p><p>　　ONE: from the structure</p><p>　　According to the structure

7、, loader diggers have two kinds of forms: one is with oblique tones move frame, the dinging device can be moved with side, which is easy to work in the special place, the center of gravity is lower when it transports. It

8、 is advantageous to loading and transporting. The weakness is: because of the restriction of the structure, the ground jack usually adopts vertical leg. The supporting point is within the wheel edge, the distance of the

9、two supporting point is relatively</p><p>　　TWO: from the motive allotment</p><p>　　From the motive allotment, the loader digger has two kinds of forms: two-wheel(rear-wheel) to drive and four-w

10、heel(whole round)to drive. the former can’t make use of adherence to weight completely, making the adhesive strength of motorcycle and ground and the leading force are to descend, but the cost is much lower than the latt

11、er.</p><p>　　THREE：of the bedrock</p><p>　　From the bedrock, among the 3 kinds of common bedrocks used in the small scaled and multi-function engineering machine, the motive of the miniature loa

12、der digger is mostly below 20 KW, the height of the whole machine is 1000-3000Kg,adopting track-run structure, the speed dose not reach 5km/h usually used for the yardage processing of small scales, such as farm and park

13、…etc.</p><p>　　Because its model is partial to small, cost is higher is 30-60KW, the weight is relatively heave, about 5000-8000Kg, the scooping ability is strong, uses wheeled walks the structure, driven by

14、 the whole round, making use of the turn round driving axle or hinge joint, the car speed is higher, reaching to 20km/h, the abroad usually use it as assistance work for the yardage processing and large-scale fabricating

15、 yard of farm, capital construction, road maintainance…etc. this model’s shape is bigger</p><p>　　SECOND: local present condition and development trend of loader digger, local technique condition </p>

16、<p>　　At present in our country the enterprises producing the loader diggers are more than 10 hours, mainly is SHANDONG mechanical engineering, YANTAI mechanical engineering, LIAOLINGCHAOYANG mechanical engineerin

17、g, LIUZHOU mechanical engineering, XIAMEN mechanical engineering, XUZHOU mechanical engineering, etc.. Currently the product’s year yield is about 400pedestals.From the history of our small scaled and multi-function load

18、er digger, we can see that our machine has been dropping behind, its dev</p><p>　　The products produced by the following manufacturers are mainly representing the technique level of domestic loader digger.&l

19、t;/p><p>　?、賢he WZ30-25 loader digger of CHANGLIN: the engine system adopts comins turbine pressurization engine . the rated output is 63 kNs ,the tap accords with European standard .The turn round for standar

20、d truck(front axle)is non-driven swing axle, the bearings adopt imported pieces .Choose to use imported driving axle(back axle)kitted to loader digger. Having non-maintenance wet brake, which greatly raise the safety and

21、 the credibility of the truck belt difference speed padlock raises the draw bar p</p><p>　?、?the WZ25-20 of YANTAL Project Mechanical Limited liability company:WZ25-20 loader digger takes loading machine fo

22、r main part, with the head refitted to multi-purpose bucket, the back end added excavation device.. The 904WZ loader digger of one drag DONGFANG red is based on the LF90 tractor whose technique is brought from Italian Fi

23、at, with the corollary design of the agriculture engineering machine of various functions.</p><p>　　③The WZ30-25 if LIUZHOU Excavation car loader factory :The LIUZHOU Excavation car loader factory’s product

24、 of WZ30-25 loader digger and the WZ30-25 loader digger of LIUZHOU engineering machinery incorporated company , all are new products based on the CAT technique and combine with our craftsmanship. these two models all ado

25、pt special bedrock, adopt the technology of the load telesthesia control as the same as the CAT company .As these two models adopt variable system ,so they have higher reque</p><p>　?、?the LIUZHOU AOLIU mach

26、ine machinery incorporated company series of loader diggers of HACH995</p><p>　　Engine: provided with the sophisticated turbo pressurization diesel engine, the rated output reaches to 95horsepowers, reaching

27、 to the torsional force of 384 at the rotate speed of 1500ture/the minute. The core parts adopt the imported famous brand product in the world , the credibility is higher. All new external appearance is pleasing to eyes,

28、 the cab room is relatively large; the standard disposal of 4 in 1 bucket makes the machine have more multi-function and use. Various work enclosures can</p><p>　?、?The WZ30-25 of TAIANSHI loading machinery

29、incorporated company:</p><p>　　Motive system: This machine adopts the 4 B T 3.9-C 74 turbine pressurization engine, with the characteristics of tight structure ,great power, low oil consume, little noise ,wo

30、rk credibility and long life span etc. The hydraulic system: This machine adopts the original pump and manoeuvring valve of German LELISHI. The system adopts load telesthesia control technique, when the valve plug of the

31、 king valve is situated in meso position, the differential pressure that is produced by manoeuvring valv</p><p>　　The movable arm of the anti-spade equips adopts a big one, when the swing takes back, it is a

32、dvantageous to reduce the size of horizontal shape. While traveling ,the anti-spade device following a slippery way move to left or right ,with the pole and bucket putting away, then swinging to the rear frame of the tru

33、ck. Thus reducing the length size consumedly. When the whole machine is running and transferring ,raising the flexibility ,making the machine be able to transfer in the place of narrowne</p><p>　　The manoeu

34、vring system is mechanical monolever.Running system: it adopts the non-driving sure round front axle, the turn jug is double piston rod affect jug ;the rear axle is the transmission, adopting the bipole deceleration str

35、ucture .The Drive motor is equipped on the hull of the main decelerator, moved by spiral taper gear, the round-side decelerator is the planetary gear system, the stiffness of the whole structure is good ,output speed is

36、steady .Between the main decelerator and the effec</p><p>　　2: Domestic excavation car loader competition enterprise and domestic trend of development</p><p>　　At present the domestic excavation

37、 car loader competition enterprise and divides into:</p><p>　　①Export modeif :Sichuan road machine shop production multi-purpose project machinery 80﹪ above all for sale abroad, moreover the sale is continuo

38、usly very good moreover, Guilin Forestry machine shop produces the small marching excavation car loader specially, product major part exportation.</p><p>　　②Overseas enters, the domestic assembly: If Shangha

39、i CASE series product. Overseas import domestic agent: if JCB 2CX/3CX/4CX; VOLVO LB60/BL71;CASE at present all have the proxy.</p><p>　?、跦ome production enterprise: the home production enterprise has10YuJi

40、a , Its product for low-grade excavation car loader. The price is: in 380,000yuan Therefore, excavates the car loader the home trend of development is the introduction overseas vanguard technology, develops high grade, m

41、ulti- purpose, the multi-varieties, the multi-specification excavation car loader series product, Enhancement foundation part production, enhances the excavation car loader hydraulic pressure part in particular </p>

42、;<p>　　3、domestic and foreign disparities and development request</p><p>　　Because our country’s excavation car loader mainly is the necessary reliability post-sale service, with overseas compares has

43、 the quite big disparity .Displays in:</p><p>　　The domestically produced exaction car loader mainly is the necessary reliability is inferior overseas. existence reliable question including: crude oil engine

44、 hydraulic pressure Hydraulic system cleanliness transmission part, electrical system and electric appliance part fastening technology and seal technology tire and work installment and so on The excavation car loader pro

45、duct performance difference, the reliability are low. Except recent years from overseas introduction some products the do</p><p>　　The loader product lacks the innovation and is in sole possession of the tec

46、hnology. Our country excavates the car loader the development work to lack the innovation, Not own unique technology .Is taking the technology to introduce, Not too takes to digest the absorption and key technologies gra

47、sping and the research Therefore, the domestic excavation car loader development should develop high grade, multi-purpose, the multi-varieties, the multi-specification series product and strengthens the f</p><

48、p>　　裝載機國內現(xiàn)狀與市場開發(fā)之分析</p><p>　　挖掘裝載機俗稱“兩頭忙”。因為它具有獨特的構造，前端是裝載裝置，后端為挖掘裝置。在工地內，您只需要轉動一下座椅，即可完成從裝載機到挖掘機操作手角色的轉變。挖掘裝載機主要用于城市和農村的公路建設及養(yǎng)護、電纜鋪設、電力和機場工程、市政建設、農田水利建設、農村住宅建設、開山取石以及各種小型建筑隊所從事的個中建筑施工工程?！皟深^忙”屬于小型多功能工程機械的

49、一種，一般在大工程完成后的小工程中使用。</p><p><b>　　挖掘裝載機分類</b></p><p>　　挖掘裝載機俗稱“兩頭忙”，同時具備裝載、挖掘兩種功能。挖掘裝載機分類如下：</p><p><b>　　1.結構</b></p><p>　　從結構上來分，挖掘裝載機有兩種形式：一種是帶

50、有側移架，另一種不帶側移架。前者的最大特點是挖掘工作裝置可以側移，便于在特殊場地作業(yè)，它在運輸狀態(tài)時重心較低，有利于裝載和運輸。缺點是：由于結構上的限制，支腿多為支腿，支撐點在車輪邊緣以內，兩支撐點距離較小，挖掘是整機穩(wěn)定性差（特別是挖掘工作裝置側移到一側時）。這種形式的挖掘裝載機功能重點在裝載方面，在歐洲生產得較多，后者的挖掘工作裝置不能側移，整個挖掘工作裝置可通過回轉支承繞車架后部中心做180°回轉，支腿為蛙腿式支撐，支撐

51、點可伸到車輪外側偏后，挖掘時穩(wěn)定性好，有利于挖掘能力的提高。由于沒有側移架，整機造價相應降低。缺點是收斗時鏟斗懸掛在車后部，外型尺寸長，機車處于運輸和裝載狀態(tài)時，穩(wěn)定差，對裝載和運輸有一定影響，此種機型功能重點在挖掘方面，以美國生產居多。</p><p><b>　　2.動力分配</b></p><p>　　從動力分配上來分，挖掘裝載機有兩輪（后輪）驅動和四輪（全輪）

52、驅動兩種形式。前者不能完全利用附著重量，使機車與地面的附著力以及牽引力比后者下降，但造價比后者低得多。</p><p><b>　　3.底盤</b></p><p>　　底盤上來分：小型多功能工程機械常用的三種底盤中，微型挖掘機的動力大多在20kw以下，整機重量1000～3000㎏、采用履帶行走機構，行走速度不足5km/h,多用于農場、園林等小規(guī)模的土方作業(yè)。由于其機

53、型偏小，造價較高，目前在國 內尚難以普及：挖掘裝載機的動力多在30-60kw機重較大，重量約在5000-8000㎏之間，挖掘能力較強，多采用輪式行走機構，全輪驅動，利用轉向驅動橋或絞接轉向，車速較高，達20km/h以上，國外大量用于農場、基建、道路維修等工程的土方作業(yè)和大型施工現(xiàn)場的輔助性作業(yè)。該機型外形較大，靈活性較差，一般難以適應狹小場地的作業(yè)。</p><p>　　二、挖掘裝載機的國內現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢<

54、/p><p><b>　　1.國內技術現(xiàn)狀</b></p><p>　　目前我國挖掘裝載機的生產企業(yè)有10余家，主要是山工、煙工、遼寧朝陽、柳工、廈工、常林、北建、徐工等。目前該產品年產量大約在400太左右。從我國小型多功能挖裝機械從無到有的發(fā)展歷史看，我國挖掘裝載機一直處于較為落后的狀態(tài)，其發(fā)展速度緩慢。我國在上世紀70年代初才開始自行開發(fā)設計，首先由北京建筑機械廠研制

55、成功WZ2A和WZ2B型液壓挖掘裝載機，1987年煙臺工程機械廠試制成功ZL15WJ型挖掘裝載機。之后福建建筑機械廠、一拖、山東廣饒液壓機械廠先后研制出WZ25型、DFH-904WZ型、T55Z/W型挖掘裝載機，到1992年柳州挖掘裝載機廠、柳州工程機械股份有限公司分別研制出WZ30-25型和WZ25-20型挖掘裝載機。山東工程機械廠2001年7月成功研制出WZ30-25型挖掘裝載機。</p><p>　　以下幾

56、家生產的產品基本上代表了目前國內挖掘裝載機的技術水平：</p><p>　　1.常林的WZ30-25挖掘裝載機：發(fā)動機系統(tǒng)選用康明斯渦輪增壓發(fā)動機，額定功率63kw，排放符合歐洲標準。標準車轉向橋（前橋）為非驅動擺動橋，軸承采用進口件。選用進口專為挖掘裝載機配套的驅動橋（后橋）。帶有免維護的濕式制動器，大大提高了行車的安全性和可靠性。帶差速鎖，提高了整車的牽引性能。標準車為兩輪驅動，可根據(jù)用戶需要配備四輪驅動。液

57、壓系統(tǒng)采用高效齒輪單泵系統(tǒng)，主要部件如泵、多路閥、轉向器全部選用國外知名公司產品。</p><p>　　2.煙臺工程機械廠生產WZ25-20型：WZ25-20型挖掘裝載機是以裝載機為主本，前端改裝多用途鏟斗、后端加挖掘裝置而成。一拖的東方紅904WZ型挖掘裝載機是在引進意大利菲亞特技術制造LF90型拖拉機基礎上。配套設計的具有前裝載、后挖掘等多種功能的農業(yè)工程機械。</p><p>　　3

58、.柳州挖掘裝載機廠WZ30-25型：柳州挖掘裝載機廠生產的WZ30-25型</p><p>　　挖掘裝載機及柳州工程機械股份有限公司研制的WZ30-20型挖掘裝載機，均是在消化吸收CAT挖掘裝載機技術基礎上，結合我國的工藝特點研制而成的新產品，這兩款新產品均采用專用底盤，采用了與CAT公司相同的負荷傳感控制技術。由于這兩款機型采用的是變量系統(tǒng)，因此對系統(tǒng)的清潔度及元件的可靠性要求較高。</p>&l

59、t;p>　　4.柳州澳柳機械有限公司HACH995E 系列挖掘裝載機：</p><p>　　發(fā)動機：配備先進的渦輪增壓柴油發(fā)動機，額定功率達到95匹馬力，在1500轉/分鐘的轉速下達到384牛米的扭矩，核心關鍵部件采用進口的世界名牌產品，可靠性更高。全新的外觀造型美觀大方，駕駛室空間更大；四合一鏟斗的標準配置，使機器具有更多的功能與用途。多種工作附件可以選配，勝任更多工作；采用挖掘裝載機專用車架。駕駛室是獨

60、立可靠更換的，通過5個減震裝置與車架連接。液壓油箱、燃油箱也是獨立可更換、并且是低位布置，利用降低機器重心，提高穩(wěn)定性，而且適合站在地上進行油料加注和檢修。同時它們也成為登車階梯的部分，方便操作者出入。</p><p>　　2.泰安市裝載機械廠WZ25-20型：</p><p>　　動力系統(tǒng)：該機采用康明斯4BT3.9-C74型渦輪增壓發(fā)動機，具有結構緊湊、功率大、油耗低、噪聲小、工作可靠

61、、壽命長等特點。低溫啟動性能好，特別適合北方地區(qū)。</p><p>　　液壓系統(tǒng)：該機采用了原裝德國力士樂的泵和操縱閥。系統(tǒng)采用負荷傳感控制技術，當主閥閥芯處于中位時，通過操縱閥產生的壓差信號反饋給變量泵，從而自動減少泵的排量，使流量近似為零；此時，泵的壓力達到條件22MPa以保證側移架壓緊缸所需壓力。剛工作時，泵根據(jù)操縱閥閥芯的開口大小提供需要的流量，避免了傳統(tǒng)液壓系統(tǒng)靠溢流閥控制溢流的方式，最大限度地減少了液

62、壓功率空流損失和系統(tǒng)發(fā)熱。</p><p>　　工作裝置：反鏟裝置為帶側移架結構，通過4只壓緊缸和后車架固定。反鏟裝置可以沿滑道側移，擴大了作業(yè)范圍。反鏟裝置的動臂采用大彎度動臂，擺動收回時有利于減少外形尺寸。當行走時反鏟裝置沿滑道側移到左右任意一個，斗桿和鏟斗收起，然后擺動收回到后車架端。這樣大大減少了整機在行進和轉移時的長度尺寸，提高了機動性，使得機器可以在狹小的轉移和作業(yè)；整機重心分布也更合理，有利于機器的

63、穩(wěn)定性。反鏟裝置操作機構為機械式連桿操縱，操縱靈活方便。裝載裝置采用Z型反轉雙搖臂連桿機構，具有卸載高度大、卸載距離大、掘起力大、能自動放平等特點；采用沖壓箱型提升臂，減輕了重量，提高了剛度和承載能力。操縱機構為機械單手柄。</p><p>　　行走系統(tǒng)：采用無驅動轉向前橋，轉向缸為雙活塞塞桿雙作用缸；后橋為驅動橋，采用了；兩級減速傳動機構。驅動馬達安裝于主減速器殼體上，采用螺旋錐齒傳動，輪邊減速器為行星輪傳動機

64、構，整體結構剛性好，輸出速度平穩(wěn)。在主減速器和輪邊減速器之間，采用全浮式半軸連接傳動，克服了橋殼在工作變形過程中對半軸傳動的影響。行走系統(tǒng)采用了靜液壓傳動。車架采用整體焊接式結構，具有剛性好，強度高的特點。支腿為H型直腿，和車架連為一體，驅動橋的制動采用液壓鉗盤式，液壓操縱具有制動快速可靠的優(yōu)點。駐車制動為鼓式中央制動，機械式操縱。駕駛室反鏟端為整體大窗口內翻式結構，有利于通風和開闊視野、方便操作。后驅動輪采用的直徑低壓輪胎，在行走過程

65、中可以緩沖震動和緩沖車輛顛簸，提高駕駛員的乘坐舒適性。由于我國的挖掘裝載機起步晚，不論在產品品種、性能參數(shù)以及可靠性、售后服務等方面，與外國相比均存在著相當大的差距。</p><p>　　2.國內的挖掘裝載機競爭企業(yè)與國內的發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　目前國內的挖掘裝載機競爭企業(yè)分為：</p><p>　?。?）出口型：如四川公路機械廠生產的多功能工程機械80以上

66、都外銷，而且銷路一直都很好，另外，桂林林業(yè)機械廠專門生產小型履帶式挖掘裝載機，產品絕大部分出口。</p><p>　　（2）國外進件、國內組裝型：如上海的CASE的580/590系列產品。國外進口、國內代理型：如JCB的2CX/3CX/4CX；VOLVO的BL60/BL71；CASE的580/590等目前都有代理。</p><p>　?。?）國內生產企業(yè)：國內生產企業(yè)有十余家，其產品為低檔

67、的挖掘裝載機。價格為：38萬元以內。因此，挖掘裝載機的國內的發(fā)展趨勢是引進國外的先進技術，開發(fā)高質量、多功能、多品種、多規(guī)格的挖掘挖裝載機系列產品，加強基礎元件、部件的生產，尤其是提高挖掘裝載機液壓元件的質量，以達到在滿足產品可靠性的前提下，降低挖掘裝載機產品成本，并提高挖掘裝載機產品的售后服務水平。</p><p>　　3.國內外差距與開發(fā)要求</p><p>　　由于我國的挖掘裝載機的

68、起步晚，不論在產品品種、性能參數(shù)以及使用可靠性、售后服務等方面，與國外相比均存在相當大的差距。表現(xiàn)在：國產的挖掘裝載機的主要配件可靠性不如國外。存在可靠性的問題有：柴油機、液壓元件、液壓系統(tǒng)清潔度、傳動元件、電氣系統(tǒng)電器元件、緊固技術、密封技術、輪胎及作業(yè)裝置等。挖掘裝載機產品性能差、可靠性低。除了近年從國外引進的一些產品，國內的部分挖掘裝載機產品的性能還在國際20世紀九十年代水平，早期故障率較高，還不能完全滿足修筑公路的要求。挖掘裝載

69、機基礎部件質量較差、配套件質量不夠硬。目前，國產發(fā)動機及液壓系統(tǒng)的缸、泵、閥等質量已成為制約挖掘裝載機產品質量的“瓶頸”。</p><p>　　挖掘裝載機品種少、成套性差、型號不全，部分產品沒有形成系列。我國的挖掘裝載機不論在品種上和機型上都還存在著相當多的空白。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)有的挖掘裝載機產品缺少創(chuàng)新性和獨有技術。我國的挖掘裝載機的開發(fā)工作缺乏創(chuàng)新性，沒有自己獨特的技術。在重視