防火安全外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、<p>　　THE FIRE SAFETY DESIGN OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS</p><p>　　13 FIRE SAFETY MATRIX</p><p>　　The objective of this fire safety matrix is to provide a guide for the fire engineering design o

2、f apartment buildings. The matrix is only intended for guidance and an appropriately qualified fire safety engineer should verify the final design. </p><p>　　The three main fire scenarios that should be cons

3、idered in the design of apartment buildings are: a smouldering fire in an apartment, a flaming fire in an apartment and a fire in common spaces (ie stairs and corridors). </p><p>　　Irrespective of the buildi

4、ng and occupant characteristics, some minimal fire safety measures should be implemented in all apartments. The following is a list of essential fire safety measures that should be provided in all apartment buildings:<

5、;/p><p>　　??Smoke detectors</p><p>　　??Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system to shut down on fire alarm</p><p>　　??A 30-minute minimum fire resistance between apartme

6、nts, vertical shafts and floors.</p><p>　　13.1 Emergency strategy</p><p>　　Brief descriptions of the emergency strategy, or emergency plans used in the matrix are provided below.</p><

7、p>　　??Evacuation – on alarm all occupants evacuate the building.</p><p>　　??Non evacuation – occupants in the room of fire origin evacuate the building. Other occupants remain in their rooms, waiting for

8、fire brigade assistance and advice, and carry out protect-in-place activities.</p><p>　　??Staged evacuation – occupants in the room of fire origin and on the fire floor evacuate first. The remaining occupant

9、s are directed to evacuate automatically in the following sequence until the fire brigade intervenes. Occupants immediately above the fire floor evacuate after those on the fire floor, followed by the floors above. Occup

10、ants on levels below the fire floor are evacuated last.</p><p>　　Fire brigade intervention can alter the sequence of evacuation, or halt the evacuation in response to current conditions or any changes.</p

11、><p>　　13.2 Occupants at risk</p><p>　　For the three fire scenarios and the three emergency strategies, the following matrix outlines the occupants that are most at risk.</p><p>　　13.3

12、 Matrix variables</p><p>　　The fire safety design of apartment buildings consists of numerous variables and interdependencies. These variables have to be considered concurrently to provide the most effective

13、 design.</p><p>　　The selection of fire safety measures in many cases results in a trade-off between various alternatives. For example, sprinkler protection can permit a reduction in fire resistance rating r

14、equired for buildings and may allow extended travel distances. These trade-offs and interrelationships between fire safety measures need to be considered to obtain the most efficient and effective fire safety design.<

15、/p><p>　　Table 14 lists some of the fire safety measures that should be considered for apartment buildings. The variables presented are not a comprehensive list, and other fire safety measures may be more appro

16、priate for more complex designs.</p><p>　　Table 14 – Matrix variables</p><p>　　13.4 Buildings greater than 25m</p><p>　　The fire safety matrix for buildings greater than 25m high is

17、 presented in Table 15. The matrix provides the recommended fire safety measures for apartment buildings with respect to sprinkler protection and the emergency strategy. The matrix provides a simple method of determining

18、 some of the minimum fire safety requirements of an apartment building. It can also be used to evaluate which type of emergency strategy would be most effective, or when sprinklers would be beneficial given certain buil&

19、lt;/p><p>　　Table 15 – Fire safety matrix: buildings greater than 25m</p><p>　　the above matrix are designed to provide at least two levels of protection for the occupants. As the building height i

20、ncreases, the number of fire protection measures also increases to provide additional levels of protection and maintain the level of safety for the occupants.</p><p>　　Table 16 summarises the occupants who a

21、re most at risk and the levels of fire safety provided by the above fire safety matrix. Table 17 provides the cell key for identifying the designated cells in Table 16. This key remains the same for all cases presented.&

22、lt;/p><p>　　Table 16 – Levels of fire safety (buildings greater than 25m)</p><p>　　Table 17 – Cell key</p><p>　　13.5 Buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m</p>&

23、lt;p>　　The fire safety matrix for buildings greater than three stories and less than 25m high is presented in Table 18. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is provided in Section 14.2.</p>

24、<p>　　Table 18 – Fire safety matrix: buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m</p><p>　　Table 19 – Levels of fire safety (buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m)</p>

25、<p>　　13.6 Buildings less than three storeys</p><p>　　The fire safety matrix for buildings less than three stories is presented in Table 20. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is

26、 provided in Section 14.3.</p><p>　　Table 20 – Fire safety matrix: buildings less than three storeys</p><p>　　Table 21 – Levels of fire safety (buildings less than three storeys)</p><

27、p>　　14 DISCUSSION OF FIRE SAFETY MATRIX</p><p>　　The fire safety matrix considers the building height, sprinkler protection and the emergency strategy as the primary variables. This is due to the high inf

28、luence that the interactions of these variables have on other fire safety measures. In addition to this, the fire engineer can specify the emergency strategy and sprinkler protection for the building that will provide fl

29、exibility to the matrix. Therefore once the extent of these three variables has been determined the remaining fire safety sys</p><p>　　The objective of the fire safety recommendations is to address key issue

30、s that result from a given set of building characteristics, while providing multiple levels of protection for occupants in the event of a fire. This provides a backup or redundancy in the design in the event of one part

31、of the system failing. For example, if the sprinkler system fails the occupants will be protected with passive protection and smoke control systems.</p><p>　　The following sections discuss the three building

32、 height limits with respect to the fire safety measures that have been recommended. The staged evacuation strategy has not been discussed separately as it is a combination of the other two strategies and the same fundame

33、ntal principles apply.</p><p>　　14.1 Buildings greater than 25m in height.</p><p>　　Once buildings exceed 25m in height, the ability of the fire brigade to rescue occupants externally becomes li

34、mited. Therefore, a higher level of fire safety needs to be provided to the stairs and escape paths. Emergency lifts are also considered an option to provide rapid access for the fire brigade and egress for disabled occu

35、pants.</p><p>　　As buildings become taller the level of fire protection needs to increase. This is due to:</p><p>　　??Further travel distances, resulting in a higher chance of exposure to fire a

36、nd fire</p><p>　　products, and longer exposure time.</p><p>　　??The reduced ability of the fire brigade to rescue people externally</p><p>　　??The increased time for the fire brigad

37、e to reach upper levels</p><p>　　??More occupants, resulting in a higher risk of injury and deaths</p><p>　　??There is a greater variability in occupant abilities and human behaviour, due to<

38、/p><p>　　the greater number of occupants</p><p>　　??There are more sources of ignition and fire</p><p>　　14.1.1 Evacuation in buildings greater than 25m</p><p>　　An evacua

39、tion strategy relies on the protection of egress paths, as well as the protection of occupants in their apartments before evacuation. The protection of egress paths is critical to ensure occupants are not evacuating thro

40、ugh untenable conditions. In buildings greater than 25m high, egress distances can be consider able and therefore, the time occupants spend in escape paths can be significant.</p><p>　　In a sprinkler protect

41、ed building, protection is provided by:</p><p>　　1. The sprinkler system. The sprinklers will activate and extinguish or control the fire, reducing the threat to occupants.</p><p>　　2. Compartme

42、ntation and mechanical systems. Rooms, corridors and stair shafts are recommended to have a FRR of at least 30 minutes. This will contain the fire in the room of origin and protect occupants before and during egress. Sel

43、f-closers provided on doors are to ensure the fire does not spread to the corridor. The stairs are to be pressurised to limit smoke spread, provide a partial safe egress paths and provide a smoke free area for the fire b

44、rigade.</p><p>　　3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The fire brigade’s role would be to assist any remaining occupants and extinguish the fire. A connection n to the fire brigade will be p

45、rovided to achieve a faster response. In a non-sprinkler protected building the systems of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above,however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level

46、 of protection:</p><p>　　1. An increased FRR to 60 minutes minimum. This is to provide additional time for occupant evacuation and fire brigade intervention. If occupants choose to stay in their apartments t

47、he increased FRR will provide a higher level of protection.</p><p>　　2. Connection to the fire brigade. To ensure a faster response by the brigade to a fire.</p><p>　　3. Emergency lifts to aid e

48、gress and fire brigade access</p><p>　　4. Zoned smoke control system. This is to ensure smoke spread through the building is minimised. This should include stair and corridor pressurisation to reduce the cha

49、nce of smoke spread into the escape paths.</p><p>　　5. Lift and stair lobbies to provide an additional barrier against smoke and an area where occupants can wait for lifts or further instructions. These area

50、s can be used as refuge areas or other pressurised refuge areas should be provided.</p><p>　　6. Emergency warning and intercommunication system. This will allow occupants to communicate with the fire brigade

51、 and inform them if assistance is required.</p><p>　　7. Additional protected stairs or reduced travel distances, as a trade-off for the limited ability of the fire brigade to externally rescue occupants.<

52、/p><p>　　14.1.2 Non-evacuation in buildings greater than 25m</p><p>　　A non-evacuation strategy relies on the protection of the occupants in their apartments. There is a greater reliance on the fir

53、e brigade to extinguish the fire and assist occupants, if evacuation is necessary, during and after the fire is extinguished.</p><p>　　In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by:</p>

54、<p>　　1. The sprinkler system.</p><p>　　2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms are recommended to have a FRR of at least 60 minutes and to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rati

55、ng should be designed so complete burn out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all doors opening into corridors. This is to contain the fire in the

56、apartment of origin and reduce smoke spread to other apartments. In theory, there will be at least two doors with smoke</p><p>　　3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The building alarm shoul

57、d be connected to the fire brigade to reduce the response time.</p><p>　　In a non-sprinkler protected building the systems of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above, however the following other fire safety

58、measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection:</p><p>　　1. Increase FRR to 90 minutes (minimum). This is to ensure complete burnout occurs before further fire spread.</p><p>　　

59、2. Emergency lifts to aid egress and fire brigade access</p><p>　　3. Lift and stair lobbies to provide protection for the fire brigade, or areas of refuge if occupants choose to escape.</p><p>　

60、　4. Stair pressurisation to provide a smoke free path for the fire brigade</p><p>　　5. Emergency warning and intercommunication system. This will allow occupants to communicate with the fire brigade and info

61、rm them of any assistance that is required. It will also provide a means for the fire brigade to instruct the occupants.</p><p>　　14.2 Buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m</p><p&

62、gt;　　Buildings that are greater than three storeys and less than 25m, have different fire safety issues than buildings greater than 25m. The most notable of these is the fire brigade is able to rescue occupants and fight

63、 the fire externally, provided adequate access is provided and a window exists. The travel distances are also reduced, decreasing the time for occupants to evacuate and the fire brigade to reach the fire.The transfer of

64、information may also increase, as occupants are relatively closer</p><p>　　This increases their ability to communicate with other occupants and to perceive visual and audible cues.</p><p>　　14.2

65、.1 Evacuation in buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m</p><p>　　This emergency strategy relies on the protection of the egress paths as well as the protection of the occupants in their compa

66、rtments before they evacuate. The protection of the egress paths is critical to ensure occupants are not evacuating through untenable conditions. Egress travel distances are less and therefore, the duration of occupant e

67、xposure to smoke is reduced.</p><p>　　In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by:</p><p>　　1. The sprinkler system.</p><p>　　2. Compartmentation and mechanical sys

68、tems. The apartments, corridors and stair shafts are recommended to have a FRR of at least 30 minutes. This will protect occupants before and during egress. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all escape p

69、ath doors.</p><p>　　3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade.</p><p>　　In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3, however the following other fire sa

70、fety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection:</p><p>　　1. Increase FRR to at least 60 minutes to allow the complete burn out of the apartment without fire spread into the corridors or

71、 adjacent rooms.</p><p>　　2. Self-closers on doors to contain the fire and smoke spread.</p><p>　　3. Refuge areas in stairs for disabled occupants.</p><p>　　4. Stair lobbies to prov

72、ide two smoke and fire barriers for occupants in the stair</p><p>　　refuge areas.</p><p>　　14.2.2 Non evacuation in buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m</p><p>　　A

73、 non-evacuation strategy relies on protection of occupants in their apartments. There is a greater reliance on the fire brigade to extinguish the fire and assist in the evacuation after the fire is extinguished. The fire

74、 brigade can rescue occupants externally via ladders and fight the fire externally.</p><p>　　In a sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are:</p><p>　　1. The sprinkler system.<

75、/p><p>　　2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms will have a recommended FRR of at least 60 minutes to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rating should be designed so that the complete bur

76、n out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all doors. This is to contain the fire in the apartment of origin and reduce smoke spread into other apart

77、ments.</p><p>　　3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The building alarm will be connected to the fire brigade to reduce the fire brigade response time.In a non-sprinkler protected building t

78、he levels of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection:</p><p>　　1. The fire resistance rating will be i

79、ncreased to at least 90 minutes. This will ensure the complete burn out of the apartment can occur without further firespread.</p><p>　　14.3 Buildings less than three storeys</p><p>　　Buildings

80、less than three storeys are generally the maximum size of a building without lifts.The egress distances in these buildings would typically be within the building code’s maximum allowable travel distances, and may not req

81、uire fire rated stair shafts. The relatively short travel distances result in short movement times, and a fast response from</p><p>　　the fire brigade on the arrival. If necessary, occupants could also use u

82、nconventional escape</p><p>　　routes, for example garden ladders or climbing down balconies. The fire brigade can also</p><p>　　rescue occupants externally via ladder and fight the fire external

83、ly.</p><p>　　The lack of lifts in buildings of this size may limit the number of mobility impaired</p><p>　　occupants that would be present. In general, mobility impaired occupants would be loca

84、ted</p><p>　　on the ground floor, where they would be able to escape directly to safety. If disabled</p><p>　　The Fire Safety Design of Apartment Buildings</p><p>　　Department of Ci

85、vil Engineering page 92</p><p>　　University of Canterbury</p><p>　　occupants are present, it is recommended that they remain in their apartments and wait for</p><p>　　rescue. Theref

86、ore, they would use a non-evacuation strategy.</p><p>　　14.3.1 Evacuation in buildings less than three storeys</p><p>　　This emergency strategy relies on occupants escaping quickly. Without fire

87、 rated stair shafts the occupants have to travel a relatively short unprotected distance to make final escape.Occupants also need to be protected in their apartments before they attempt to escape.</p><p>　　I

88、n a sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are:</p><p>　　1. The sprinkler system.</p><p>　　2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The apartments are recommended to have a FRR

89、 of at least 30 minutes to protect the occupants before and during their egress. There should also be a FRR of 30 minutes in the corridors and stairs, if egress distance is in excess of the building code’s prescriptive r

90、equirements.</p><p>　　3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade.</p><p>　　In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above, however the foll

91、owing other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection:</p><p>　　1. The FRR will be increased to at least 60 minutes. This will ensure the fire does not spread further than t

92、he apartment of origin.</p><p>　　2. Self-closers and smoke seals will be provided on all doors. This is to contain the fire in the apartment of origin and reduce smoke spread into other apartments.</p>

93、<p>　　3. A connection to the fire brigade will be provided to achieve a faster response.</p><p>　　14.3.2 Non-evacuation in buildings less than three storeys</p><p>　　A non-evacuation stra

94、tegy relies on the protection of occupants in their apartments. For buildings less than 3 storeys the fire brigade can rescue occupants externally via ladders and fight the fire externally.</p><p>　　In a spr

95、inkler protected building the levels of protection are:</p><p>　　1. The sprinkler system.</p><p>　　2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms are recommended to have a FRR of at least

96、 60 minutes and to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rating will be designed so that the complete burn out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Self-closers and smoke seals will be provided o

97、n all doors. This is to contain the fire in the apartment of origin and reduce smoke spread into other apartments.</p><p>　　3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The building will be connecte

98、d to the fire brigade to reduce the time for fire brigade arrival.</p><p>　　In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3, however the following other fire safety measures will b

99、e introduced to increase the level of protection:</p><p>　　1. The fire resistance rating will be increased to a minimum of 90 minutes to ensure the fire does not spread further than the apartment of origin.&

100、lt;/p><p>　　14.4 Risk and Reliability</p><p>　　The assessment of the absolute risk to life safety to apartment building occupants is an extremely difficult task. The numerous scenarios, variables,

101、limited data and changes in the risk to life safety during a fire incident, makes an assessment of occupant risk very difficult.Each of the eight elements in Figure 1 will have an impact on the risk to life safety and th