隧道施工外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、<p>　　附錄二 外文參考文獻(xiàn)及翻譯</p><p>　　NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major and Construction Technology</p><p><b>　　W.Broere</b></p><p>　　I.The NATM Desi

2、gn Principle</p><p>　　1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development process </p><p>　　Since the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, t

3、hus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, al

4、l up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effect</p><p>

5、;　　Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each

6、system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems. &

7、lt;/p><p>　　A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shorin

8、g structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representa

9、tive is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the th</p><p>　　Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for th

10、e theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own self-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions

11、 will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more</p><p>　　Can be s

12、een from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full

13、 utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representati

14、on method.</p><p><b>　　2. NATM </b></p><p>　　NATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said

15、it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles. </p><p>　　NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Pr

16、ofessor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other c

17、ountries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground </p><p&

18、gt;　?。?）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To this end, the construction of sub

19、-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.</p><p>　?。?）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allo

20、wed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During cons

21、truction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supportin</p><

22、p>　?。?）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a

23、round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration. </p><p>　?。?）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arran

24、gements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day. </p><p>　?。?）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock pr

25、operties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining. </p><p>　?。?）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions unde

26、r construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security. </p><p>　　NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, ea

27、rly spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."</p><p>　　3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM </p><p>　?。?）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with

28、stress (stress self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.</p><p>　?。?）. Cavern excavation, A point i

29、n attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geologic

30、al conditions of the poor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to pr

31、event landslides instabilit</p><p>　?。?）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in

32、equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+Ku </p><p>　　Discussion : </p><p>　　(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic; </

33、p><p>　　(2) when u ↑, PE ↓; When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity

34、for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;</p><p>　　(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe. </p><p><b>　　4. Points</b></p

35、><p>　　（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials. </p><p>　?。?）. Tunnel construction is in

36、the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground. </p><p>　?。?）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.</p><p>　　II. The n

37、ew Austrian highway construction in the basic method</p><p>　　NATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure r

38、eceipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting

39、 the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the</p><p>　　1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction

40、method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise

41、 of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors&l

42、t;/p><p>　　When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors,

43、taking into rock changes the method and the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider

44、 the entire process of construction of auxiliary operations and changes in the su</p><p>　　2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections

45、, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.</p><p>　　(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation fa

46、ce excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.</p><p>　　

47、Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization

48、and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation,

49、 transport and slag out and support capability, Maojingba VI</p><p>　　Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting spee

50、d, and the rock blasting vibration frequency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control

51、 of blasting operations. </p><p>　　Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car

52、outside 50m back to a safe place and then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed s

53、imultaneously supporting or after the first arch wall lining.</p><p>　　(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation

54、molding. Excavation order is its first half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. Th

55、e more applicable to the II, III and soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.</p><p>　　Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 5

56、0m ahead, Construction can be assigned to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will

57、be all dug later, and then dug under the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.</p><p>　　Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲ rock can be shorte

58、ned Invert closing time, Supporting improve early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excava

59、tion excavation face, in order to ensure the safety of construction. </p><p>　　Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of

60、 various rock section, in the event of the siege soft rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction. <

61、/p><p>　　Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with s

62、ufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortco

63、mings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom</p><p>　　(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Di

64、vision level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance som

65、e of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method. </p><p>　　Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, hei

66、ght can be lengthened, the two-lane tunnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.<

67、;/p><p>　　The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲ rock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit w

68、all first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor ar

69、rangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The </p><p>　　Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when usi

70、ng this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages. </p><p>　　Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially p

71、oor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost. </p><p>　　III.The main tunnel construction technology</p><p>　　1. Cave constructi

72、on : </p><p>　?。?） excavation slope around : </p><p>　　Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavati

73、on or the end of next overlapping excavation, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also part

74、ial artificial finishing, when excavation and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope. </p><p>　?。?）.Cheng Tung-supporting :</p><p>　　Yang Brush

75、Singapore Singapore after the completion of timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based network exp

76、ansion and bolt welding into first overall. Linked network immediately after the completion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far. </p><p>　?。?）.as of gutter con

77、struction : </p><p>　　Yang slope away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, 7.5# immediately masonry

78、made of mortar and stones, and the floor surface with mortar. </p><p>　　2. Auxiliary construction : </p><p>　?。?）A long pipe roof : </p><p>　　Sets arch construction : construction L

79、ofting, template installation, assembling reinforcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring. </p><p>　　Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠ 108 mm and a t

80、hickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m;</p><p>　　N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm;</p><p>　　N Inclination : Elevation 1 ° (the actual construction works by 2 °), the direction

81、 parallel with the Central Line; </p><p>　　N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm; </p><p>　　N tunnel longitudinal joints within the same section with more than 50% adjacent pipe

82、 joints staggered at least a meter. </p><p>　　A. pipe roof construction method : </p><p>　　Lofting accurate measurement personnel, marking the centerline and the vault out of its hole elevation,

83、 soil excavation reserved as a core pipe roof construction work platform Excavation footage of 2.5 meters, after the end of excavation, artificial symmetrical on both sides of excavation (Commodities H) platform, level w

84、idth of 1.5 meters, 2.0 meters high, as construction sets and pipe arch shed facilities drilling platform. Pipe-roof design position should be and it should be a good hole steel</p><p>　　B. pipe roof constru

85、ction machinery : </p><p>　　N drilling machinery : XY-28-300 equipped with electric drill, drilling and pipe jacking long shelf; </p><p>　　N grouting machine : BW-250/50-injection pump two Taiwa

86、n;</p><p>　　N using cement-water glass slurry. Mud and water volume ratio 1:0.5; water glass slurry concentration of water-cement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume; The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting

87、pressure early pressure 2.0MPA 0.5~1.0MPA; end. </p><p>　?。?）. a small catheter </p><p>　　A. small catheter used ahead diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm thermal Nazarbayev seamless ste

88、el tubes, steel pipe was front-tip, Welding on the tail ￠ 6 stiffening brace and the wall around the drilling hole grouting 8 mm, but the tail of a meter without grouting holes and Advance Construction of a small cathete

89、r, the tubes and the lining of the centerline parallel to 10 ° -30 ° Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 20-50 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed imme</p><p>　　B. Grouting

90、 parameters : </p><p>　　N water slurry and water glass volume : 1:0.5; </p><p>　　N slurry water-cement ratio 1:1 </p><p>　　N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate; The efficacy

91、silicate modulus </p><p>　　N grouting pressure 0.5~1.0MPA; if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots. </p><p>　?。?）. bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting sat

92、iated and lap length is not less than 1 meter. </p><p>　　3.Correcting construction : </p><p>　　Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoo

93、p plate car, and position accuracy (error ± 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear. </p><p>　　4. Leveling Construction </p><p>　　I

94、nstallation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Side-channel steel templates used [10#, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimo

95、usly to allow deviation ± 2mm. adjusted using the standard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close comfo

96、rt, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bottom conne</p><p>　　5. Water, cable duct construction </p><p>　　Install groove wall reinforcement of location accuracy, the line must be lin

97、ked to the construction. Install groove wall purity, the purity requirements of accurate location, a vertical line. Dyadic greatest degree of not more than 3 mm, and template-Ditch The top-pronged, pass the inspection be

98、fore the concrete reperfusion, on the side of the original wall must pick hair, and embedded parts to the location accurately. Template using stereotypes purity. </p><p>　　6.Gate Construction </p><