外文翻譯--汽車發(fā)動機(jī)與系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　Engine Mechanical and EFI System</p><p>　　Abstract:The engine block is the main supporting structure to which all other engine parts are attached. </

2、p><p>　　Front-suspension system design must provide good ride and stability characteristics. In addition, the front suspension must make provision for turning the front wheels to both right and left for turning

3、 corners</p><p>　　Key words: Engine System compartment car</p><p>　　The Cruise Control System allows you to maintain a set speed above 40km/h（25rpm） without keeping your foot on the accelerato

4、r pedal.An integral part of the cruise is the ‘over rev.’ protection circuit. Its function is to monitor engine RPM and disengage the cruise control when the clutch is applied or the transmission shift lever is moved in

5、to neutral.When a sudden rise in RPM is detected, the decision to disengage is made for ‘over rev.’ protection, the blue wire must be attached to the negati</p><p>　　The ECM uses the signals derived from the

6、 crankshaft position sensor and the camshaftposition sensor to trigger eachinjector separately in cylinder firing order.A throttle position sensor is mounted on the end of the throttle valve spindle to providethe ECM wit

7、h a constantly-varying(analogue) voltage signal corresponding to the throttle opening.The oxygen sensor in the exhaust system provides the module with constant feedback “closed-loop” control which enables it to adjust th

8、e mixture to provid</p><p>　　When the engine is warm, the cooling system is over pressure. It is necessary to release pressure before starting repair work. When installing coolant hoses, route stress-fre

9、e so that they do not come into contact with other components (observe markings on coolant connection hoseEngine oils are graded according to their viscosity. The proper grade to be used in your engine depends on existin

10、g climatic or seasonal conditions.When inserting the oil dipstick, insert the curved tip of the dipsti</p><p>　　The ECM contains a built–inself–diagnosis system by which troubles with the engine signal netwo

11、rk are detected and aMalfunction indicator lamp onthe instrument panel lights up.</p><p>　　A malfunction indicator informs the driver that a malfunction hasbeen detected. The light goes off automatically whe

12、n the malfunction has been repaired.A test mode function has been added to the functions of the self–diagnostic system of the normal mode for the purpose of detecting malfunctions such as poor contact, which are difficul

13、t to detect in the normal mode.The Malfunction indicator lamp will come on when the ignition switch is turned ON and the engine is not running.When the normal code </p><p>　　The engine control module (ECM) i

14、s programmed with data for optimum ignition timing under all operating conditions.Always switch OFF the ignition when disconnecting and connecting the battery, otherwise the Engine Control Module (ECM) could be damaged.

15、While performing certain checksit is possible that the ECM will recognize and store a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC). Therefore aftercompleting all checks and repairs,check and erase the DTC memory as necessary.All chargi

16、ng systems use theprinciple</p><p>　　Apply ATF to friction components, rotating parts, and sliding parts before installation. Immerse a new clutch disc or brake disc in ATF for at least two hours before asse

17、mbling them.The most common compound planetary gear sets are the Simpson compound planetary gear set and the Ravigneaux compound planetary gear train.A common type of automatic transaxle or transmission for passenger car

18、s has three forward speeds, reverse, neutral, and park positions.The clutch is located between the engine flyw</p><p>　　Shock absorbers are mounted between the frame and the suspension by means of brackets a

19、nd rubber bushings.The pinion gears are in mesh with the two side or axle gears, and the axle gears are splined to the axle shafts. Remove the adhesive adhered to the threaded holes of the drive gear by turning the speci

20、al tool, and then clean the threaded holes by applying compressed air.A two-piece tubular drive shaft with a rubber element pressed between the two tubes, which reduces torsion vibrations, is u</p><p>　　The

21、steering linkage includes the steering arms that are attached to the steering knuckle, tie-rods and tie-rod ends, adjusting sleeves and clamps, a center link (relay rod or drag link), an idler arm, and a pitman arm.The s

22、teering gear also absorbs much of the road shock, which tends to turn the front wheels right or left.The integral type of power-steering unit combines, all in a single assembly, the power piston and cylinder with the ste

23、ering gear and flow control valve.Turning the steering w</p><p>　　Diagnostic trouble codes will, however, be erased when a battery terminal or the PCM connector is disconnected. In addition, the diagnostic t

24、rouble code can also be erased by scan tool (MUT-III).If a sensor is disconnected when the ignition switch is in the "ON" position, a diagnostic trouble code is stored in memory. In this case, erase the DTC usi

25、ng scan tool。When a malfunction of a main sensor or actuator is detected by the PCM, the transmission is controlled by pre-set control logic to maint</p><p>　　If the light stays on or comes on while the engi

26、ne is running, you have lost oil pressure and continued operation will cause severe engine damage.A burned out brake light is a hazard when drivers behind you cannot be told that you are braking. Have your brake light re

27、paired right away.It can indicate the brake fluid level is low if it remains light after you release the parking brake or comes on while driving.This light comes on when the Electronic Engine Control System is not workin

28、g properly. </p><p>　　The compressor sucks the refrigerant vapor（low temperature and low pressure） from an evaporator and changes it into a high temperature and high pressure conditions.Then refrigerant is f

29、orced to pass the condenser, in which the heat is dissipated to the air by the electric fan.According to the input signals from sensors and the temperature setting, the air conditioner control ECU determines the air flow

30、 volume and outputs signals to the power transistor.Therefore, it is necessary to prevent relea</p><p>　　With the ignition switch in the ACC or ON position, power is supplied through 20A fuse (No.20, located

31、 in the fuse block) to front wiper motor terminal. Ground is supplied to front wiper switch terminal through body ground .When the front wiper switch is placed in the OFF position, the front wiper motor will continue to

32、operate until the wiper arms reach the base of the windshield (Auto stop).BCM is connected to each LCU via data line A-1 or A-2 and LCUS supply power and ground to each power win</p><p>　　The anti-theft alar

33、m system is a vehicle protection device which sounds an alarm when someone intrudes into the vehicle by opening a door or the engine hood or the tailgate/luggage compartment lid.The security indicator lamp blinks every s

34、econd. The system turns into the “pre-armed” phase when all doors，hood and trunk lid are closed and locked by key or multi-remote controller.Once the theft warning system will be triggered. The headlamps flash and the ho

35、rn sounds intermittently, and the startin</p><p>　　The Cruise Control System allows you to maintain a set speed above 40km/h（25rpm） without keeping your foot on the accelerator pedal.An integral part of the

36、cruise is the ‘over rev.’ protection circuit. Its function is to monitor engine RPM and disengage the cruise control when the clutch is applied or the transmission shift lever is moved in to neutral.When a sudden rise in

37、 RPM is detected, the decision to disengage is made for ‘over rev.’ protection, the blue wire must be attached to the negati</p><p><b>　　汽車發(fā)動機(jī)與系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　巡航控制系統(tǒng)允許你的車保持一個40千米/小時以

38、上的設(shè)定車速行駛，而不需將腳放在加速踏板上。巡航的集成部分是“超速”保護(hù)電路。它的作用是監(jiān)控發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和當(dāng)踏下離合器或者將變速桿移至?xí)r空擋切斷巡航控制。當(dāng)檢測到轉(zhuǎn)速突然上升時，“超速”保護(hù)電路作出斷電決定。藍(lán)色線必須和點火線圈的負(fù)極相連。由于這個原因，要確保所有巡航控制電線遠(yuǎn)離電磁源至少1英尺（約300毫米）如：點火電線、發(fā)電機(jī)、調(diào)節(jié)器和所有高電流承載導(dǎo)體。要降低你的設(shè)定車速，按下SET/COAST按鈕保持不動。這將抹掉以前編好的設(shè)定車

39、速，允許車滑行。</p><p>　　ECM根據(jù)曲軸位置傳感器和凸輪軸位置傳感器信號，按照汽缸著火順序單獨控制每個噴油器工作。節(jié)氣門位置傳感器安裝在節(jié)氣門軸一端，給ECM不斷提供與節(jié)氣門開度相對應(yīng)的電壓信號。排氣系統(tǒng)中的氧傳感器能夠不斷地給控制模塊提供反饋信息使其進(jìn)行閉環(huán)控制，從而調(diào)節(jié)混合氣濃度使催化轉(zhuǎn)化器在最佳條件下工作。當(dāng)維修燃油系統(tǒng)部件時，要特別注意清潔進(jìn)入燃油系統(tǒng)中的污物，因為其能引起堵塞而導(dǎo)致工作不良。

40、怠速和混合氣濃度皆是由ECM模塊控制，不可人為調(diào)節(jié)。不但不可調(diào)，且不能檢查，除非使用專用的診斷設(shè)備。</p><p>　　當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)溫度高時，冷區(qū)系統(tǒng)壓力高，在維修之前有必要釋放壓力。當(dāng)安裝冷卻液軟管時，要按照順序，這樣，它們就不能和其它部件接觸。（觀察冷卻液連接管處的記號）。發(fā)動機(jī)機(jī)油根據(jù)機(jī)油黏度分等級。發(fā)動機(jī)使用哪一等積機(jī)油取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂蚧蚣竟?jié)變化情況。當(dāng)插入機(jī)油尺時，要將機(jī)油尺的突起端順著導(dǎo)管的突起端方向插

41、進(jìn)。目視檢查節(jié)溫器的腐蝕性和閥門與座的密封性。如果良好，則將節(jié)溫器和溫度計浸入50/50的冷卻液和水的混合液中檢查。</p><p>　　ECM包含一個嵌入式自診斷系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)可以對發(fā)動機(jī)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行檢測同時，儀表板上的故障指示燈會亮。故障指示燈亮則通知司機(jī)已經(jīng)檢測到故障。當(dāng)故障排除后，指示燈自動熄滅。自診斷系統(tǒng)增加檢測模式功能目的是可以檢測正常模式下很難檢測的項目，如接觸不良故障。當(dāng)點火開關(guān)置于ON位置，發(fā)動機(jī)

42、沒有啟動時，故障指示燈會亮。當(dāng)讀取故障碼顯示為正常模式時，應(yīng)該按照順序，對所有可能被視為引起故障原因的電路進(jìn)行檢測。</p><p>　　發(fā)動機(jī)控制模塊內(nèi)存有所有工況下的最佳點火時間。連結(jié)和斷開蓄電池時，總要斷開點火開關(guān)，否則，將損壞發(fā)動機(jī)控制模塊。當(dāng)進(jìn)行故障診斷時，ECM可能識別和儲存故障碼。所以完成所有檢查后，要讀取和清除故障碼。所有充電系統(tǒng)皆采用由電磁感應(yīng)產(chǎn)生電能的原理。電磁原理即是如果導(dǎo)體和磁場存在相對運

43、動既可產(chǎn)生電壓。電刷和滑環(huán)可以保證電能在靜止件和運動件間連續(xù)傳遞。在安裝摩擦部件、旋轉(zhuǎn)部件和滑動部件時，要先給它們涂上ATF。安裝新的離合器盤或制動盤時，現(xiàn)將其浸入ATF中至少兩個小時。最普通的復(fù)合行星齒輪組是辛普森行星齒輪組合拉維諾行星齒輪組。客用轎車的汽車驅(qū)動橋或變速器常見類型是：帶有三個前進(jìn)擋、一個倒擋、一個空擋和一個駐車擋。后輪驅(qū)動車輛上的離合器是位于發(fā)動機(jī)飛輪和變速器之間的；而前輪驅(qū)動車輛上的離合器則是位于變速驅(qū)動橋總成內(nèi)，發(fā)

44、動機(jī)飛輪和驅(qū)動橋的變速器部分之間。</p><p>　　減震器安裝在車架和懸掛之間，由支架和橡膠墊支撐。</p><p>　　行星齒輪與兩個半軸齒輪或軸齒相嚙合。而軸齒則通過化鍵固定在半軸上。用專用工具清除粘在主動齒輪螺紋孔中的粘合劑，然后用壓縮空氣清潔螺紋孔。在某些車輛上會使用兩段管形傳動軸，這兩段管形傳動軸可以減輕扭轉(zhuǎn)振動，且兩段之間壓裝有橡膠元件。</p><p&

45、gt;　　制動系統(tǒng)的作用是控制車安全停下，對防止車輛意外損傷、人身傷亡和死亡是絕對必要的。緊急制動時，車輪抱死。在輪胎和路面之間存在動摩擦，在制動蹄、制動鼓之間或制動盤、制動塊之間存在摩擦。抱死的車輪很危險，因為車輛需要較長的距離才能停下來。抱死的車輪還能導(dǎo)致車輪失控。不要用螺絲起子或類似的工具拆卸活塞密封圈，這些工具都會損傷缸體內(nèi)部。</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿包括和轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)相連的轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂、橫拉桿、橫拉桿接頭、

46、調(diào)節(jié)套和箍、中拉桿（中繼桿或直拉桿）、隨動臂、轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂。轉(zhuǎn)向器還吸收路面撞擊，這種撞擊易使前輪向右或向左轉(zhuǎn)動。整體式動力轉(zhuǎn)向單元把動力活塞、帶轉(zhuǎn)向器和流量控制閥的動力缸組成一個總成。在裝有循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器的車輛上，轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)向盤式轉(zhuǎn)向器中的帶槽蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)動。轉(zhuǎn)動帶槽蝸桿軸式球螺母沿著螺紋槽在蝸桿上下移動。</p><p>　　然而，當(dāng)斷開蓄電池端子或PCM連接器時，故障碼將清除。而且，故障碼還可以用掃描儀清除。當(dāng)點火開關(guān)處

47、于ON位置時，斷開傳感器，會產(chǎn)生故障碼，并儲存在存儲器中，這時，可以用掃描儀清除故障碼。當(dāng)PCM診斷出主傳感器或執(zhí)行器有故障時，預(yù)設(shè)控制邏輯將控制變速器保持安全駕駛狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)時，若機(jī)油指示燈仍然亮，則機(jī)油壓力下降，繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)將使發(fā)動機(jī)損壞。制動燈熄滅是很危險的，因為后面的司機(jī)不知道前面車正在剎車。立即將制動燈維修好。當(dāng)你松開手剎車或車正在運行時，燈仍然亮，則表明制動液面過低。當(dāng)發(fā)動

48、機(jī)電子控制系統(tǒng)工作不正常時，該指示燈將亮。立即將車送到特約維修站維修。如果行李箱或門沒有關(guān)緊，儀表板上相應(yīng)的燈會亮。如果制動信號燈不亮，當(dāng)點火開關(guān)閉合，踏下制動踏板BRAKE LAMP指示燈將亮。 壓縮吸進(jìn)來自蒸發(fā)器的氣態(tài)制冷劑（低溫低壓），并將它變成高溫高壓的氣體。</p><p>　　然后制冷機(jī)被送進(jìn)冷凝器，通過電風(fēng)扇，將熱量散入大氣中。根據(jù)來自傳感器的輸入信號和設(shè)定的溫度，空調(diào)控制單元ECU確定空氣流量，并

49、輸出信號個功率管。所以，當(dāng)維修空調(diào)時，有必要防止制冷機(jī)泄露到大氣中，并按照正確的維修步驟和注意事項進(jìn)行維修。如果用噴燈加熱管路，在管路內(nèi)部形成的氧化層就像灰塵堆積一樣同樣會引起故障。</p><p>　　當(dāng)點火開關(guān)處于ACC或ON位置時，電流通過保險絲盒內(nèi)的20號20A保險絲流到前雨刮電機(jī)端子。前雨刮開關(guān)通過車身搭鐵。當(dāng)前雨刮開關(guān)位于OFF位置時，前雨刮電機(jī)將繼續(xù)工作，知道雨刮臂到達(dá)風(fēng)擋玻璃的底端（自動停下）。B

50、CM通過數(shù)據(jù)線A-1或A-2和每一個LCU相連，而LCU則提供電能，通過每一個電動車窗調(diào)節(jié)器搭鐵。當(dāng)點火開關(guān)位于ON位置時，使用駕駛員門邊飾物上的主或副開關(guān)，可使電動車窗升降。位于駕駛員門邊飾物上的電動車窗鎖止開關(guān)則打開。無論門何時開，電動門鎖系統(tǒng)都可以啟動，除非點火開關(guān)處于點火當(dāng)時，防鎖死功能被啟動。</p><p>　　防盜報警系統(tǒng)是車輛的一種保護(hù)系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)有人試圖通過打開車門或發(fā)動機(jī)蓋或行李箱蓋而進(jìn)入車內(nèi)時，

51、該裝置會發(fā)出報警。安全指示燈每秒鐘閃爍。當(dāng)所有車門、發(fā)動機(jī)罩蓋和行李箱蓋關(guān)閉并用鑰匙或遙控器鎖死時，系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入預(yù)警階段。一旦防盜報警系統(tǒng)被觸發(fā)。大燈會閃爍，喇叭間歇鳴叫，起動系統(tǒng)斷路。2或3分鐘后，報警將自動關(guān)閉，但是如果汽車再次受到干擾，又會重新激活。該系統(tǒng)正常察看時看不到的，它是由鑰匙門體內(nèi)的一個微型發(fā)射應(yīng)答器控制，該裝置可以通過安裝在點火開關(guān)鎖筒周圍的收發(fā)器和系統(tǒng)模塊聯(lián)系。被動防盜報警系統(tǒng)和防盜報警系統(tǒng)共用同一個指示燈，盡管防盜報警

52、系統(tǒng)是完全獨立的，而且可以優(yōu)先控制LED,LED快速地閃爍表明被動防盜系統(tǒng)使車處于停駛狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　巡航控制系統(tǒng)允許你的車保持一個40千米/小時以上的設(shè)定車速行駛，而不需將腳放在加速踏板上。巡航的集成部分是“超速”保護(hù)電路。它的作用是監(jiān)控發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和當(dāng)踏下離合器或者將變速桿移至?xí)r空擋切斷巡航控制。當(dāng)檢測到轉(zhuǎn)速突然上升時，“超速”保護(hù)電路作出斷電決定。藍(lán)色線必須和點火線圈的負(fù)極相連。由于這個原因，要確