外文翻譯--未來中國起重機的發(fā)展方向

1、<p>　　未來中國起重機的發(fā)展方向</p><p>　　隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷更新，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大和自動化程度的提高，起重機在現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)過程中應(yīng)用越來越廣，作用愈來愈大，對起重機的要求也越來越高。尤其是電子計算機技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，促使了許多跨學(xué)科的先進(jìn)設(shè)計方法出現(xiàn)，推動了現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)和檢測技術(shù)的提高。激烈的國際市場競爭也越來越依賴于技術(shù)的競爭。這些都促使起重機的技術(shù)性能進(jìn)入嶄新的發(fā)

2、展階段，起重機正經(jīng)歷著一場巨大的變革。</p><p>　　我國正以前所未有的速度進(jìn)入全球化國際競爭市場，中國的起重機制造業(yè)面臨著機遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存的新形勢。因此中國起重機要不斷發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新?，F(xiàn)根據(jù)國內(nèi)外起重機的新理論、新技術(shù)和新動向，結(jié)合實例，簡要論述現(xiàn)代起重機的特征和未來中國起重機的發(fā)展方向。</p><p>　　1.重點產(chǎn)品大型化、高速化</p><p>　　由于工

3、業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，生產(chǎn)效率日益提高，以及產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中物料裝卸搬運費用所占比例逐漸增加，促使大型或高速起重機的需求量不斷增長。起重量越來越大，工作越來越頻繁，并對能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重機已成為自動化生產(chǎn)流程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。起重機不但要好用，容易維護(hù)，操作方便，而且安全性要好，故障要少，平均無故障工作時間要長?？煽啃允菄H市場產(chǎn)品競爭的焦點，國外許多大公司都制定了可靠性內(nèi)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我國起重機的性能要趕超世界先進(jìn)水平，最關(guān)鍵的是要改

4、變傳統(tǒng)的思維理念,提高可靠性，使起重機具有優(yōu)異的耐久性、無故障性、維修性和使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性。</p><p>　　2、系列產(chǎn)品模塊化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、組合化和實用化</p><p>　　許多起重機是成系列成批量的產(chǎn)品，采用系統(tǒng)多目標(biāo)整體優(yōu)化方法進(jìn)行起重機系列設(shè)計已成為發(fā)展重點，通過全面考慮性能、成本、工藝、生產(chǎn)管理、制造批量和使用維護(hù)等多種因素對系列主參數(shù)進(jìn)行合理匹配，以達(dá)到改善整機性能．降低制造成本，

5、提高通用化程度，用較少規(guī)格數(shù)的零部件組成多品種、多規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品，充分滿足用戶需求。</p><p>　　用模塊化設(shè)計代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的整機設(shè)計方法，將起重機上功能基本相同的構(gòu)件、部件和零件 制成有多種用途，有相同聯(lián)接要素和可互換的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊，通過不同模塊的組合，形成不同類型和規(guī)格的起重機。對起重機進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，只需針對某幾個模塊。設(shè)計新型起重機，只需選用不同模塊重新進(jìn)行組合。由于提高了通用化程度，可使單件小批生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品改換

6、成具有相當(dāng)批量的模塊生產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)高效率的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，降低制造成本。能以較少的模塊形式，組合成多品種多規(guī)格的起重機，滿足市場需求，增加競爭能力。</p><p>　　3、通用產(chǎn)品輕型化、小型化和多樣化 </p><p>　　有相當(dāng)批量的起重機是在一般的車間倉庫使用，要求并不很高，工作并不十分繁

7、重。如何提高這些起重機的適用性，降低制造成本，是市場競爭能否獲勝的關(guān)鍵?？紤]綜合效益，要求起重機盡量降低外形高度，簡化結(jié)構(gòu)，減小自重和輪壓，也可使整個建筑物高度下降，建筑結(jié)構(gòu)輕型化，降低造價和使用維護(hù)費用。因此電動葫蘆橋式起重機和輕型梁式起重機會有更快的發(fā)展，并將大部分取代中小噸位一般用途橋式起重機。</p><p>　　用戶的需求性促進(jìn)了起重機的多樣性。起重機的系列參數(shù)范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，功能選擇進(jìn)一步增加，一機多

8、用產(chǎn)品進(jìn)一步得到發(fā)展，以增強應(yīng)變能力。在一般使用場合采用無線遙控操作的比例也將逐步增多。</p><p>　　芬蘭科尼起重機公司經(jīng)過長期的開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新，已形成一個輕型組合式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起重機系列。整個系列由組合式工字形單梁、箱形單梁、懸掛箱形單梁、角形小車箱形單梁、偏軌箱形雙梁和UKA流動工作站多個品種組成。主梁與端梁相接共有20多種形式，可適合不同建筑物和不同起吊物的要求。每種規(guī)格起重機都有三種單速及三種雙速可供任意選擇

9、，并且大小車運行采用變頻控制作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置，還能根據(jù)客戶要求、使用工況做針對性的設(shè)計。操縱方式有地面手電門自行移動、手電門隨小車移動、手電門固定、遠(yuǎn)紅外或無線電遙控、司機室固定、司機室隨小車移動、司機室自行移動、PLC編程控制等多種選擇，外加不同的導(dǎo)電形式，不同的電控形式，通過不同的組合，可搭配成百上千種起重機，充分滿足用戶不同的需求。</p><p>　　4、產(chǎn)品性能自動化、智能化和集成化</p>

10、<p>　　起重機的更新和發(fā)展，很大程度上取決于電氣傳動與控制的改進(jìn)。將自動化技術(shù)和機械傳動技術(shù)相結(jié)合，將先進(jìn)的微電子技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、光纜通訊技術(shù)、液壓技術(shù)、模糊控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用到機械的驅(qū)動和控制系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)自動化和半自動化。使起重機組成的物料搬運系統(tǒng)具有更高的柔性，以適應(yīng)未來多批次少批量的柔性生產(chǎn)模式。</p><p>　　大型高效起重機的新一代電氣控制裝置已發(fā)展為全電子數(shù)字化控制系統(tǒng)。主要由全數(shù)字化控

11、制驅(qū)動裝置、可編程序控制器PLC、故障診斷及數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)字化操縱給定檢測等設(shè)備組成。它賦于起重機以信息功能，可進(jìn)行信息傳遞、處理及動力控制，大大提高了綜合自動化水平。目前控制方面重點發(fā)展吊具防偏防搖技術(shù)，取物裝置自動取、卸物技術(shù)，位置檢測及自動位置控制技術(shù)，故障自診斷監(jiān)控技術(shù)等。</p><p>　　電氣傳動方面重點開發(fā)以微處理機為核心的高性能電氣傳動裝置，使起重機具有優(yōu)良的調(diào)速和靜動特性，可進(jìn)行操作的自動控

12、制、自動顯示與記錄，起重機運行的自動保護(hù)與自動檢測，復(fù)雜條件下的遠(yuǎn)距離遙控等，以適應(yīng)自動化生產(chǎn)的需要。</p><p>　　科尼起重機針對一些特殊行業(yè)，采用激光裝置查找起吊物的重心位置，依靠超聲波傳感器引導(dǎo)取物裝置抓取貨物。大車和小車運行采用編碼軌系統(tǒng)測定路徑，起升高度采用恒定張緊的測量索和角度發(fā)生器測定。起重機采用磁場變換器或激光達(dá)到高精度定位。起重機上安裝了近場感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，可避免起重機之間的互相碰撞。采用無線遙

13、控時載重稱量也能在遠(yuǎn)控發(fā)射機上顯示。起重機上還裝有微機自診斷監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)能提供大部分常規(guī)維護(hù)檢查內(nèi)容，如鋼絲繩狀況，減速器油溫油位，車輪軸承溫度，起重機載荷、應(yīng)力和振動情況，制動器摩擦襯片的壽命及溫度狀況等。</p><p>　　5、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計微機化、精確化和快速化</p><p>　　隨著電子計算機技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用和系統(tǒng)工程、優(yōu)化工程、價值工程、可靠性工程、創(chuàng)造工程和人機工程等現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理

14、論的不斷發(fā)展，促使許多跨學(xué)科的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法出現(xiàn)，使起重機的設(shè)計進(jìn)入創(chuàng)新、高質(zhì)量、高效率的新階段。目前，計算機輔助設(shè)計(CAD)已逐步深入到設(shè)計的各個階段和設(shè)計工作所涉及的各個領(lǐng)域。不僅能利用計算機運算速度快、計算精度高、存儲信息量大和邏輯推理能力強等優(yōu)點代替人工進(jìn)行方案選擇、計算分析與繪圖，而且還能通過人機交互，最大限度地發(fā)揮設(shè)計人員的創(chuàng)造力和經(jīng)驗。國際上一些大型的起重機公司都廣泛應(yīng)用CAD徹底拋棄了傳統(tǒng)的圖板。并且還與計算機輔助工藝規(guī)

15、劃(CAPP)和計算機輔助制造(CAM)相銜接，做到了無圖化生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　芬蘭科尼起重機公司對其所有產(chǎn)品采用三維模擬仿真設(shè)計，對每個受力點進(jìn)行模擬計算，使每個配件都能發(fā)揮理想的效用；并且科尼起重機公司以預(yù)先編制程序和設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為基礎(chǔ)開發(fā)了高質(zhì)，高效和先進(jìn)的設(shè)計軟件以確保起重機的安全性和可靠性。采用相同和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法設(shè)計起重機和選擇科尼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零部件，遍布全球的科尼工程師均可采用公司集中開發(fā)的軟件，方便而先

16、進(jìn)的工程軟件使得起重機設(shè)計更便捷和可靠。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計和零部件正確選擇確保起重機在其整個壽命內(nèi)安全可靠，級別適宜，性能穩(wěn)定。</p><p>　　隨著起重機的高速化和大型化，還需進(jìn)一步深入開展對起重機載荷變化規(guī)律、動態(tài)特性和疲勞特性的研究。進(jìn)一步開展對起重機整機及零部件的可靠性試驗研究，提供起重機新的設(shè)計方法和數(shù)據(jù)。極限狀態(tài)設(shè)計、優(yōu)化設(shè)計、可靠性設(shè)計、有限元法、模塊化設(shè)計、疲勞設(shè)計將會更深入全面地得到應(yīng)用。&l

17、t;/p><p>　　6、產(chǎn)品構(gòu)造新型化、美觀化和綜合化</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)方面采用薄壁型材和異型鋼，減少結(jié)構(gòu)的拼接焊縫，提高抗疲勞性能。采用各種高強度低合金鋼新材料，提高承載能力，改善受力條件，減輕自重和增加外形美觀。橋式類型起重機橋架大多采用箱形四梁結(jié)構(gòu)(兩根端梁,兩根主梁)，主梁與端梁采用高強度螺栓聯(lián)接，便于加工、運輸與安裝。</p><p>　　在機構(gòu)方面

18、進(jìn)一步開發(fā)新型傳動零部件，簡化機構(gòu)。“三合一”運行機構(gòu)由于結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。拆裝方便、調(diào)整簡單并運行平穩(wěn)，將成為起重機運行機構(gòu)的主流，減速器殼體、卷筒及滑輪等的制造都以焊代鑄，能減輕自重、增加承載能力和改善加工制造條件。減速器齒輪采用硬齒面，以減小體積，提高承載能力，增加使用壽命。</p><p>　　7、售后服務(wù)快捷化、專業(yè)化和人性化</p><p>　　公司的發(fā)展很大程度來自于售后服務(wù)是否完善

19、，對客戶來說自己所購買的產(chǎn)品售后是否有保障，設(shè)備出現(xiàn)故障時能否即時處理，減少對生產(chǎn)的影響。</p><p>　　芬蘭科尼起重機公司在電氣系統(tǒng)方面采用了接插件設(shè)計，每部分控制電路都采用對號入座，大大提高了安裝與維修的效率；在電氣系統(tǒng)中加入了監(jiān)控單元，對電氣系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行故障自檢，電子顯示屏顯示錯誤信息，并對使用過程中的違規(guī)操作進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)儲存，這些數(shù)據(jù)都可以導(dǎo)入PC設(shè)備，從而很快的分析出原因，排出故障。科尼的培訓(xùn)中心，不僅僅

20、只為科尼公司的技術(shù)人員和檢測人員提供培訓(xùn)，同時也為客戶的服務(wù)人員，起重機操作人員提供系統(tǒng)全面的設(shè)備培訓(xùn)?？颇帷耙钥蛻魹楸尽钡淖谥?，為客戶解除后顧之憂，使客戶能把更多的關(guān)注投入到生產(chǎn)發(fā)展上。</p><p>　　總結(jié)過去，中國的起重機應(yīng)吸取國內(nèi)外起重機的新理論、新技術(shù)和新動向，提高產(chǎn)品的可靠性，走現(xiàn)代化起重機之路，以強大的技術(shù)實力，融入國際化市場的大舞臺！</p><p>　　China&#

21、39;s future development direction of crane </p><p>　　Along with China's economic development, modern science and technology constantly updated, the expansion of the scale of industrial production and aut

22、omation degree rise, crane in modern production process used more and more widely, and more and more big role, to the requirements of the crane more and more is also high. Especially the wide application of electronic co

23、mputer technology, prompted many interdisciplinary advanced design method appears, promote the modern manufacturing technology and</p><p>　　country is in an unprecedented speed into the global international

24、competition market, China's crane manufacturing are facing opportunities and challenges of the new situation. Thus China's development and innovation to crane. Now according to the domestic and foreign crane of n

25、ew theories, new technology and new trends, combined with examples, briefly discusses the modern crane characteristics and the future development direction of Chinese crane. </p><p>　　1. The key product larg

26、e-scale, quick running </p><p>　　With the industrial production scale unceasingly expands, the production efficiency is increasing day by day, and the product manufacturing process materials handling fee inc

27、rease gradually proportion, prompting the large or high-speed crane growing demand. The weight is more and more big, the work is more and more frequent, and the energy consumption and demand higher reliability. Crane has

28、 become an important link in the automatic production process. Crane is not only to use, easy maintenance,</p><p>　　2.series product modularization, standardization, combination, and practical </p>&l

29、t;p>　　Many crane is a series of batch into product, the whole system multiobjective optimization methods for crane series design has become the focus of development, through the overall consideration performance, cost

30、 and process, production management, manufacturing batch and maintenance of the many factors such as parameters for reasonable matching series, in order to improve the comprehensive performance. Reduce manufacturing cost

31、, improve generalization degree, with a relatively small number of pa</p><p>　　Use the modular design of the whole machine instead of traditional design method, the crane function basically the same componen

32、ts, components and parts are made from a variety of purposes, with the same connection elements and interchangeable standard module, through the combination of different modules, form different types and specifications o

33、f the crane. In crane was improved, just for one several modules. A new design crane, need to choose different modules combination again. Due to improve</p><p>　　3. general product light-duty, miniaturizatio

34、n, and diversification </p><p>　　There are quite a batch of crane is in general use workshop warehouses, the requirement is not very high, work is not very heavy. How to improve the applicability of the cran

35、e, reduce manufacturing cost, is the market competition can the keys of success. Consider benefit, and requirements to minimize appearance crane height, simplified structure, reduce weight and wheel pressure, also can ma

36、ke the whole building highly drop, light-duty architecture structure, reduce the costs and maintenance cos</p><p>　　The user needs of promoting the diversity of crane. The crane series parameters range furth

37、er expand, function selection to further increase, multi-use further develop products, in order to improve capability. In general use occasions the remote proportion also will gradually increase. </p><p>　　F

38、inland coney crane companies after long-term development and innovation, and has formed a light combined standard crane series. The whole series single by combined i-section box single-girder, hanging box single-girder,

39、Angle form small trunk form, partial rail single box beam and flow workstation double UKA of varieties. The main girder beams with various forms of 20 connect, suitable for different buildings and different lifted the re

40、quirement of content. Each specification cranes have three </p><p>　　4. product performance automation, intelligent and integration </p><p>　　Crane update and development, to a great extent, dep

41、ends on the electric drive and control improvement. Will automation technology and mechanical transmission technologies, advanced microelectronics technology, will power electronic technology, fiber optic cable communica

42、tion technology, the hydraulic pressure technology, the fuzzy control technology is applied to mechanical drive and control system, and realize the automatic and semi-automatic. Make up of crane materials handling system

43、 has hig</p><p>　　Large efficient crane of a new generation of electrical control equipment has been developed as the electronic digital control system. Mainly by the digital control drive device, PLC progra

44、mmable controller, fault diagnosis and data management system, digital manipulation of a given detection equipment. It with the information function of the crane fu, information transmission, processing and power control

45、, greatly improving the integrated automation level. Currently control key development slin</p><p>　　Electric drive in microprocessor key development as the core of the high-performance electric transmission

46、 device, make the crane with excellent speed and static dynamic characteristics, can undertake operating automatic control, automatic shows and records, crane operation of the automatic protection and automatic detection

47、, under complicated conditions such as long distance remote, in order to adapt to the needs of the production of the automation. </p><p>　　Coney crane for some special industries, using laser device it the c

48、enter of gravity of the search that position, rely on ultrasonic sensors guide take content device grab goods. And the car running the cart coding rail systems measure path, lifting height of the constant tensioning meas

49、urement cable and Angle generator determination. Crane used magnetic field or laser achieve high precision positioning converter. The crane installed near field induction system, can avoid the each other between </p&g

50、t;<p>　　5. the design of the product of computerization, precision and quickly </p><p>　　Along with the wide application of electronic computer technology and system engineering, optimizing the engine

51、ering, value engineering, reliability engineering, engineering and man-machine engineering to create the development of the modern design theory, prompting many interdisciplinary modern design method appears, make the de

52、sign of the crane, high quality, and innovation in the new stage of high efficiency. At present, the computer aided design (CAD) has gradually into the design of each st</p><p>　　Can only use computer operat

53、ion speed, high precision, store information and logical reasoning ability strong advantages to replace artificial scheme selection and calculation analysis and drawing, but also through the human-computer interaction, m

54、aximum design personnel's creativity and experience. Some large crane on international companies are widely used CAD thoroughly discards the traditional board. And still with computer aided process planning (CAPP) an

55、d computer aided manufacturing (CAM)</p><p>　　Finland coney crane company on the product all the 3 d simulation design, each bearing point to simulate calculation, and that every accessories can play the ide

56、al utility; And coney crane company with programmed procedures and design standards for the development foundation of high quality, high efficient and advanced design software to ensure the safety and reliability of the

57、crane. Use the same standard method and design and choice of crane coney standard parts, all over the world's coney eng</p><p>　　Along with the fast pace and large crane, must have further research on cr

58、ane load change rule, dynamic characteristic and fatigue property of research. Further research on the reliability of the machine parts and crane test research, a new design method and provide crane data. Limit state des

59、ign, optimization design, design reliability, finite element method, the modular design, fatigue design will be more comprehensive, to get the application. </p><p>　　6. product structure, MeiGuanHua and inte

60、gration of new type </p><p>　　The structure of a thin-walled profile and the special-shaped steel, reduce the joining together of weld structure, improve the anti-fatigue performance. With various kinds of h

61、igh strength low alloy steel new materials, improve the bearing capacity, improve the stress condition, reduce weight and increase the beautiful appearance. Bridge type type crane bridge is used mostly box four beam stru

62、cture (two of the girders, two of the main girder), the main girder beams with high strength bolt conne</p><p>　　Further development in institutions new transmission parts, simplifying the mechanism. "&

63、quot; operation organization because of compact structure. Disassembling convenient, easy adjustment and smooth operation, will become the mainstream of the crane operation organization, reducer, drum and p

64、ulley shell in the manufacturing welding generation cast, it can reduce weight, increase the bearing capacity and improving processing manufacturing conditions. Using a reduction gear tooth surfac</p><p>　　7

65、. and after-sales service, professional and humanized high-speeding </p><p>　　The development of the company to a great degree from after-sales service is perfect to the customer to purchase the products for

66、 your after-sales if there is security, equipment failure can real-time processing, and to reduce the influence of the production. </p><p>　　Finland coney crane companies in the electrical system adopt the c

67、onnector design, each part of the control circuit is adopted by the reserved seats, greatly improving the installation and maintenance of the efficiency; In the electrical system with the monitoring unit, to the electric

68、 breakdown self check system, electronic display screen display an error message, and the deregulation operation in the process of using data storage, these data are can import PC devices, and the analysis of the r</p

69、><p>　　Learn from the past, China should learn from the domestic and foreign crane crane new theories, new technology and new trend, improve the reliability of products, go way of modern crane, with strong tech