日本汽車零部件產(chǎn)業(yè)的全球化和重組【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯原文本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯原文外文題目外文題目：GlobalizationtheReganizationofJapan’sAutoPartsIndustry出處：處：InternationalJournalofAutomotiveTechnologyManagement作者：者：UlrikeSchaedeSchoolofInternationalRelationsPacificStudies(IRPS)Universi

2、tyofCalifniaSanDiego原文：文：GlobalizationtheReganizationofJapan’sAutoPartsIndustryIntroductionOneprominentfeatureofJapaneseautomobilemanufacturinginthepostwarperiodwasasystemofsourcingpartsfromcloselyaffiliatedsmallerfirmsi

3、nlongtermstablerelations.Grownfromnecessityintheearly1950sturnedintoavirtuewiththeintroductionoftheToyotaProductionSysteminthe1960sJapan’ssubcontractingsystemhadmitigatedproblemsofasymmetricinfmationuncertaintybyturnings

4、uppliersintocollabatswithakeeninterestinalongtermrelationshipthroughknowledgeinfusion.Thusstablesubcontractingofferedasolutiontotheproblemsassociatedwitheitherarm’slengthsourcingfullverticalintegration(e.g.AhmadjianLinco

5、ln2001Asanuma1989Dyer2000McMillan1990Smitka1991).HoweverthecombinationofglobalizationwithchangesinautomotiveproductionsourcingprocesseshaveledtoareconfigurationofJapan’ssubcontractingsystem.Beginninginthe1990sthelocation

6、ofproductionabroadtomultiplebuyers(2)suppliersthatwereexclusivesubcontractstoonelargebuyer(3)verysmallfirmswithaweaktechnologybase.PartsupplierswereacriticalfceinthepostwarperiodbecausesomeofJapan’smanufacturingfirmsreli

7、edextensivelyonpartsoutsourcingfromahierarchyoftightlyalignedcompanies.AsSmitka(1991)Nishiguchi(1994)haveshownJapan’ssubcontractingsysteminitiallygrewoutofnecessity:Intheimmediatepostwaryearsmanyassemblingindustriessucha

8、sautomobileselectronicshadtheirproductionfacilitiesdestroyedfacedascarcityoffundswhichmadeitdifficulttobuildinhouseexpertiseinawiderangeofareas.Intheearly1950sasmallerwkfcehelpedshieldcompaniesfromfiercelabstrikesuntilac

9、hangeinlegislationrestrictedtherightsofunions.Wagesatsmallerfirmsweregenerallylowerthanatlargerfirms.Thusfdifferentreasonsatdifferenttimesoutsourcingwaspreferable.Thuslargecarcompaniesfoundthemselvesoutsourcingcriticalpa

10、rts.Astransactioncostseconomics(Williamson19751985)suggestsusingthe“market”insteadofwithinfirm“hierarchy”tooutsourcecriticalcomponentscreatesdependenciesthathavetobemanagedwithgreatcarelestthesupplierrunsawaywiththetechn

11、ologyeitherthebuyersupplierexploitsthedependencysqueezesthetradingpartneronprice.Onesolutiontoguardagainstvalueexpropriationopptunismthisholdupthreatistocreatelongtermtiesthroughrepeatedtradestechnologysharingownershipst

12、akes(e.g.McMillan1990CoffeyTomlinson2003).ManyJapanesemanufacturersbuiltstablegroupsoffirsttiersuppliersthatinturnreliedonsecondtierfirmssoonsothatalargenumberofsmallfirmswerepartofthebuyer’sbusinessgroupaverticalkeirets

13、u.GlobalizationinJapan’sAutomobileIndustryGlobalizationhitJapan’sautomotiveindustryinfullfceinthe1990sbroughtunprecedentedpressurefcostreductionatallstagesofproductioninparticularfthepartsuppliers.Thepressuresofglobaliza

14、tioncanbedisaggregatedintotwoseparatefces.ThefirstwaspressuretoproduceabroadinitiallyduetotradebarriersbutincreasinglyduetocostpressureswhenJapanlostitslowcostcountryadvantageinthe1980s.Thesecondwasthearrivalofcompetingp