工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)

1、第1章 人類與環(huán)境,Chapter 1 Humanity and Environment,1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons公共物品的悲劇,The tragedy of the commons——an article’s title，in 1968, Garrett Hardin of the University of California (in Science magazine)Its pr

2、incipal argument was that a society which permitted perfect freedom of action in activities that adversely influenced common properties was eventually doomed to failure.,什么是公共物品？,herdsman(牧民)animals,1、公共物品（the commons）

3、,sizelushness,overgrazing(過度放牧),關(guān)鍵詞：,（1）公共牧場(chǎng)（the community pasture）,,(2) 公共交通網(wǎng)（the common road network）,關(guān)鍵詞：traffic density 交通流量,At low levels of traffic density,At some critical density,The common pasture and

4、the common road network are examples of societal systems that are basically local in extent, and can be addressed by local societal action.,(3) 環(huán)境（ the environmental commons ）,關(guān)鍵詞：,local commons global commons,It

5、is undeniable that modern technology has provided enormous benefits to the world’s peoples: a longer life span(壽命), increased mobility（流動(dòng)性）, decreased manual labor（勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度）, and widespread literacy(教育水平提高), to name a few.,2

6、、對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的思考（concerns about the relationships between industrial activity and Earth’s environment ）,,,,In the last 100 years, the world’s industrial production has increased more than 100-fold. In the early 1900s, product

7、ion of synthetic organic chemicals was minimal; today, it is over 225 billion pounds per year in the U.S. alone. Since 1900, the rate of global consumption of fossil fuel has increased by a factor of 50.,關(guān)鍵詞：倍數(shù)、時(shí)間,Human

8、 activities appear to be rapidly consuming the ability of the atmosphere to act as a sink(匯) for the by-products of our economic practices.,關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境壓力,3、人口增長(zhǎng)（human population growth）,Human population growth is, of course,

9、 a major factor fueling this explosive industrial growth and expanded use and consumption of materials.,人口增長(zhǎng)是導(dǎo)致工業(yè)快速發(fā)展和資源消耗快速增加的主要因素之一 。,人口的變化,1700年以來，世界人口增長(zhǎng)了10倍，現(xiàn)在大約為60億21世紀(jì)后期，預(yù)計(jì)全球人口可能為100~120億,① a managed reduction of

10、 growth② a managed reduction of population to a lower level③ an unmanaged crash,綜合環(huán)境公共物品的特性、人類社會(huì)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步以及人口增長(zhǎng)的分析，可以得出什么結(jié)論？,When we objectively view the recent past – and 200 years is recent even in terms of human cultura

11、l evolution, and certainly in terms of our biological evolution – one fact becomes clear: the Industrial Revolution as we now know is not sustainable.,——工業(yè)革命是不可持續(xù)的,主方程：描述環(huán)境壓力的公式One of the more famous expressions by thes

12、e driving forces is provided by the “master equation”.主方程的作用：通過分析導(dǎo)致環(huán)境壓力的最主要原因，探索人類社會(huì)有效控制環(huán)境壓力的途徑。,1.2 主方程 The Master Equation,,Environmental impact = population×[GDP/person]×[(environmental impact)/(unit of

13、GDP)] 環(huán)境影響=人口數(shù)量×人均GDP×(環(huán)境影響/單位GDP) GDP：表示一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值。主方程又稱 IPAT方程，其中 I= Environmental Impact P= Population （P=PoeRt） A=Affluence(GDP/person)（富裕程度） T=Technology(impact

14、/unit of GDP)(反映清潔技術(shù)可獲得性和實(shí) 際應(yīng)用水平),環(huán)境影響=人口數(shù)量×人均GDP×(環(huán)境影響/單位GDP),主方程的應(yīng)用：幫助制定技術(shù)和社會(huì)目標(biāo),不是嚴(yán)格的數(shù)學(xué)公式,假設(shè)：constrain the environmental impact of humanity t

15、o its present level over the next half-century.,增加1-2倍,增加2-5倍,降低4-10倍,This is the inspiration for calls for “factor 4” or “factor 10” reductions in environmental impact per unit of economic activity.,,1、四個(gè)大目標(biāo)大目標(biāo)→解決人類社會(huì)普

16、遍關(guān)注的環(huán)境問題。There is indisputable evidence that some environmental concerns are regarded generally or even universally as more important than others. 如果承認(rèn)確實(shí)存在一些人類社會(huì)普遍認(rèn)同的事物，那么就可以提出幾個(gè)關(guān)系到地球上生命的延續(xù)和繁榮的大目標(biāo)（grand obj

17、ectives）。確定大目標(biāo)需要達(dá)成社會(huì)的共識(shí)。,1.3 大目標(biāo) The Grand Objectives,The Ω1 Objective: Maintaining the existence of the human species （維持人類的生存） In th

18、e case of Ω1, these are the minimization of environmental toxicity（毒性） and the provision（滿足） of basic needs: food, water, shelter.,(2) The Ω2 Objective: Maintaining the capacity for sustainable development and the sta

19、bility of human systems（維持可持續(xù)發(fā)展和人類系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定的能力） For Ω2, the requirements are a dependable energy supply, the availability of suitable material resources, and the existence of workable political structures.,,The Ω3 Obje

20、ctive: Maintaining the diversity of life （維持生物多樣性） ForΩ3, it is necessary to maintain a suitable amount of natural areas and to maximize biological diversity in disturbed areas,

21、 through, for example, the avoidance of monocultural vegetation（避免單一樹種造林）. Perturbations due to rapid shifts in fundamental natural systems such as climate or oceanic circulation（洋流） must also be addressed under this obj

22、ective.,,(4) The Ω4 Objective: Maintaining the aesthetic richness of the planet (維持地球?qū)徝纼r(jià)值的豐富性) Ω4 requires control of wastes of various kinds（控制各種廢物）: minimizing emissions that result in smog, discouraging dumping

23、 and other activities leading to degradation of the visible world, encouraging farming and agricultural practices that avoid land overuse and erosion（避免土地過度開發(fā)和侵蝕）, and the preservation of commonly held undeveloped land.,

24、環(huán)境問題與大目標(biāo)的聯(lián)系,大目標(biāo)框架為確定應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)的社會(huì)行為提供了一種的手段，但是這個(gè)框架本身并不能保證人類社會(huì)向這些目標(biāo)前進(jìn)。,哪些行為有利于改善環(huán)境問題以及實(shí)現(xiàn)大目標(biāo),2、環(huán)境科學(xué)對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)大目標(biāo)的作用,,,根據(jù)大目標(biāo)對(duì)環(huán)境問題進(jìn)行分類和排序的依據(jù)：——可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基本原則,Not using renewable resources faster than they are replenished（可再生資源的消耗速度不能超過其補(bǔ)給速度

25、）Not using nonrenewable, nonabundant resources faster than renewable substitutes can be found for them(不可更新、稀缺資源的消耗速度不能超過替代品的發(fā)展速度)Not significantly depleting the diversity of life on the planet（不能嚴(yán)重破壞地球上的生物多樣性）Not rel

26、easing pollutants faster than the planet can assimilate them(污染物排放速度不能超過地球自凈能力),具體環(huán)境影響的相對(duì)重要性可以根據(jù)大目標(biāo)以及下列優(yōu)先排序準(zhǔn)則（guidelines for prioritization）來確定:,影響的空間范圍（大范圍環(huán)境問題比小范圍問題嚴(yán)重）危害的嚴(yán)重性和持久性（毒性大或難降解的物質(zhì)比毒性小或億降解地物質(zhì)更值得關(guān)注）暴露程度（易擴(kuò)散物質(zhì)比

27、那些被很好隔離的物質(zhì)更值得關(guān)注）不可逆程度（永久性影響比克尼的影響更值得關(guān)注）過錯(cuò)產(chǎn)生的后果（需要長(zhǎng)時(shí)間修復(fù)的環(huán)境問題比可以在短時(shí)間修復(fù)的問題更值得關(guān)注）,,,,,,環(huán)境問題分類,3、確定相關(guān)社會(huì)活動(dòng)的步驟Targeted activities of technological societies,確定大目標(biāo) the definition by society of its Grand Objectives for life o

28、n Earth(2)識(shí)別與一個(gè)或多個(gè)大目標(biāo)相關(guān)的環(huán)境問題the recognition of an environmental concern related to one or more of the Grand Objectives.,(3)識(shí)別與環(huán)境問題相關(guān)的社會(huì)活動(dòng)the identification by technologists and social scientists of activities of soci

29、ety related to those concerns(4)對(duì)相關(guān)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行改進(jìn) the appropriate modification of those activities.,The Ω1 Objective: 維持人類的生存The Ω2 Objective: 維持可持續(xù)發(fā)展和人類系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定的能力The Ω3 Objective: 維持生物多樣性The Ω4 Object

30、ive: 維持地球?qū)徝纼r(jià)值的豐富性,全球氣候變化,大目標(biāo),環(huán)境問題,,開展模塊化產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)符合“能源之星”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品采用再生材料使用節(jié)能設(shè)備,改進(jìn)建議,人類活動(dòng),大目標(biāo),環(huán)境問題,社會(huì)活動(dòng),改進(jìn)建議,社會(huì)共識(shí),環(huán)境科學(xué) 工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué),,,The 20th century was a period of enormous progress,

31、achieved in part by ignoring the possible consequences of the ways in which that progress was made to happen. The conjunction of inadequately thought-out technological approaches with rapidly rising populations and an in

32、creasing culture of consumption is now producing stresses obvious to all.,應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)Addressing the Challenge,轉(zhuǎn)變技術(shù)、社會(huì)與環(huán)境之間的相互關(guān)系，需要社會(huì)各界的努力。These are great challenges.,社會(huì)學(xué)家Social scientists need to understand consumption and h

33、ow it may evolve and be modified. 環(huán)境學(xué)家和材料專家Environmental scientists and materials specialists need to understand the limits imposed by a planet with limited resources and limited assimilative capacity for industrial e

34、missions.,技術(shù)專家Technologists need to develop design and manufacturing approaches that are more environmentally sound. 企業(yè)家Industrialists need to understand all these frameworks for action, and develop ways to integrate

35、 the concepts within today’s corporate structures.政策制定者 Policy makers need to provide the proper mix of regulations and incentives（激勵(lì)） to promote the long-term health of the planet rather than short-term fixes.,2.1 從關(guān)

36、注眼前到放眼未來From contemporaneous thinking to forward thinking,第二章 工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)概念Chapter 2 The Industrial Ecology Concept,工業(yè)革命以來，大大小小企業(yè)的行為在很大程度上決定了人類與環(huán)境的相互作用。這種相互作用一直沒有引起企業(yè)決策者的關(guān)注。技術(shù)對(duì)自然界的影響，特別是各種產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)的潛在環(huán)境影響，一直沒有得到工業(yè)界的足夠重視。,任何一

37、項(xiàng)產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)都與其它成百上千的交易活動(dòng)及其環(huán)境影響相關(guān)。,工業(yè)界一直能夠很好地滿足消費(fèi)者的需求，卻不善于發(fā)現(xiàn)其滿足消費(fèi)者需求方式的一些后果，特別是長(zhǎng)期影響。,產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)與外界割裂開所產(chǎn)生的一些后果,當(dāng)今環(huán)境問題與工業(yè)界滿足過去人類需求方法的聯(lián)系,如何處理產(chǎn)業(yè)與環(huán)境相互關(guān)系？,關(guān)注眼前,關(guān)注未來,,,The approach to industry-environment interactions that is described in t

38、his course to aid in evaluating and minimizing impacts is termed “industrial ecology” .,2.2 工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)的概念,——用以評(píng)估和減少產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)環(huán)境影響的科學(xué)，稱作“工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)”。,工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)是人類在經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的前提下，有目的、合理地去探索和維護(hù)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的方法。工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)要求不是孤立而是協(xié)調(diào)地看待產(chǎn)業(yè)系統(tǒng)與其周圍環(huán)境的關(guān)系。這是一種試圖對(duì)

39、整個(gè)物質(zhì)循環(huán)過程——從天然材料、加工材料、零部件、產(chǎn)品、廢舊產(chǎn)品到產(chǎn)品最終處置——加以優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)方法。需要優(yōu)化的要素包括物質(zhì)、能量和資本。,1、工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)的基本概念,Industrial ecology is the means by which humanity can deliberately(有目的的) and rationally(合理的) approach and maintain sustainability, give

40、n to continued economic, cultural and technology evolution. The concept requires that an industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems, but in concert with them. It is a systems view in which

41、one seeks to optimize(使最優(yōu)化) the total materials cycle from virgin material, to finished material, to component, to product, to obsolete(廢舊的) product, and to ultimate disposal. Factors to be optimized include resources, e

42、nergy, and capital.,2、工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)的內(nèi)涵,,,技術(shù)科學(xué),社會(huì)科學(xué),3、工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)研究范圍,產(chǎn)業(yè)的界定：涵蓋人類的各種活動(dòng)，包括采掘業(yè)、制造業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)、能源生產(chǎn)和使用業(yè)、消費(fèi)者和服務(wù)提供商對(duì)產(chǎn)品的使用以及廢物處置活動(dòng)。,研究范圍：不局限于工廠的圍墻之內(nèi)，而是擴(kuò)展到人類生存和活動(dòng)對(duì)地球造成的各種影響，即人類對(duì)所有資源的利用。,4、工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)的研究方法,研究單個(gè)產(chǎn)品在其生命周期不同階段的環(huán)境影響，同時(shí)也注

43、重研究生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)施。,facility,,,Input streams,Emergent streams,輸入流,輸出流,5、工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)的特點(diǎn),（1）工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)的最重要觀點(diǎn)是否定廢物(waste)的概念,Dictionaries define waste as useless or worthless material.,In nature, however, nothing is eternally discarded; in v

44、arious ways all materials are reused, generally with great efficiency.,residues 殘留物 experienced resources 二次資源,（2）工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)面向未來,工業(yè)與環(huán)境的相互作用,影響未來的活動(dòng)可能受到影響的各種公共物品,,工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)有一些關(guān)鍵問題需要解答,2.3 工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)的關(guān)鍵問題Key questions of industrial

45、ecology,工業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與地球自然系統(tǒng)相互作用相互影響,第1章：大目標(biāo)、影響大目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)的環(huán)境問題,From this broad framework, it is possible to propose a set of key research questions for industrial ecology:,,,1. How do modern technological cycles operate, and what

46、are the environmental implications?現(xiàn)代技術(shù)循環(huán)是如何運(yùn)作的？它們有什么環(huán)境影響？,(1) How are industrial sectors linked and what are the corresponding environmental opportunities and threats?不同產(chǎn)業(yè)部門之間有什么聯(lián)系？他們有什么環(huán)境影響？(2) Can cycles be establi

47、shed for the technological materials used by our modern society?如何才能使現(xiàn)代社會(huì)所使用材料得到循環(huán)使用？,,,,(3)What elemental cycles, dominated by technology, are constrained by environmental impacts?哪些由技術(shù)主導(dǎo)的基本循環(huán)受到環(huán)境影響的限制？(4) How might

48、 product design and technology’ use of resources be moderated?如何才能通過產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)來控制技術(shù)的資源消耗？(5) How rapidly can environmentally preferable technological systems be evolved?環(huán)境友好的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)能以多快的速度發(fā)展？,,,2. How do the resource-related

49、aspects of human cultural systems operate, and what are the environmental implications?人類文化系統(tǒng)中涉及資源的組成部分是如何運(yùn)作的？,2.1 how do corporations manage their interactions with the environment, and how might corporate environmenta

50、l management evolve?企業(yè)如何管理其與環(huán)境的相互作用？2.2 how can the culture/consumption influence on materials cycles be modulated?如何才能調(diào)整文化和消費(fèi)對(duì)物質(zhì)循環(huán)的影響？,,,3. what is the future of the technology-environment relationship?技術(shù)-環(huán)境關(guān)系未來將如何

51、演變？（1） what scenarios for development over the next several decades form plausible pictures of the future of technology and its relationship to the environment?哪些針對(duì)未來幾十年的發(fā)展前景較合理地解釋了技術(shù)的未來發(fā)展及其環(huán)境影響？（2） what are the imp

52、lications for technological systems of changes in environmental systems (climate, water, etc.)?環(huán)境系統(tǒng)（氣候、水等）的變化對(duì)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)的影響是什么？,4. how can we operationally define and address sustainability, as contrasted with responsible env

53、ironmental performance?如何具體地界定和實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性，它與負(fù)責(zé)任的環(huán)境表現(xiàn)有什么區(qū)別？,習(xí)題:選擇你的公寓、宿舍或家中一個(gè)房間，將房間中的物品列一個(gè)清單，并把物品分成4類：生活必需品能夠發(fā)揮必要功能，但是超過實(shí)際需要而產(chǎn)生額外環(huán)境影響的物品（例如，衣服是必要的，但是一件貂皮或10雙鞋子是不必要的）；對(duì)于生存是不必要的，但有文化價(jià)值的物品沒有實(shí)際使用功能和文化價(jià)值的物品,回答問題：根據(jù)以上分析，推斷你的消