[雙語翻譯]外文翻譯--主題公園和景點對目的地的社會和經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)性的貢獻（英文）

1、The contribution of theme parks and attractions to the social and economic sustainability of destinationsAdy Milman, Fevzi Okumus and Duncan Dickson Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida,

2、 Orlando, Florida, USAAbstractPurpose – Thepurposeofthispaperistoreviewthecontributionmadebythisthemeissuetothequestion: how far do theme parks and attractions contribute to social and economic sustainability of destinat

3、ions?Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews some of the key contributions emerging from this theme issue.Findings – Theme parks and attractions will continue growing globally. There seem to be many internal and

4、external reasons that may lead to success and failure of theme parks and attractions. It is evident that theme parks and attractions contribute greatly to sustainability of destinations in many areas including investment

5、s in infrastructure, job creation, tax revenues, tourism revenues, donations, and community support. However, it is also evident that failure of a theme park may result in a major decline or failure of a destination.Rese

6、arch limitations/implications – It also emerges that more research is needed into development and management of theme parks and attractions globally.Practical implications – There are many stakeholders in developing them

7、e parks and attractions in destinations. It is essential to ensure active participation, coordination, and support from all stakeholders to ensure that theme parks and attractions deliver intended outcomes. Careful and l

8、ong-term planning and coordination are necessary to ensure that theme parks and attractions created and managed well so that they contribute to sustainability of destinations.Originality/value – This current theme issue

9、is perhaps one of the first journal issues that specifically focusonthemeparksandattractionsandtheirimpactondestinations.Thisfinalpaperhighlightsemerging conclusions from this theme and offers practical and theoretical i

10、mplications to the theme park industry.Keywords Theme parks, Sustainable development, Tourism development, Safety, Corporate social responsibility, Regional developmentPaper type General reviewIntroduction In this issue

11、of Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, we examined whether and how theme parks and attractions contribute to the sustainability of destinations. This issue included seven unique papers and the aim of this current p

12、aper is to discuss key themes emerging from this issue, provide conclusions and offer recommendations for practitioners and researchers.Emerging themes Overall growth and contribution of the theme park industry As illust

13、rated by Milman (2010), the theme park industry has grown rapidly for the last three decades globally with the development variety of parks ranging in size, capacity,The current issue and full text archive of this journa

14、l is available atwww.emeraldinsight.com/1755-4217.htmWHATT 2,3338Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes Vol. 2 No. 3, 2010 pp. 338-345 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1755-4217 DOI 10.1108/17554211011052249park deve

15、lopment and management, which include sustained number of visitors, protecting copyrights, quality of rides and shows, reducing labor costs, providing additional capital investment, using external capital without burdens

16、 on the balance sheet, maximizing the uptake of public goods and services, acquiring and developing real estate at the lowest possible cost. Local governments may perceive theme parks as a remedy for quick tourism develo

17、pment. Therefore, they may allocate large sums of public funds into theme parks hoping that it would result in economic development and environmental protection. However, the intended outcomes may not always be materiali

18、zed. For example, Kawamura and Hara (2010) illustrate that banks and local governments supported the construction of theme parks by offering reduced taxes and other administrative blessings in Japan. Some of the develope

19、rs and borrowers did not have any experience of operating theme parks. Kawamura and Hara (2010) conclude that a successful theme park development would surely contribute to local sustainability. In addition, local govern

20、ment and residents would enjoy the external effects of success of the theme park by means of increased tax revenues and wage earning opportunities. On the contrary, a deteriorating theme park situation can force the loca

21、l governments to consider direct injection of their support to the theme park. Similar to Kawamura and Hara’s (2010) study, Henderson (2010) also provides interesting findings and discussions about developing visitor att

22、ractions and their role in sustainable destination development with specific reference to two projects in Singapore. Henderson suggests that government officials and investors may prefer large-scale purpose built facilit

23、ies as new visitor attractions to contribute to sustainable destination development. Henderson explains how the government in Singapore has taken the lead in shaping tourism and facilitating realization of its ambitious

24、visions for the future of the city-state as a destination. She concludes that the success of new visitor attractions is dependent on a host of factors, some of which are beyond the control of industry stakeholders such a

25、s regional or global economic and political crises. Commercial results might therefore be disappointing and the effectiveness of official development strategies will be undermined. Partnerships may be necessary within an

26、d between the public and private domains which can transcend national boundaries so that good working relationships must be forged and due regard given to legal and regulatory frameworks. In addition to positive impacts

27、of new theme parks and attractions, Henderson raises the issue of potential negative economic, social-cultural and ecological impacts of theme parks and attractions on destinations. These may include but not limited to h

28、igh-entrance fees for local residents, frictions between visitors and residents, pollution, habitat destruction, waste disposal problems, air and noise pollution, and rising levels of energy and water consumption.Improvi

29、ng existing facilities and adding new attractions Theme park companies often do not just need to invest in improving their existing rides, shows, and facilities but also add new ones. However, such investments can be ver

30、y costly whereas the expected outcome from them may be unclear. For example, as noted by Milman (2010), Universal Orlando’s addition of the Simpsons Ride, Hollywood Rip Ride Rocket, and Wizarding World of Harry Potter ar