[雙語翻譯]外文翻譯--印度巴特那街頭小販了解社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)概況、生計(jì)和衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣（英文）

1、Short communicationStreet vendors in Patna, India: Understanding the socio-economic profile, livelihood and hygiene practicesFiona H. McKay a, *, Arbind Singh b, Sangeeta Singh b, Suvajee Good c, Richard H. Osborne aa De

2、akin University, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Melbourne VIC 3125,Australia b National Association of Street Vendors, Patna, Bihar, India c Depa

3、rtment of Noncommunicable Diseases and Environment Health, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, Indiaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 9 December 2015Received in revised form28 May 2016Accepted

4、 31 May 2016Available online 4 June 2016Keywords:Street vendorIndiaFood environmentStreet foodFood safety and hygienea b s t r a c tStreet food vending is fundamental to daily life in many low and middle income countries

5、 where much ofthe urban population rely on food provided by street vendors. While street vendors are known to beimportant providers of food; limited research has investigated vendor’s hygiene practices and theirsocioecon

6、omic circumstances in India. The aims of this study were to investigate the hygienic practices offood vendors and the context of their socioeconomic and living circumstances. Structured interviewswere conducted with 31 s

7、treet food vendors in Patna, India. The interviews explored issues aroundvending, hygiene practices, planning, and financial stability. Findings from this study indicate that foodvendors are aware of good basic hygiene p

8、ractices despite having low levels of literacy, low incomes, andlimited job security.© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionOver the last two decades, India has experienced significant economic grow

9、th and change, including a substantial increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and per capita income. These changes have meant that that over 60 million Indians have benefited from improved living conditions (Planning C

10、ommission, 2013). Despite these changes, many public health improvements have failed to keep pace with the increased prosperity. Life ex- pectancy at birth remains low (India, 68; world average, 71), infant mortality rat

11、es (48 per 1000) are higher than the global average (32 per 1000), and the average for the South East Asian region (34 per 1000), and over one quarter of India’s population live below the poverty line, or on less than US

12、$1.25 per day (Horton WHO., 2016). Past decades have seen an increase in the number of people moving from rural to urban areas in search of work (Coffey, Papp, Butsch, Sakdapolak, Tacoli, Bukhari, PikudaSamapundo, Cl

13、imat, Xhaferi,Suneetha, Manjula, almost one third (n ¼ 10) had been vending at the same location for more than 10 years, with many mentioning that they had taken over the business from their father, who too had bee

14、n vending at the same location for many years. Only eight participants had received formal hygiene training being offered by NASVI at the time of this study, however, most of the remainder were scheduled to complete the

15、training at some point in the future. Despite the small number of participants who were formally trained, most vendors had some form of waste disposal (usually a rubbish bin or bag) nearby, and most had water near their

16、food preparation area; this was typically in the form of bore water stored in a large plastic drum - four participants re- ported that they paid Rs. 30 each day for this water. Most partici- pants had soap available, whe

17、ther they had their own or shared with a neighbour, and most were able to describe the link between unhygienic food and illness. Many participants spoke of the insecure nature of street vend- ing. These vendors described

18、 situations where they felt harassed bythe municipal authorities or police. These participants described situations where they were asked to leave the area, had their cart or food destroyed, or had their carts confiscate

19、d and had to pay a fine or bribe to retrieve their cart and cooking equipment. These par- ticipants spoke of the insecurity they felt in their profession and for their families. When speaking about the jobs that they wis

20、h for their children, many participants identified this vulnerability and insecurity as the reason that that did not want their children vending.3.2. Vendor health and wellbeingMost vendors took the opportunity to work l

21、ong hours as a way to increase their income. Vendors reported working on average, over 11 h each day, with many working seven days a week. Because of their already limited incomes, those vendors who worked every day said

22、 that they only take a day off work during festivals, or in the case of illness or an emergency. Fewer than half of the vendors reported being sick recently.Table 1Vendor demographics.Age n (%)20 and under 2 (6.5)21e30 1

23、3 (41.9)31e40 10 (32.3)Over 40 6 (19.4)SexMale 28 (90.3)Years of schooling0 11 (35.5)1e5 4 (13)6e9 10 (32.2)More than 10 6 (19.4)Married 28 (90.3)Number of dependent children0 7 (22.6)1 2 (6.5)2 6 (19.4)3 5 (16.1)4 4 (13

24、)5þ 7 (22.6)Average age of children (years) 13.3 (range 6 monthse40 years)Family typeJoint (living with some extended family) 14 (45.2)Nuclear 17 (54.8)Number of people in house1 3 (9.7)3e5 9 (29.1)6e9 12 (38.7)More

25、 than 10 7 (22.6)Housing statusRent in Patna 25 (80.6)(Own in village) (8)Own in Patna 2 (6.5)Other 4 (10.4)Monthly personal income (Rs) Average 10,629 (SD 4912, range 4000e25,000)Up to 6000 5 (13.6)6001e10,000 16 (51.6)

26、10,001e15,000 6 (19.4)Over 15,001 4 (10.4)Monthly household income (Rs) Average 12,177 (SD 6157, range 6000e30,000)Up to 6000 4 (10.4)6001e10,000 14 (45.2)10,001e15,000 6 (19.4)15,001e20,000 5 (13.6)Over 20,000 2 (6.5)Mo