[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]外文翻譯--印度巴特那街頭小販了解社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)概況、生計(jì)和衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣

1、3600 英文單詞， 英文單詞，18500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 6100 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Mckay F H, Singh A, Singh S, et al. Street vendors in Patna, India: Understanding the socio-economic profile, livelihood and hygiene practices[J]. Food Control, 2016

2、, 70:281-285.Street vendors in Patna, India: Understanding the socio-economic profile, livelihood and hygiene practicesFiona H. McKay, Arbind Singh, Sangeeta Singh, Suvajee Good, Richard H. OsborneAbstract Street food ve

3、nding is fundamental to daily life in many low and middle income countries where much of the urban population rely on food provided by street vendors. While street vendors are known to be important providers of food; lim

4、ited research has investigated vendor’s hygiene practices and their socioeconomic circumstances in India. The aims of this study were to investigate the hygienic practices of food vendors and the context of their socioec

5、onomic and living circumstances. Structured interviews were conducted with 31 street food vendors in Patna, India. The interviews explored issues around vending, hygiene practices, planning, and financial stability. Find

6、ings from this study indicate that food vendors are aware of good basic hygiene practices despite having low levels of literacy, low incomes, and limited job security.Keywords: Street vendor; India;Food environment; Stre

7、et food;Food safety and hygiene1. IntroductionOver the last two decades, India has experienced significant economic growth and change, including a substantial increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and per capita incom

8、e. These changes have meant that that over 60 million Indians have benefited from improved living conditions (Planning Commission, 2013). Despite these changes, many public health improvements have failed to keep pace wi

9、th the increased prosperity. Life expectancy at birth remains low (India, 68; world average, 71), infant mortality rates (48 per 1000) are higher than the global average (32 per 1000), and the average for the South East

10、Asian region (34 per 1000), and over one quarter of India’s population live below the poverty line, or on less than US$1.25 per day (Horton WHO., 2016).Past decades have seen an increase in the number of people moving f

11、rom rural to urban areas in search of work (Coffey, Papp, Butsch, Sakdapolak, Tacoli, Bukhari, Pikuda Samapundo, Climat, Xhaferi, Suneetha, Manjula, Cortese et al., 2016), this study sought to interview at least 30

12、 vendors. A convenience sampling strategy was designed so that a number of sites around the city could be represented in the study. The interviews were completed at the vendor’s cart or stall by the first author with the

13、 assistance of a member of NASVI who aided with recruitment and translation. To build report between vendors and the researcher, vendors were made aware of the study by their Area Leaders. These Leaders are the day to da

14、y point of contact between NASVI and the vendors. The first author also met many of the vendors at an award ceremony for those vendors who had recently completed a hygiene training course. Both owners and staff were elig

15、ible for interview. An observational checklist developed for this study, modelled on that of Lucan et al. (2013), was also used to gather information on the food service unit including the type of food prepared/served in

16、 the unit, and the general hygiene around the stall (the presence of rubbish, water or rodents). Detailed field notes were taken, and all interviews were recorded for any later clarification. Approval from the study was

17、obtained from the Deakin University Ethics Committee.The descriptive data were analysed using basic descriptive statistics to characterise the sample. Categorical data were reported using simple frequencies and percentag

18、es, while continuous data were presented as means, medians and standard deviations.3. Results3.1. Environmental characteristicsIn total 31 vendors across three sites were interviewed. The demographic characteristics are

19、presented in Table 1. The average age of vendors was 34 years (SD = 10.4, range 17-61). Most of the participants were male (n = 28), and most were married (n = 28) with at least one child (n = 24). While most of the part

20、icipants had completed some schooling (n =20), over one third were illiterate (n =11). Only two of the participants owned the house in which they were living in Patna, with most participants (n =25) renting their current

21、 home at an average of Rs. 2137 per month (SD 745, range 1000e4000). Of those renting in Patna, eight owned a home located in their family village. One participant was living on his cart, while three others were living i

22、n homes that were provided by the government or as in one case, on church land in exchange for a small amount of gardening maintenance. Vendors reported an average monthly income of Rs. 10,629 (SD 4912, range 4000-25,000

23、), and while most were the sole provider for their families, with an average household size of seven, the average monthly household income was slightly higher at Rs. 12,177 (SD 6157, range 6000-30,000), as some participa

24、nts received a small amount of income from farm land or the work of other family members.Most of the vendors owned the cart that they worked at (n = 28), with several also employing staff to assist them with day- to-day

25、tasks. Vendors were typically located in visible clusters of between 7 and 22 vendors, often with several vendors in each cluster selling the same food. Only one vendor was isolated from any cluster. This vendor had rece