[雙語翻譯]大學(xué)生就業(yè)外文翻譯--最近的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生找到好工作嗎？（原文）

1、current issuesFEDERA L RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORKi n E c o n o m i c s a n d F i n a n c EVolume 20, Number 1 ? 2014 ? www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issuesAre Recent College Graduates Finding Good Jobs?Jaison R.

2、 Abel, Richard Deitz, and Yaqin SuAccording to numerous accounts, the Great Recession has left many recent college graduates struggling to find jobs that utilize their education. However, a look at the data on the emp

3、loyment outcomes for recent graduates over the past two decades suggests that such difficulties are not a new phenomenon: individuals just beginning their careers often need time to transition into the labor market. S

4、till, the percentage who are unemployed or “underemployed”—working in a job that typically does not require a bachelor’s degree—has risen, particularly since the 2001 recession. Moreover, the quality of the jobs held

5、 by the underemployed has declined, with today’s recent graduates increasingly accepting low-wage jobs or working part-time. Acollege education is an important investment that helps people build their skills and prep

6、are for high-skilled jobs. Historically, those who have made this investment have received a substantial economic benefit that lasts over their lifetime. However, with the onset of the Great Recession and the sluggish

7、 labor market recovery that has ensued, there have been widespread reports of newly minted college graduates who are unsuccessful at finding jobs suited to their level of education. According to many accounts, recent g

8、raduates are finding it increasingly difficult to secure a job, and those who do find work are often confined to low-wage positions. Stories of this nature raise troubling questions about whether a college degree stil

9、l helps people find good jobs. In this edition of Current Issues, we assess just how difficult the labor market has become for recent college graduates. In doing so, we move beyond anecdotal evidence to examine more th

10、an two decades of data on the employment outcomes of recent college graduates. This approach allows us to put the experience of those entering the labor market during the latest business cycle into historical perspecti

11、ve.Our analysis reveals that, by historical standards, unemployment rates for recent college graduates have indeed been quite high since the onset of the Great Recession. Moreover, underemployment among recent graduate

12、s—a condition defined here as working in jobs that typically do not require a bachelor’s degree—is also on the rise, part of a trend that began with the 2001 recession. To be sure, our comparison of the experience of

13、new graduates today with that of new graduates in earlier periods shows that fairly high unemployment and underemployment are not uncommon for young people just after they obtain their degrees; this pattern arises bec

14、ause college graduates generally require some time to transition into the labor market. However, when we delve further to examine the quality of jobs held by the same inverse relationship between age and the unemploymen

15、t rate is also apparent in 1990 and 2000, though unemployment rates were decidedly lower for all ages in these time periods than in 2009-11.The inverse relationship between age and the unemploy- ment rate appears to h

16、old across time, and occurs even during peaks in the business cycle, as was the case in 1990 and 2000. This pattern suggests that it is typical for young college gradu- ates to have relatively high unemployment rates,

17、and that these rates can be expected to decline as the graduates continue on in the labor force. It takes time for recent college graduates to settle into the labor market and find a job, and this has histori- cally t

18、ended to be the case.Note, however, that the relatively high unemployment experienced by recent college graduates should not prompt us to dismiss the value of a college education in helping young workers find jobs. As

19、 Chart 1 showed, the unemployment rate for young workers without a college degree was significantly higher than the rate for recent college graduates. The unem- ployment rate climbed to nearly 16 percent in 2010 for yo

20、ung workers without degrees, more than double the peak unem- ployment rate of 7 percent for new college graduates. Underemployment among Recent College Graduates While high unemployment among recent college graduates h

21、as attracted considerable attention from policymakers and the public alike, there is also growing concern that recent graduates are finding themselves underemployed—that is, working in jobs that do not require a colle

22、ge degree.2 This 2 See, for example, Fogg and Harrington (2011) and Vedder, Denhart, and Robe (2013).phenomenon is exemplified by news stories of recent college graduates who, unable to find employment that fits their

23、 education level, take jobs as baristas, bartenders, or retail clerks. But just how widespread is underemployment for recent college graduates?To measure underemployment, we utilize data from the U.S. Department of La

24、bor’s Occupational Information Network (O*NET). O*NET contains information on job-related requirements for hundreds of occupations, collected from interviews of incumbent workers and with input from profes- sional occ

25、upational analysts. We use the following question from the O*NET Education and Training Questionnaire to determine whether an occupation requires a college degree: “If someone were being hired to perform this job, ind

26、icate the level of education that would be required.” We consider a college education to be a requirement for a given occupation if at least 50 percent of the respondents working in that occupa- tion indicated that a

27、bachelor’s degree is necessary to perform the job. We then merged these data on the educational require- ments for each occupation with data from the decennial Census, American Community Survey, and Current Population

28、Survey on individual workers and their occupations. A college gradu- ate is considered underemployed if he or she is working in an occupation that does not typically require a bachelor’s degree.We calculate the underem

29、ployment rate as the number of graduates underemployed divided by total graduates employed. In Chart 3, we report the underemployment rate from 1990 to 2012 for two different groups: all college gradu- ates and recent

30、 college graduates. For college graduates as a whole, the underemployment rate has held steady at around www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues 30246810122009-112000199035 34 31 32 29 30 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22Sou

31、rces: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census and American Community Survey.Notes: College graduates are those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. All fgures exclude those currently enrolled in school.Chart 2 College Gradu

32、ates’ Unemployment Rate, by Age PercentAge0102030405060Recent college graduatesCollege graduates12 10 08 06 04 02 00 98 96 94 92 1990Sources: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Su

33、rvey, March Supplement; U.S. Department of Labor, O*NET.Notes: College graduates are those aged 22 to 65 with a bachelor’s degree or higher; recent college graduates are those aged 22 to 27 with a bachelor’s degree or h

34、igher. All fgures exclude those currently enrolled in school. Shaded areas indicate periods designated recessions by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Chart 3 Underemployment Rates for College GraduatesPercent