[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]汽車保險(xiǎn)外文翻譯--手機(jī)禁令如何影響汽車保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)（節(jié)選）

1、2150 英文單詞， 英文單詞，12000 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 3290 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Karl J B, Nyce C. HOW CELLPHONE BANS AFFECT AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE MARKETS[J]. Journal of Risk Sampaio, 2010), suggesting that the enactment of laws limiting cellphon

2、e use while driving may be associated with real public health benefits. Our study also considers the effects of these hand-held cellphone bans but specifically focuses on the extent to which these bans influence automobi

3、le insurers’ losses, loss ratios, and premiums. More specifically, because automobile insurers pay for most of the losses associated with automobile accidents, any changes in drivers’ behaviors resulting from cellphone

4、bans should be reflected in the amount of losses incurred by automobile insurers. We therefore expect that, if laws restricting the use of cellphones while driving reduce the frequency and/or severity of traffic accident

5、s in a given marketplace, automobile insurers will incur fewer losses During the past three decades, cellphone ownership grew dramatically among Americans and it is estimated that over 90 percent of individuals owned a c

6、ellphone in 2014. As a result, researchers began to consider how the proliferation of cellphones in the United States affected driving performance and several studies identified a positive correlation between the hand-he

7、ld use of a cellphone while driving and the risk of an automobile accident.1 Motivated by the apparent link between hand-held cellphone use and accident risk, many policymakers began considering enacting laws that would

8、prohibit drivers from using cellphones while operating a motor vehicle. These policymakers recognized the empirical evidence indicating other laws, unrelated to cellphone use, had significantly changed drivers’ behavior

9、s in ways that reduced the risk of an accident by, for example, increasing seat-belt use or decreasing drunk driving (e.g., Wells, Preusser, and Williams, 1992; Dinh-Zarr et al., 2001; Farmer and Williams, 2005). Laws ba

10、nning the hand-held use of a cellphone while driving were expected to have similar, beneficial effects on drivers’ behaviors and traffic accidents. As a result, in 2001, New York became the first state to implement a ba

11、n on the hand-held use of cellphones for all drivers, and in the ensuing time, many more states implemented laws that restrict the use of cellphones while driving.A variety of empirical studies examine whether hand-held

12、cellphone bans have the desired effect of changing drivers’ behaviors and reducing automobile accidents. As noted by McCartt, Kidd, and Teoh (2014), research in this area is hindered by data availability and the appropri

13、ateness of study designs and, consequently, there is no clear consensus in the literature regarding the magnitude of the effect of cellphone bans on drivers’ behaviors. Nevertheless, there exists evidence that the hand-h

14、eld use of a cellphone while driving decreases when states enact laws prohibiting this behavior. For example, McCartt et al. (2010) report that driver hand-held cellphone use declined significantly in three states that e

15、nacted hand-held cellphone bans while Braitman and McCartt (2010) find that fewer drivers report using cellphones while driving in states with hand-held bans compared to states without bans.Other studies also suggest tha

16、t the change in driver behavior elicited by hand- held cellphone bans ultimately leads to reductions in traffic accidents. For example, Nikolaev, Robbins, and Jacobson (2010) and Sampaio (2010) provide evidence that mean

17、 automobile crash rates declined in New York in the time period after the state enacted a ban on hand-held cellphone use while driving. In addition, using data pertaining to automobile accident and fatality rates across

18、most or all of the states in the United States, Kolko (2009), Anyanwu (2012), and Lim and Chi (2013) all provide some degree of empirical support for the notion that hand-held cellphone bans reduce traffic fatalities and

19、/or traffic accidents. Other studies, examining data pertaining only to a small number of states, find no evidence that banning the hand-held use of a cellphone while driving affects drivers’ behaviors or accident rates

20、(e.g., Trempel et al., 2011; Bhargava and Pathania, 2013). However, when considered in its entirety, the overall empirical evidence presented in the literature provides a nontrivial amount of support for the notion that

21、hand-held cellphone bans have a real effect on drivers’ behaviors that ultimately results in reductions in traffic accidents and fatalities. The literature, however, generally fails to explore the potential economic effe

22、cts associated with hand-held cellphone bans.Our article hypothesizes that the enactment of a hand-held cellphone ban will ultimately result in fewer losses incurred by automobile insurers operating in the marketplace wh