[雙語翻譯]網(wǎng)絡(luò)暴力外文翻譯—網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌具有真實(shí)后果的虛擬犯罪（原文）

1、© 2018 Indian Journal of Psychiatry | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 3relatively easy, where the power of one click is immense and increases the audience by thousands, thus increasing the humiliation and im

2、pact of bullying exponentially. The scope of cyberbullying is vast, in terms of means as well as content. It includes bullying through text messages, phone calls, e-mails, instant messengers, social media platforms,

3、or in chat rooms. It varies from posting hurtful words, derogatory comments, posting fake information on public forums or blogs, hacking accounts for personal vendetta to rape or death threats. It can be as ruinous as

4、 revenge porn, which is posting sexually explicit images or videos of a person on the Internet, typically by a former sexual partner, without the consent of the subject and in order to cause them distress or embarras

5、sment. The impact of such acts can be catastrophic, especially for young adults, who feel so embarrassed and humiliated that they cannot imagine surviving the next morning, and end up taking extreme steps which inclu

6、de harm to self and occasionally, others. It deeply reflects the real-world problems arising out of the virtual cyberspace. No longer limited to schoolyards or street corners, it has now moved to WhatsApp, Snapchat,

7、Twitter, Facebook, etc., where online polls are conducted to bodyshame the victim and groups are made to spread false rumours or share morphed pictures and videos, to a rather vast audience with the power of the Inter

8、net, which would not have been so easily possible in the physical world otherwise. Cyberbullying also differs from traditional bullying in offering potential anonymity to the bully and difficulty in identifying the v

9、ictim. This combined with the obvious lack of monitoring and regulation in cyberspace makes the issue more intricate and strenuous to address.On the basis of their online behavior, people can be categorized as cyber v

10、ictim, cyber bully, and cyber victim/bully. The possible adverse effects of cyberbullying can be physical, psychological, or in academic performance, and these are most pronounced for the cyber bully/victim category.

11、[3] Higher rates of depression and anxiety are noted among cyber victims along with refusal to school and declining academic performance. These students are also found to be more prone to report headache, stomach ach

12、e, bed wetting, and various other psychosomatic complaints. The type of cyberbullying tends to differ among both genders; girls are more likely to post mean comments online, while boys are more likely to post hurtful

13、 pictures or videos online.[4] As postulated by the USA-based Technology, as we know, is a double-edged sword, where the users are continuously balancing between the risks and opportunities it offers. It is no longer j

14、ust a cliché: we really are all connected, 24/7, no matter where in the world, we are mere one click away from our families, co-workers, classmates, idols, mentors, neighbors, and even strangers. On one side, th

15、e Internet has made the world a much smaller place full of opportunities to thrive for people with minimal resources along with bringing awareness to important sociopolitical movements and acting as a platform for fu

16、ndraising for many noble causes; on the other side, it has exposed vulnerable people to a deep dark world of web and bullying while sitting safely in the vicinity of their homes.A popular report by a US market research

17、 company in 2015[1] suggests that, at the time, there were more mobile devices on the planet than people –8.6 billion devices versus 7.3 billion people. And by the end of 2018, the number of mobile devices in world w

18、ill exceed 12 billion – an average of nearly 2 devices per user. This rapid rise of electronic-based communication during the past decade has dramatically changed the social interactions, especially among teenagers.

19、Adolescents are moving from using the Internet as an “extra” in everyday communication to using it as the “primary” mode of communication. This shift from face-to-face communication to online communication has create

20、d many unique and potentially harmful dynamics for social relationships – one such dynamic has recently been explored in the literature as cyberbullying.Cyberbullying is defined by Smith et al. as an “aggressive, inte

21、ntional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend himself or herself.”[2] Most definitions of bullying rely upon th

22、ree criteria; intent to harm, imbalance of power, and repetition of the act. Cyberbullying also can happen accidentally. The impersonal nature of text messages, instant messages, and e-mails makes it very hard to det

23、ect the sender’s tone – one person’s joke could be another’s hurtful insult. However, a repeated pattern is rarely accidental. In case of cyberbullying, this becomes EDITORIALCyberbullying: A virtual offense with real

24、consequencesT. S. Sathyanarayana Rao, Deepali Bansal, Suhas Chandran Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Formerly JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, IndiaAddress

25、for correspondence: Dr. T. S. Sathyanrayana Rao, Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Formerly JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India. E?mail: tssrao19@yahoo

26、.com[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Tuesday, May 29, 2018, IP: 223.245.148.231]Rao, et al.: CyberbullyingIndian Journal of Psychiatry Volume 60, Issue 1, January-March 2018 5channels are recogni

27、zing the relevance of this issue in the current scenario and are coming up with campaigns and programs such as “Troll Police.”[11]In India, Section 66A of the amended IT Act deals with these crimes. Sending any messag

28、e (through a computer or a communication device) that is grossly offensive or has menacing character – any communication which he/she knows to be false, but for the purpose of causing insult, annoyance, and criminal

29、intimidation, under the current Indian IT/Cyber/Criminal laws – is punishable upto 3 years of imprisonment with a fine, but this law fails to deal with the intricacies of cyberbullying. It is high time that the menta

30、l health fraternity comes forward to address the issue of cyberbullying with more focused research and help the lawmakers in formulating policies and regulatory laws that will help to identify as well as curb the mena

31、ce. Another important and effective broker in identifying and stopping cyberbullying is school, where the role of mental health professional becomes pivotal in formulating effective school-based anti-cyberbullying pr

32、ograms, which focus on individual psychotherapy as well as educate the students on cyber-ethics and the cyber laws. Cyberbullying is an online problem that needs to be dealt with offline, and like Theodore Roosevelt

33、popularly said “Knowing what’s right doesn’t mean much unless you do what’s right,” merely acknowledging cyberbullying as a problem is not enough anymore. It is also imperative that mental health professionals use th

34、eir critical expertise in formulating and implementing school- and community-wide approaches to cyberbullying prevention.REFERENCES1. More Mobile Devices in the World Than People – How Many Do You Have? Connected; 20

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38、://www. cyberbullying.org/2016-cyberbullying-data. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 22].5. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Arch Suicide Res 2010;14:206-21.6. Home T, Analysis NM. India Ranks

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41、e-but-indian-parents-are-finally-taking-stock-intel-study/. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 22].8. Palaszczuk Vows to Put Cyberbullying on COAG Agenda. ABC News; 2018. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-28/

42、 palaszczuk-vows-to-put-cyberbullying-on-coag-agenda/9368530. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 22].9. Aiken M. The Cyber Effect: A Pioneering Cyberpsychologist Explains How Human Behaviour Changes Online, Aug 18. Hachette U

43、K London; 2016.119-38.10. Lenhart A, Madden M, Smith A, Purcell K, Zickuhr K, Rainie L. Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science 2018. Available from: https://www

44、.mid-day.com/articles/troll-police-a-reality-show-that-addresses-the-issue- of-cyber-bullying/18916156. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 22].Access this article onlineWebsite:www.indianjpsychiatry.orgQuick Response CodeDOI:10.

45、4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_147_18How to cite this article: Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Bansal D, Chandran S. Cyberbullying: A virtual offense with real consequences. Indian J Psychiatry 2018;60:3-5.This is an open ac

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