[雙語翻譯]碳交易外文翻譯--南非建筑業(yè)的碳排放交易（英文）

1、ScienceDirectAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.comScienceDirectEnergy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published b

2、y Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2371–23761876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Publ

3、ished by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.169© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. P

4、eer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy.Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com

5、/locate/procedia 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy. 9th International Confe

6、rence on Applied Energy, ICAE2017, 21-24 August 2017, Cardiff, UK Carbon Emission Trading in South African Construction Industry Ayodeji E. Okea*, Clinton O. Aigbavboa a, Samkeliso A. Dlamini a aDepartment of Constructio

7、n Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg 2028, South Africa Abstract The quest for reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) through the use of carbon trading system has been on the increase as a result

8、 of the adoption and promotion by notable world agencies such as United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), among others. The mitigating approaches were introduced by the later to curb and minimize amount of GHGs produc

9、ed by manufacturing, construction and other industrial and heavy engineering based industries. In view of its continuous popularity and adoption by developed countries, this study examines the concept of carbon trading

10、 principles and systems and their adoption in the South African construction industry with a view to enhancing sustainability of construction projects geared towards achieving overall sustainable goals. History of emis

11、sion trading and the concept of GHGs were assessed using previous and relevant literature materials. The study further examines the two emission trading systems, that is, cap and trade as well as baseline and credit, an

12、d suggested the earlier for the construction industry based on their benefits and flexibility. Various ways of enforcing the system were also highlighted with emphasis on the willingness and readiness of construction e

13、xperts, professionals, developers, regulators and other concerned stakeholders in reducing greenhouse gases in the execution, usage and reuse of construction projects. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd

14、. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy. Keywords: Carbon Trading (CT); Global Climate Change (GCC); Greenhouse Gases (GHGs); Sustainable Cons

15、truction (SC) 1. Introduction Climate system is a complex and interactive system that consists of living things and the necessary resources that are needed by them to survive. These resources include the atmosphere; lit

16、hosphere and the hydrosphere. According to the Australian Academy of Science [1], climate change is the alteration or variation in the pattern of weather and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occ

17、urring over scales of decades or longer. Furthermore, * Corresponding author. Tel.: +27-84-915-5117. E-mail address: emayok@gmail.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000

18、–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy. 9t

19、h International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2017, 21-24 August 2017, Cardiff, UK Carbon Emission Trading in South African Construction Industry Ayodeji E. Okea*, Clinton O. Aigbavboa a, Samkeliso A. Dlamini a aDepa

20、rtment of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg 2028, South Africa Abstract The quest for reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) through the use of carbon trading system has been on the

21、 increase as a result of the adoption and promotion by notable world agencies such as United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), among others. The mitigating approaches were introduced by the later to curb and minimize

22、amount of GHGs produced by manufacturing, construction and other industrial and heavy engineering based industries. In view of its continuous popularity and adoption by developed countries, this study examines the conc

23、ept of carbon trading principles and systems and their adoption in the South African construction industry with a view to enhancing sustainability of construction projects geared towards achieving overall sustainable g

24、oals. History of emission trading and the concept of GHGs were assessed using previous and relevant literature materials. The study further examines the two emission trading systems, that is, cap and trade as well as ba

25、seline and credit, and suggested the earlier for the construction industry based on their benefits and flexibility. Various ways of enforcing the system were also highlighted with emphasis on the willingness and readin

26、ess of construction experts, professionals, developers, regulators and other concerned stakeholders in reducing greenhouse gases in the execution, usage and reuse of construction projects. © 2017 The Authors. Publ

27、ished by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy. Keywords: Carbon Trading (CT); Global Climate Change (GCC); Greenhouse Gases (GH

28、Gs); Sustainable Construction (SC) 1. Introduction Climate system is a complex and interactive system that consists of living things and the necessary resources that are needed by them to survive. These resources includ

29、e the atmosphere; lithosphere and the hydrosphere. According to the Australian Academy of Science [1], climate change is the alteration or variation in the pattern of weather and related changes in oceans, land surface

30、s and ice sheets, occurring over scales of decades or longer. Furthermore, * Corresponding author. Tel.: +27-84-915-5117. E-mail address: emayok@gmail.com Ayodeji E. Oke et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2371–2376 2

31、373[13]. The paper by Delbeke [14] serves as a basis for a number of stakeholder negotiations that consequently helped shape up the EU ETS in the first and premature phases. Moreover, this encouraged the establishment o

32、f the EU ETS directive in 2003 which was then followed by its implementation in 2005. From 2005 to 2007 the EU ETS is mentioned to have been in its first phase. The first phase was termed the “pilot phase” as the carbo

33、n market looked to establish prices for its operation. It then follows that the pilot phase was to establish the necessary infrastructure for monitoring, reporting and verifying emission. Emission reductions were large

34、ly based on estimates, and this is primarily due to the fact that there were no reliable sources of data to record emissions. Table 1 illustrates the developments of the EU ETS dating back to when the directive was est

35、ablished. Table 1: Background and developments of the scheme Year Event 2003 Adoption of the EU ETS directive 2004 Adoption of the EU linking directive with the KP 2005 Beginning of the EU ETS pilot phase (Phase I)

36、 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU ETS 2008 Beginning of Phase II 2008 Iceland, Leichtensten and Norway joined the EU ETS 2009 The 2020 energy and climate package was adopted with a revised directive for t

37、he third phase (2013 to 2020) 2010 EU ETS aviation directive 2011 EU Commission released Communication; “Towards a 2050 low-carbon economy roadmap” 2012 Inclusion of the international aviation in the ETS 2013 Beg

38、inning of the third phase (Phase III) 2014 Implementation of Market Stability Reserve and Backloading Measures Source: European Commission [15] In addition, the sole purpose of the pilot phase was to ensure that the EU

39、 ETS functioned effectively ahead of 2008. This was to ascertain the allowance of EU member states to meet their respective commitments under the KP. The linking directive allowed businesses to use certain Emissions Re

40、duction Units (ERU) generated under the KP, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). This was done so that these businesses would meet their EU ETS obligation. The main gases covered by greenhou

41、se gases and sectors are Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from; power and heat generation; energy-intensive industry sectors including oil refineries, steel works and production of iron, aluminium, metals, cement, lime, glass, ce

42、ramics, pulp, paper, cardboard, acids and bulk organic chemicals; and civil aviation. Nitrous oxide (N2O) from: production of nitric, adipic, glyoxal and glyoxlic acids Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) from: aluminium productio

43、n. 4. Development of Emission Trading Systems Since the year 2005, the EU ETS has been labelled as Europe’s mandatory measure to reduce emissions. The third phase of the EU ETS started in 2013 as noted by the Internatio

44、nal Carbon Action Partnership [16]. The table below shows an overview of what the third phase of the EU ETS entails. Table 2 shows the third phase of the EU ETS. Table 2: EU ETS Phase III Target -21% below q990 by 2020

45、 Cap (tCO2e) 1 964 282 108 Carbon Price €5.88 (2014 average), €6.91 (2015) GHG covered CO2, N2O and Perfluorocarbons (PFC’s) Number of Entities Covered >11 500 Sectors Covered Power and heat generation, industria

46、l processes (e.g. oil refineries, steel plants), Production of cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board, commercial aviation, CCS networks, production of petrochemicals. Ammonia, non-ferrous metals,

47、 gypsum and aluminium, nitric, adipicand glyoxylic acid. Threshold Sector specific % Total Emissions Covered 45% Compliance Tools and Flexibility Mechanisms Free allowance allocation, offsets, banking, Market Stabi

48、lity Reserve (2019) Emissions trading (ET) is regarded as the central pillar of the KP and the agreements between industrialised countries aimed at controlling the rate at which GHGs are emitted into the atmosphere. The