[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]碳交易外文翻譯--南非建筑業(yè)的碳排放交易

1、3400 英文單詞， 英文單詞，17500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 5450 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Oke A E, Aigbavboa C O, Dlamini S A. Carbon Emission Trading in South African Construction Industry[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 142:2371-2376.Carbon Emission Trading

2、in South African Construction IndustryAyodeji E. Oke, Clinton O. Aigbavboa , Samkeliso A. DlaminiAbstractThe quest for reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) through the use of carbon trading system has been on the increas

3、e as a result of the adoption and promotion by notable world agencies such as United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), among others. The mitigating approaches were introduced by the later to curb and minimize amount of

4、GHGs produced by manufacturing, construction and other industrial and heavy engineering based industries. In view of its continuous popularity and adoption by developed countries, this study examines the concept of carbo

5、n trading principles and systems and their adoption in the South African construction industry with a view to enhancing sustainability of construction projects geared towards achieving overall sustainable goals. History

6、of emission trading and the concept of GHGs were assessed using previous and relevant literature materials. The study further examines the two emission trading systems, that is, cap and trade as well as baseline and cred

7、it, and suggested the earlier for the construction industry based on their benefits and flexibility. Various ways of enforcing the system were also highlighted with emphasis on the willingness and readiness of constructi

8、on experts, professionals, developers, regulators and other concerned stakeholders in reducing greenhouse gases in the execution, usage and reuse of construction projects.Keywords: Carbon Trading (CT); Global Climate Cha

9、nge (GCC); Greenhouse Gases (GHGs); Sustainable Construction (SC)1. IntroductionClimate system is a complex and interactive system that consists of living things and the necessary resources that are needed by them to sur

10、vive. These resources include the atmosphere; lithosphere and the hydrosphere. According to the Australian Academy of Science [1], climate change is the alteration or variation in the pattern of weather and related chang

11、es in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over scales of decades or longer. Furthermore,climate change is already a measurable reality and South Africa together with other developing countries are vulnerable

12、to the impacts that global climate change (GCC) brings with it [2].As climate science and the earth’s climate have shown signs of evolution over the recent decades, there has been increasing evidence of anthropogenic inf

13、luences on climate change that have been discovered [3]. In summary of the concept, GCC occurs mainly because of the collection of greenhouse gases (GHG) which in turn warm the surface of the earth and the atmosphere abo

14、ve it. This consequently has significant implications on the rainfall we receive; the glaciers and sea ice which are said to retreat and the sea levels to mention a few [4]. When the earth surface warms up, it is a conse

15、quence of what is popularly termed the GHG effect. This basically occurs when heat is absorbed in the earth from heat produced by the sunlight. This in turn warms the earth and most of the remaining heat is radiated back

16、 to the atmosphere at a longer wavelength than the ones received from the sun. Some of these wavelengths are then absorbed by GHGs trapped in the atmosphere before they escape into space, and the absorption of these wave

17、length energy tends to warm the atmosphere more than normal.These GHGs act like a mirror and reflect back to the earth, some of the heat energy which is mentioned to have been in its first phase. The first phase was term

18、ed the “pilot phase” as the carbon market looked to establish prices for its operation. It then follows that the pilot phase was to establish the necessary infrastructure for monitoring, reporting and verifying emission.

19、 Emission reductions were largely based on estimates, and this is primarily due to the fact that there were no reliable sources of data to record emissions. Table 1 illustrates the developments of the EU ETS dating back

20、to when the directive was established.Table 1: Background and developments of the schemeYear Event2003 Adoption of the EU ETS directive2004 Adoption of the EU linking directive with the KP 2005 Beginnin

21、g of the EU ETS pilot phase (Phase I) 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU ETS2008 Beginning of Phase II2008 Iceland, Leichtensten and Norway joined the EU ETS2009 The 2020 energy and climate package

22、 was adopted with a revised directive for the third phase (2013 to 2020) 2010 EU ETS aviation directive2011EU Commission released Communication; “Towards a 2050 low-carbon economy roadmap” 2012Inclusion of the inte

23、rnational aviation in the ETS2013 Beginning of the third phase (Phase III)2014 Implementation of Market Stability Reserve and Backloading MeasuresIn addition, the sole purpose of the pilot phase was to ensure

24、 that the EU ETS functioned effectively ahead of 2008. This was to ascertain the allowance of EU member states to meet their respective commitments under the KP. The linking directive allowed businesses to use certain Em

25、issions Reduction Units (ERU) generated under the KP, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). This was done so that these businesses would meet their EU ETS obligation. The main gases covered by

26、greenhouse gases and sectors are Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from; power and heat generation; energy-intensive industry sectors including oil refineries, steel works and production of iron, aluminium, metals, cement, lime, gla

27、ss, ceramics, pulp, paper, cardboard, acids and bulk organic chemicals; and civil aviation. Nitrous oxide (N2O) from: production of nitric, adipic, glyoxal and glyoxlic acids Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) from: aluminium produ

28、ction.4. Development of Emission Trading SystemsSince the year 2005, the EU ETS has been labelled as Europe’s mandatory measure to reduce emissions. The third phase of the EU ETS started in 2013 as noted by the Internati

29、onal Carbon Action Partnership [16]. The table below shows an overview of what the third phase of the EU ETS entails. Table 2 shows the third phase of the EU ETS.Emissions trading (ET) is regarded as the central pillar o

30、f the KP and the agreements between industrialised countries aimed at controlling the rate at which GHGs are emitted into the atmosphere. There are currently a number of ET schemes that operate in different parts of the

31、world that are currently working to combat GCC by trading their emissions. Although ET is a growing trend, some of the countries are looking to implement it as a tool to better their economies and at the same time reduce