[雙語翻譯]酒駕外文翻譯--西班牙加泰羅尼亞地區(qū)飲酒模式和酒后駕車行為的比較研究（英文）

1、Drinking patterns and drunk-driving behaviour in Catalonia, Spain: A comparative studyManuela Alcañiz a,?, Miguel Santolino a, Lluís Ramon ba Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona

2、, Diagonal 690, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain b Catalan Traffic Authority, Generalitat de Catalunya, Diputació 355, E-08009 Barcelona, Spaina r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 19 September 2014Received in revis

3、ed form 6 March 2015Accepted 27 September 2016Available online 13 October 2016Keywords:AlcoholDrink drivingSobriety checkpointsRandom breath testingDrinking patternsHeavy episodic drinkinga b s t r a c tThis study explor

4、es three alcohol-related databases so as to provide a comprehensiveunderstanding of drinking patterns and the prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving inCatalonia (Spain). The rate of alcohol-impaired drivers is compared w

5、ith the percentageof drinkers in this population, with a particular focus on heavy episodic drinkers. Twostrategies adopted by law enforcement agents when conducting alcohol breath tests areexamined: (i) non-random and (

6、ii) random approaches to roadblock location and driverselection. We find that heavy drinker profiles (in terms of age and gender) closely matchthose of alcohol-impaired drivers detected at strategically located, non-rand

7、om sobrietycheckpoints (especially in the case of female drivers), and that they also correlate withthe age-gender distribution of drivers involved in road accidents with victims. Differentdrink driving patterns are dete

8、cted when sobriety checkpoints are located randomly anddrivers are tested at random. Older drivers are identified as a risk group as they abandonthe safer driving habits in relation to alcohol shown when they were middle

9、-aged. A com-bination of non-random and random controls would increase driver perception of theirchances of being detected when drink driving. As such, the whole population, regardlessof their drinking profile, would be

10、alerted to the serious personal, social and legal implica-tions of alcohol-impaired driving.? 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. Introduction1.1. Aims and scopeAbusive alcohol intake is a major public health risk

11、for populations worldwide, particularly those in developed societies (Room, Babor, WHO, 2011). The consumption of alcohol can lead to impulsive actions by impairing the inhi- bitory mechanisms that normally promote soci

12、ally appropriate behaviour (Marczinski however, there is no directly proportional constant between these two magnitudes (Jones, 2010). The average blood/breath ratio of alcohol used in Spain is 2:1. Hence, standard BAC

13、legal limits are 0.50 g/l and 1.20 g/l, respectively. BAC notation is used henceforth in this article as is customary in the international literature. Here, drivers with a BAC level over the legal limit are defined as dr

14、iving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). Some authors, such as Dula et al. (2007), point out that the general impact of the deterrent depends upon the degree to which potential DUI drivers are made aware of the con- s

15、equences of being caught driving while intoxicated. In this article we investigate the characteristics of DUI offenders but we do not differentiate the type of offence committed and the associated punishment (administrat

16、ive penalties for BAC levels between 0.50 g/l and 1.20 g/l, and criminal offences for BAC levels above 1.20 g/l).2.3. Alcohol-related databases: complementary sourcesThree official sources of alcohol-related data were us

17、ed to examine the relationship between drink patterns and drunk- driving behaviour in Catalonia.2.3.1. Catalan Health Survey The alcohol consumption habits of the general population as well as the characteristics of heav

18、y episodic drinkers were examined by means of the Catalan Health Survey (ESCA, Catalan Health Department, 2012). This is an official survey provid- ing extensive information on the health of individuals in relation to a

19、set of socio-demographic variables. The first ESCA was carried out in 1994 and since 2010 it has been performed on a semester basis. The sample uses a semi-annual stratified design, based on age, gender and geographical

20、area (Alcañiz, Mompart, et al., 2014). The random collection of the data is per- formed using personal interviews, and the questionnaires of each time-period are designed to be comparable. The survey deals, among ma

21、ny other topics, with population lifestyles regarding health, including self-reported alcohol intake. Individuals are asked about their frequency of alcohol consumption on weekdays and holidays over the preceding 12 mont

22、hs. Four types of alcoholic beverages are distinguished: beer; wine or similar; shots or fruity liquors; and spirits. Respondents are also questioned as to how many times they consumed five or more drinks on one specific

23、 occasion, which enables episodes of binge drinking to be identified. According to the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine, drinkers present binge behaviour if they consume more than five standard drink unit

24、s (SDUs) in 24 h at least once a month, whatever their gender1 (Robledo ‘drinkers’, if they claimed that they drank some alcohol; and ‘binge drinkers’, if they admitted having drunk more than five SDUs on one specific o

25、ccasion at least once a month.2.3.2. Random breath tests Alcohol related data from a sample of RBTs carried out by police officers on interurban roads in Catalonia in 2012 were analysed. The roadside survey was designed

26、with the aim of determining the DUI percentage for the whole Catalan driving population by road type, day of the week, time of the day and other factors. A two-stage sampling process was performed. First, sobriety roadbl

27、ocks were placed on randomly selected road sections. Secondly, drivers passing these sobriety check- points were randomly stopped by traffic officers and tested for alcohol following the standard procedure. A sample of 9

28、836 drivers was alcohol breath-tested. Outcome results showed that the percentage of DUI was approximately a third of the rate found in non-RBT. Further details on the design of the stratified probabilistic sample to rep

29、resent vehicles circulating in Catalonia can be found in Alcañiz, Guillén, et al. (2014).1 The Spanish-SDU is equivalent to 10 g of pure alcohol.524 M. Alcañiz et al. / Transportation Research Part F 42 (2