[雙語翻譯]逆向物流外文翻譯--逆向物流的關(guān)鍵活動(dòng)、決策變量和績效指標(biāo)

1、2950 英文單詞， 英文單詞，1.7 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 5000 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Sangwan K S. Key activities, decision variables and performance indicators of reverse logistics[J]. Procedia CIRP, 2017, 61: 257-262.Key activities, decision variabl

2、es and performance indicators of reverse logisticsKuldip Singh SangwanAbstractReverse logistics is a great enabler for sustainable production and resource circulation. Its definition and scope are still evolving since ea

3、rly 1980s. But, collection, sorting/testing, recovery and redistribution are assumed as the basic four activities in reverse logistics. Unfortunately, many researchers assume reverse logistics by its literary meaning and

4、 plan the reverse logistic activities and take decisions based on the forward logistics or supply chain principles. There is hardly any academic research on the performance evaluation and decision variables for reverse l

5、ogistics. This paper aims at developing the various activities, decision variables and performance indicators based on the four basic activities under reverse logistics. The three basic questions – who will collect from

6、the customer, what is to be done on the collected products and where to send after recovery – interlinked with the activities at collection, sorting/testing and recovery centres will provide the basic activities, decisio

7、n variables and key performance indicators of the reverse logistics. The location and capacity of various centres, types of networks, various recovery options, various methods of collection, and seamless integration with

8、 the forward logistics are the key decision variables. The performance indicators will be developed based on the activities and actions between the activities so that the performance indicators can be associated with the

9、 reverse logistics. It is expected that this conceptual framework of activities, decision variables and performance indicators will help the managers working in reverse logistics to take better and informed decisionsKeyw

10、ords: Reverse logistics; performance indicators; closed loop supply chain; collection methods; recovery options1. IntroductionReverse logistics (RL) has gained increasing attention among researchers and practitioners of

11、operation and supply chain management because of growing green concern, sustainable development, fierce global competition, future legislation, increased product return, environmentally consciousness of customers and so

12、on. It is the process of planning, implementing and controlling backward flows of raw materials, in-process inventory, packaging and finished goods, from a manufacturing, distribution or use point, to a point of recovery

13、 or point of proper disposal(De Brito and Dekker 2002). Design and implementation of reverse logistics is very different from forward logistics. The forward logistics include series of activities in the process of conver

14、ting raw materials to finished products. Whereas reverse logistics is concerned about the recovery of returned products from customer to recovery point. The major differences between forward and reverse logistics are i

15、n term of quality, transportation, cost, inventory, packaging, pricing, routing, forecasting, etc.Reverse logistics starts with the collection of returned products from customers. Out of the returned products, the produc

16、ts which can be reused after minor repair are sent to distributor and the focus has shifted from the value recovery to environmental management to social management. More and more organizations have started to think RL a

17、ctivities on the line of the three pillars of sustainability – economical, environmental and social.2. Reverse logistics activitiesThe three major activities of reverse logistics are collection, inspection and sorting, a

18、nd product recovery.2.1 CollectionCollection is the first and an important element of the reverse logistics (Schwartz, 2000; Wojanowski et al., 2007). It refers to all activities rendering used products availability and

19、moving them physically to some point where further treatment is conducted for product recovery (Sasikumar and Kannan, 2008). It is to be noted that collection, to some extent, is imposed by legislation, e.g. Directive 94

20、/62/EC for packaging material in Germany (Kapetanopoulou and Tagaras, 2011), white and brown goods in Netherland (Fleischmann et al., 2000).2.1.1 Decision variables2.1.1.1 Location-allocation of collection centersMost of

21、 the literature in the field of collection in reverse logistics is related to location-allocation of collection centers. Spengler et al.(1997) developed a multi-stage, multi-product and a multi-level mixed-integer linear

22、 programming (MILP) model for location of warehouses in German steel recycling industry. Jayaraman et al.(2003) formulated a mixed integer programming (MIP) model to determine optimal number of collection and refurbishin

23、g centers and their location for hazardous products. Min et al. (2006) proposed a MILP model and a genetic algorithm to determine the location and allocation of collection centers and centralized return centers. Aras and

24、 Aksen (2008) formulated a mixed-integer nonlinear facility location-allocation model to determine both the optimal locations of the collection centers and the optimal incentive values for each return type so as to maxim

25、ize the profit from the returns. Mutha and Pokharel (2009) proposed a mathematical model for the design of an RL network handling product returns. The key performance indicators (KPIs) identified for the location-allocat

26、ion decisions in RL are given in table 1.Table 1. KPIs for location-allocation decisions in RLS. No. KPI’s1. Collection cost2. Processing cost3. Value added recovery4. Energy use5. Waste generation6. Product reclamation7

27、. Level of social acceptability8. Customer satisfaction9. IPR information2.1.1.2 Methods of collectionLiterature suggests three methods of collection – collection by original equipment manufacturer (OEM), collection with