【中英雙語】302關(guān)于土木工程建筑項(xiàng)目競標(biāo)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)策略有關(guān)的外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯成品：伊朗建筑公司的招投標(biāo)策略評估（中英文雙語對照）

1、此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻譯） ，無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式！下載之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢！一輩子也就一次的事！外文標(biāo)題：The assessment of bidding strategy of Iranian construction firm外文作者：B. Esmaeeli, M. Ravanshadnia, M. T. Banki文獻(xiàn)出處: International Journal o

2、f Management Science and Engineering Management ,Volume 4, 2018 - Issue 2 (如覺得年份太老，可改為近 2 年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做)英文 2900 單詞，18388 字符(字符就是印刷符)，中文 4686 漢字。 （如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。 ）The assessment of bidding strategy

3、 of Iranian construction firmAbstract:Arriving at the final bid price is a critical decision which is mostly done through experience and intuitions. As, many factors affect the final proposed price, no quantified decisio

4、n processes may lead to irrational low or high proposed prices. Therefore, various attempts have been done to propose systematic models to track and analyze the bidding trends. This paper focuses on the previous trends o

5、f the bidding prices to estimate proper bidding cost in the Iranian construction industry The prices might be influenced by environmental characteristics such as competitors’ policies, the number of tendered projects, th

6、e number of contractors competing in the current tender, project characteristics, and the client.The subject of bidding price can be investigated through the client view or the contractor view. This paper attends the sec

7、ond approach. This paper present a quantitative analysis of impact of number of bidders on project bid prices. The study found that increasing the number of bidders will result in decreased project bid prices.Keywords :

8、Bidding strategy, statistical analysis, number of biddersThe authors rightfully stated that there is a renewed interest in the competitive bidding problem and indicated that over the last five decades there has been a re

9、latively modest addition to the state of the art. Osama Moselhi, and Tarek Hegazy [4] suggested that bidding strategy models be grouped into three main categories: (1) Models based on probability theory [e.g., Friedman (

10、1956)[5] and Gates (1967)[6]] to maximize the expected profit; (2) models based on decision-support systems [e.g., Ahmad and Minkarah (1987)[7]] to account for the multi-attributed nature of bidding decisions; and (3) ne

11、wly emerging models based on artificial intelligence techniques [e.g., Tavakoli arid Utomo (1989)[8]] to consider the heuristic and unstructured nature of such a decision problem.There is a great volume of literature con

12、cerned with bidding strategies. The basic assumption of all the bidding calculations is that a relationship exists between the tender sum and the 'probability' or 'chance’ of winning the contract [3]. The aim

13、 of probabilistic models is to express this numerically. In entering a bidding competition it is assumed that the contractors first estimate their costs and then add a mark-up to cover profit (or a mark-up to cover contr

14、ibution, i.e. profit and company overheads).II.Literature SurveyResearchers have been concerned with the problem of bidding strategy since the mid-1950s. Since Friedman’s [5] mathematical model, which is known to be the

15、first one, the literature has been flooded with many bidding models. However, most of these models remained in academic circles and did not find their way into the practical world [3].Fayek [1] presents a competitive bid

16、ding strategy model for use in setting a mark-up for construction projects. Fayek et al. studied bidding practices in Australian and Canadian construction industries [9,10]. Jaselskis and Talukhaba [11] focus on bidding

17、considerations in developing countries, considering the inherent risks existing specifically in these countries regarding this issue. Wanous et al. [12] had a questionnaire survey among Syrian contractors. Li et al. [13]