礦井通風(fēng)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--全球煤礦瓦斯涌出及利用現(xiàn)狀

1、1附 錄附錄 A： 英文翻譯（原文）Status of worldwide coal mine methane emissions and use Abstract: Underground coal mines worldwide liberate an estimated 29–41×109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 2.3×109 m3 are u

2、sed as fuel. The remaining methane is emitted to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. Methane is also a major greenhouse gas and is thus detrimental to the environment when vented to the a

3、tmosphere. Coal mine methane recovery and use represents a cost-effective means of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mining, while increasing mine safety and improving mine economics. The world’s ten l

4、argest coal producers are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. China is the largest emitter of coal mine methane, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS

5、 particularly Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the United States, Poland, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and the Czech Republic. Most of these countries use a portion of the methane that is li

6、berated from their coal mines, but the utilization rate tends to be low and some countries use none at all. Coal mine methane is currently used for a variety of purposes. Methane is used for heating and cooking at many m

7、ine facilities and nearby residences. It is also used to fuel boilers, to generate electricity, directly heat air for mine ventilation systems and for coal drying. Several mines in the United States sell high-quality min

8、e gas to natural gas distributors. There are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Many of the same barriers are common to a number of the subject countries. Technical b

9、arriers include low-permeability coals; variable or low gas quality, variations in gas supply an demand and lack of infrastructure. Economic and institutional barriers include lack of information pertinent to developme

10、nt of the resource, lack of capital and low natural gas prices. A possible option for encouraging coal mine methane recovery and use would be international adoption of a traceable permit system for methane emissions.Keyw

11、ords: coalbed methane; global warming; coal mining; natural gas3combustion on an energy equivalent basis.Because of the environmental impact of coal mine methane emissions, the USEPA, the International Energy Agency’s Co

12、al Advisory Board (CIAB), and others have investigated methane emissions from coal mining worldwide. The USEPA (1994a) estimates that the coal fuel cycle (which includes coal mining, post-mining coal transportation and h

13、andling, and coal combustion) emits 35 to 59×109 m3 of methane to the atmosphere annually. Table 1 shows methane emissions from the world’s ten largest coal producers, which are responsible for 90% of global methane

14、 emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. Underground coal mining is the primary source of these emissions, accounting for 70 to 95% of total emissions.There are many opportunities for decreasing coal mine methane

15、emissions by increasing recovery of this abundant fuel. Section 2 examines the status of methane recovery and use in key countries worldwide.2 Coal mine methane recovery and use in selected countries2.1 ChinaThe Peoples

16、Republic of China (China) produces about 1.2×109 raw tons of hard coal annually (EIA, 1996). In 1990, coal mining activities in China emitted an estimated 14 to 24×109 m3 (10 to 16×106 ton) of methane to t

17、he atmosphere, contributing one-third of the world’s total from this source. Not only is China the largest coal producer in the world; it is unique in that underground mines produce over 95% of the nation’s coal. Because

18、 of the great depth and high rank of China’s coals, underground coal mines have higher methane emissions than surface mines.There are currently 108 Coal Mining Administrations (CMAs) in China, which manage more than 650

19、mines. These state-owned mines are responsible for most of China’s methane emissions, but there are numerous gassy local, township, and private mines that cumulatively produce over one-half of China’s coal. However, thes

20、e non-states owned mines are not gassy (International Energy Agency or IEA, 1994).2.1.1 Methane recovery and use in ChinaChina has a long history of coal mine methane drainage, and the volume of methane drained has incre

21、ased markedly during the past decade. Nationwide, coal mine methane drainage at state-run mines nearly doubled in 14 years, increasing from 294×106 m3 in 1980 to more than 561×106 m3 in 1994 .However, this is s