南宋孝宗朝宰相群體研究_19820.pdf

1、摘要南宋是權(quán)相輩出的時期，權(quán)臣政治是南宋政治的一大特色。而孝宗朝卻是唯一沒有權(quán)相，且宰相的任用狀況呈現(xiàn)出新的特征的朝代，孝宗朝還出現(xiàn)了一些前所未有的“新氣象”，并造就了南宋歷史上的黃金時代—“乾、淳盛世”的局面。因此，孝宗朝是南宋社會由初期的動蕩、粗安到中期伊始的平穩(wěn)發(fā)展，且呈蒸蒸日上之勢，國家政策逐漸由對外轉(zhuǎn)向治內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)型時期。本文通過對孝宗朝政治狀況與作為權(quán)力中樞的宰相群體狀況的分析和考察，以及對宰相群體在孝宗朝對外關(guān)系和對內(nèi)政治中的

2、作用及影響的論述，力圖揭示出宰相群體與孝宗朝政治特點與發(fā)展走向的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系及深刻影響。本文共由六章組成。第一章為序論。本章敘述了本文的研究目的與研究現(xiàn)狀，以及材料的使用、研究的方法及本文的構(gòu)想。第二章為孝宗朝政治概況。本章分兩節(jié)論述了孝宗朝政治的演進(jìn)及孝宗朝政治的特點與時代風(fēng)貌。第三章為孝宗朝宰相群體狀況。本章分為三節(jié)對孝宗朝宰相群體的概況、宰相群體的類型、孝宗朝相權(quán)與皇權(quán)的關(guān)系及其意義進(jìn)行了論析。第四章為宰相群體與孝宗朝的對外關(guān)系。本章

3、分為三節(jié)論述了孝宗朝對外路線、方針的轉(zhuǎn)變、宰相群體與對外軍事的發(fā)展以及宰相對宋金外交的影響。第五章為宰相群體與孝宗朝的對內(nèi)政治。本章分四節(jié)論述了宰相群體與近習(xí)的關(guān)系、宰相群體與孝宗朝法制建設(shè)的關(guān)系、宰相群體與朋黨的關(guān)系以及孝宗朝皇權(quán)與相權(quán)的關(guān)系。第六章為結(jié)語。本章對全篇寫作的意旨進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和概況。本文通過考察孝宗朝宰相群體的政治主張與作為，揭示出孝宗朝對于高宗朝政治的反動傾向，及其在實踐中的成敗，以及孝宗朝政治乃至南宋前期政治重心由對外

4、轉(zhuǎn)向內(nèi)政的內(nèi)在原因，從而對孝宗朝乾淳盛世局面的出現(xiàn)做出了診釋，即對外雖北伐不成而達(dá)成和議，但卻顯示出一種主動的、積極進(jìn)取的態(tài)勢，從而在一定程度上提高了孝宗朝的軍事、外交地位。對內(nèi)則實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定的局面，使一度遭到破壞的士大夫政治體制得以恢復(fù)和重建，從而使孝宗朝的政治達(dá)到了一種較為清明而向上的局面，為孝宗朝經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了良好的環(huán)境。因此，本文對于研究孝宗朝乃至南宋中后期政治發(fā)展的趨勢，對于深入了解南宋時期“士大夫”政治的面貌、特點與趨

5、勢，乃至南宋的權(quán)臣政治都具有一定的積極作用。關(guān)鍵詞:孝宗朝宰相群體政治AbstractTheSouthernSongDynastywasanageofpowerfulministersandpoliticswithpowerfulministerspresentedasoneofthegreatfeaturesofSouthernSongDynasty.ButtherewasnopowerfulministerduringEmperor

6、Xiaozongperiod.ItistheonlyperiodthatwentwithoutpowerfulministersintheSouthernSongDynastyduringwhichnewfeatureswereseenintheappointmentofprimeministersandsomeunprecedentednewatmospherecameintobeing.Thisfinallybroughtabout

7、theQiandaoChunxiFlourishing一thegoldenageofthehistoryoftheSouthernSongDynasty.AsaresulttheXiaozongperiodservedasatransformationagefromtheearlySouthernSongDynastysturbulenceandroughstabilityviamidtermssteadydevelopmentandt

8、hrivingtrendtothenewstageofstatepolicychangingfromexternaldefensetointernalconstruction.ThroughtheobservationandanalysisofXiaozongperiodspoliticalsituationandtheprimeministergroupthecenterofauthorityaswellasthediscussion

9、oftheroleandinfluenceoftheprimeministergroupinthisperiodintheouterrelationsandinnerpoliticsthisdissertationstrivestorevealtheinnerlinkandprofoundinfluencebetweentheprimeministergroupandthisperiodspoliticalsituationandits

10、developingtrend.The.dissertationconsistsofsixchapters.Chapter1isintroductionstatingthepurposeofwritingthisdissertationthepresentsituationofthestudyonthesametopictheuseofhistoricalmaterialstheresearchmethodsandtheconcepti

11、onofthisdissertation.Chapter2presentsanoveralintroductionofthepoliticalsituationintheXiaozongperiodwhichconsistsoftwosectionsdiscussingrespectivelytheevolutionofthepoliticsintheXiaozongperiodanditsfeatures.Chapter3states

12、thegeneralconditionsoftheprimeministergroupwhichismadeupofthreesectionsanalyzingseparatelythegeneralconditionofXiaozongperiodsprimeministergroupitscategoryandtherelationbetweentheprimeministersauthorityandthatofthekingsa

13、ndthemeaningofthisrelation.Chapter4focusesonthelinksoftheprimeministergrouptoXiaozongperiodsexternalrelationswhichconsistsofthreesectionsdiscussingoneafteranotherthediplomaticpolicychanges恤theXiaozongperiodtheevolutionof

14、theprimeministergroupsmilitarylineeandtheinfluenceoftheprimeministeronthediplomaticrelationsbetweenSongandtheJinkingdoms.Chapter5concentratesonbetweentheprimeministergroupandtheinnerpolitics.Itisdividedintofoursectionsce

15、nteringontherelationsoftheprimeministergrouptotheemperorsfavoritecourtierstothisperiodslegalconstructionandtothecliqueaswellastherelatedrelationbetweentheprimeministersauthorityandthatofthekings.Chapter6servesasaconclusi

16、onsumminguptheintentionofwritingthisdissertation.ThroughtheobservationoftheprimeministergroupspoliticalpropositionsandbehaviorsthisdissertationstrivesforarevelationofthecontrarypoliticalpracticeinXiaozongperiodagainsttha

17、tinGaozongperioditsactualsuccessorfailureandtheinnerreasonsoftheshiftofpoliticalfocusesfromtheexternaltotheinternalandthenproceedstoajustificationofthecomingoftheQiandaoChunxiFlourishingthatisfortheexternalthoughfailedin

18、thenorthernexpeditiontheystruggledforapeaceagreementwhichdisplayedtheiractiveandpositiveenterprisingspiritandtosomeextentupgradedtheSongsmilitaryanddiplomaticpositionfortheinternalontheotherhandtheyachievedastabilitywhic

19、hhadtheoncedamagedscholarofficialpoliticalsystemrecoveredandreconstructedthereforemadethepoliticsduringXiaozongperiodwellorderedandpromisedwhichprovidedafavorableenvironmentfortheXiaozongperiodseconomicandculturaldevelop

20、ment.TosumupthisdissertationsstudyontheevolutionofthepoliticsintheXiaozongperiodoreventhemidandlateperiodoftheSouthernSongDynastywillplayapositiveroleforthefurtherunderstandingoftheSouthernSongDynastysscholarofficialpoli