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1、<p>  字?jǐn)?shù):英文3725單詞,21193字符;中文6933漢字</p><p>  出處:Stone D L, Deadrick D L. Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2015, 25(2):

2、139-145.</p><p><b>  外文文獻(xiàn): </b></p><p>  Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management</p><p>  Abstract Today, the field of Human Reso

3、urce Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some com

4、pletely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges a

5、nd opportunities tha</p><p>  Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology</p><p>  1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowled

6、ge economy</p><p>  One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a declin

7、e in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford Dic

8、tionary, 2014a). A knowledge economy is referred to as the use of information or knowledge to</p><p>  The rise of the knowledge economy has placed new demands on organizations and prompted changes in organi

9、zational goals and HR practices. Many of the traditional HR processes were designed during the industrial era, and thus focused largely on manufacturing organizations that were concerned with converting raw materials, co

10、mponents, and parts into finished goods that meet customers' expectations. However, many of the assumptions underlying those traditional HR processes may not be effective with </p><p>  Knowledge organiz

11、ations also tend to design jobs broadly so as to encourage innovation, autonomy, continuous improvement, and participation in decision making. Given that individuals with unique skills and abilities are essential in know

12、ledge organizations, the new job requirements have created a shortage and increased competition for talented workers in many fields (e.g., software engineering, nursing). Additionally, the change in the economy has resul

13、ted in the displacement and unemployment of</p><p>  Although we considered the new knowledge economy as a challenge for HR in organizations, it can also be viewed as an opportunity for change. Given that th

14、e skills and abilities of knowledge workers are key to the success of new organizations, the transformation to a knowledge economy provides opportunities for the HR function to become a priority in organizations. As a re

15、sult, we believe that HR will become more of a critical function in organizations, and the field should be viewed as more esse</p><p>  2.Rise in globalization</p><p>  A second factor calling f

16、or changes in HR processes is the rise in globalization. Globalization in this context refers to organizations that operate on a global or international scale (Oxford Dictionary, 2014b). Organizations operating in a glob

17、al environment face a number of new challenges including differences in language and culture of employees, and variations in social, political and legal systems. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are large companies oper

18、ating in several countries that are</p><p>  Research on HR in the international context has focused on three approaches to understanding the issues that arise in global environments: international, comparat

19、ive, and cross-cultural HR (Parry, Stavrou-Costea, & Morley, 2011). International approaches focus on HR strategies, systems, and practices in different socio-cultural contexts and different geographic territories (P

20、arry et al., 2011). It also outlines the anatomy of MNCs, and considers the unique set of HR issues that occur in these co</p><p>  Comparative HR explores the context, systems, and national patterns of HR i

21、n different countries, and discusses the idiosyncrasies of various institutions and economic environments (e.g., Aycan et al., 2000; Isenhour, Stone, & Lien, 2012a; Parry et al., 2011). Most of the research on compar

22、ative HR indicated that HR practices differ across nations, and are aligned with national cultures (Stone & Stone-Romero, 2008). Two examples of that research include a study by Schuler and Rogovsky (1998) tha</p&

23、gt;<p>  Finally, cross-cultural HR examines the degree to which individuals' cultural values influence the acceptance and effectiveness of HR practices (Aycan et al., 2000; Gelfand, Erez, & Aycan, 2007; I

24、senhour, Stone, & Lien, 2012b; Stone, Stone-Romero, & Lukaszewski, 2007). Most of the theories in HR and Organizational Behavior (OB) were developed in Western nations and assume that the cultural values of indiv

25、iduals in organizations are homogeneous (Gelfand et al., 2007). However, it is clear that em</p><p>  Given that most organizations are operating in a global environment, we expect that the field will pay ev

26、en more attention to these issues in the future. One reason is that the employment rates of U.S.-based MNCs have grown consistently over the past decades, and they now employ over 34.5 million workers in multiple countri

27、es (Bureau of Economic, 2013). It is anticipated that the numbers of MNCs will continue to expand over time, and HR practices will need to be congruent with these new multicul</p><p>  Even though we have co

28、nsidered globalization as a challenge for organizations, we believe that it also provides many new opportunities. For instance, globalization should expand markets for products and services, and may enhance creativity an

29、d innovation because organizations will become more culturally diverse. Research showed consistently that diversity increases innovation and creativity, and this should also apply to the field of HR (van Knippenberg, De

30、Dreu, & Homan, 2004). In particular, H</p><p>  3.Growing domestic diversity</p><p>  Apart from changes in the economy and globalization, organizations are also faced with major shifts in t

31、he composition of the U. S. population. In particular, it is expected that our population will be older and more ethnically diverse by 2060 (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2014). For instance, by 2060 one in five Americans will

32、be 65 years of age or older, and the number of working age people in the population (ages 18 to 64) will decrease from 62.7% to 56.9%. Along with the age-related changes, the w</p><p>  3.1.Increased age and

33、 generational diversity</p><p>  Along with the aging workforce come many new challenges for HR. For instance, given the shortage of skilled workers there is a growing concern about the retention of skilled

34、baby boomers. One reason for this is that baby boomers often have unique skills and abilities that are critical to organizational success, and companies are justifiably worried about retaining them in their roles until q

35、ualified replacements can be found or trained. In order to retain these individuals, organizations will ne</p><p>  Another challenge facing organizations is that they will be staffed by members of multiple

36、generations, and members of generations differ in terms of work values, attitudes, and behaviors (Cennamo & Gardner, 2008; Twenge et al., 2010). As a result, organizations will have to modify their HR practices in or

37、der to attract and retain skilled members of all of these groups. For example, recent research indicated that baby boomers (born 1946 to 1964) placed a strong emphasis on hard work and achievem</p><p>  Give

38、n these differences in values, organizations are faced with the complex challenge of aligning reward and compensation systems with the values of multiple generations. For example, they may need to expand beyond merely st

39、atic pay and benefits and incorporate more flexible reward systems. In particular, they might identify the reward preferences of individuals, and develop cafeteria reward systems that provide employees with a total sum f

40、or their overall compensation, thus allowing them to sel</p><p>  3.2.Expanded ethnic diversity</p><p>  There will also be dramatic change in the racial and ethnic make-up of our society. Today

41、, ethnic minorities make up about 37% of the population, but estimates indicate they will comprise 57% of the nation by 2060 (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2014). It has also been projected that the U.S. will become a majority–

42、minority nation by 2043, and the numbers of Hispanic–Americans (Hispanic) will more than double in the coming years (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2014). By 2060, one in three people in the U.S. wil</p><p>  Even t

43、hough there has been relatively little HR research on the cultural values of ethnic minorities in the U. S., some studies found that, on average, they have different values than Anglo-Americans (Bell, Marquardt, & Be

44、rry, 2014; Guerrero & Posthuma, 2014; Stone & Stone-Romero, 2008). For example, Hispanics, African–Americans, Asian–Americans, and Native Americans are, on average, more likely to endorse collective values than A

45、nglo-Americans (Guerrero & Posthuma, 2014; Stone et al., 2006; Tri</p><p>  Given the transformation in the composition of the U.S. population, current HR practices may be less effective with employees f

46、rom diverse backgrounds than those from the dominant group. The primary reason for this is that traditional HR processes were designed for a homogeneous set of employees with individualistic cultural values, and the new

47、workforce is likely to have value systems based on collectivism and familism (e.g., Gelfand et al., 2007; Stone & Stone-Romero, 2008). Thus, organization</p><p>  Thus, in order to attract and retain sub

48、group members, organizations may have to alter their current reward and benefit systems to meet the needs of these employees. For example, many ethnic subgroup members are more familistic and collective than AngloAmerica

49、ns (Phinney, 1996), so they may prefer that organizations offer opportunities for teamwork, work–family balance, time off from work, and group based reward systems. As a result, organizations that develop cafeteria compe

50、nsation and benefits</p><p>  In view of the coming changes in generational and domestic diversity, organizations are likely to modify their future HR practices to meet the needs of employees with diverse va

51、lues. To date, most of the research on domestic diversity has focused on unfair discrimination and relational demography (e.g., Stone‐Romero et al., 2003; van Knippenberg et al., 2004). We believe that future HR research

52、 will need to be expanded and dig deeper into the value differences, reward preferences, and unique wor</p><p>  In our discussion above, we viewed changes in generational and ethnic diversity as a challenge

53、 for organizations. However, they can also be considered opportunities for organizations to utilize the many talents and skills that these individuals bring to the workforce, and should provide a wide array of individual

54、s with the chance to display their skills and talents. Furthermore, the altered composition of the workforce should help organizations reach broader markets for their products and servic</p><p>  4.Emerging

55、use of technology</p><p>  Over the past 30 years, one of the major drivers of change in HR has been the increased use of information technology (hereinafter referred to as technology) to collect, store, and

56、 utilize data for decision-making (e.g., Gueutal & Stone, 2005; Strohmeier, 2007; Strohmeier & Kabst, 2009). Technology, especially, the World Wide Web, has transformed key HR processes in organizations (e.g., e-

57、recruiting, e-selection, e-training), and modified the nature of jobs and the relationships between individu</p><p>  Despite the increased efficiency and cost savings associated with the use of technology i

58、n the field of HR, researchers maintained that there are a number of limitations associated with using current technologies to manage HR processes (e.g., Stone et al., 2015;Stone‐Romero et al., 2003). For instance, infor

59、mation technologies are often static and use one-way communication systems that do not allow applicants or employees to ask questions or gain advice from HR professionals (e.g., benefits). As</p><p>  In spi

60、te of possible limitations associated with using technology to manage HR processes, it will continue to transform the field in the future. Furthermore, it can be argued that new technologies will emerge that should decre

61、ase some of the major drawbacks associated with current systems. For instance, a number of researchers argued that the use of new interactive technologies (e.g., Web 2.0, social media, virtual simulations or job fairs, c

62、hat rooms, cloud computing, mobile devices) should dec</p><p>  Despite the fact that we viewed technology as a challenge in the sections above, it should be noted that it also provides new opportunities for

63、 the field of HR. For instance, research showed that technology often decreases the administrative burden in HR, increases efficiency, and allows the field to contribute to the strategic direction of organizations (Stone

64、 & Dulebohn, 2013). To date, there is no evidence that it helps organizations achieve its primary goals, but we believe that new interact</p><p><b>  中文譯文:</b></p><p>  影響人力資源管理未

65、來的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇</p><p>  摘要 如今,人力資源(HR)管理領(lǐng)域正面臨著巨大的變革壓力。經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型、全球化、國內(nèi)多元化以及技術(shù)革新,都對(duì)組織提出了新的要求,并推動(dòng)這一領(lǐng)域朝著一個(gè)全新的方向邁進(jìn)。不過,我們認(rèn)為,這些挑戰(zhàn)也為人力資源和整個(gè)組織創(chuàng)造了許多機(jī)遇。因此,本文的主要目的是研究影響人力資源未來的一些挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。我們還考慮了對(duì)該領(lǐng)域未來的研究和實(shí)踐的影響。</p><p>  關(guān)

66、鍵詞:人力資源管理的未來,全球化,知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)多樣性,技術(shù)</p><p>  1.從制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向服務(wù)業(yè)或知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)</p><p>  影響人力資源流程未來的主要挑戰(zhàn)之一是從制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向服務(wù)業(yè)或知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)。這種新經(jīng)濟(jì)的特點(diǎn)是制造業(yè)的衰落,服務(wù)或知識(shí)的增長(zhǎng)是經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的核心。服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)可以被定義為以購買和出售服務(wù)或?yàn)樗颂峁┠澄餅榛A(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)(牛津字典,2014a)。知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)是指利用信息或知識(shí)來產(chǎn)生有形和無

67、形的價(jià)值(商業(yè)詞典,2014a)。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為,服務(wù)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)在主導(dǎo)著工業(yè)化國家的經(jīng)濟(jì),知識(shí)密集型服務(wù)或企業(yè)被認(rèn)為是整體服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)子集(安德森和科利,2003)。</p><p>  知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的興起對(duì)組織提出了新的要求,并促使組織目標(biāo)和人力資源實(shí)踐發(fā)生了變化。許多傳統(tǒng)的人力資源流程是在工業(yè)時(shí)代設(shè)計(jì)的,因此主要集中在制造組織,這些制造組織關(guān)注將原材料、部件和零件轉(zhuǎn)化成滿足客戶期望的成品。然而,這些傳統(tǒng)人力資源流

68、程的許多假設(shè)對(duì)于新的服務(wù)或知識(shí)組織來說可能并不有效。例如,傳統(tǒng)的人力資源管理實(shí)踐認(rèn)為工作應(yīng)該是狹義的,管理者應(yīng)該控制工人,并應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)效率和短期成果(特賴斯和拜爾,1993)。相反,知識(shí)組織強(qiáng)調(diào),員工的知識(shí)和技能對(duì)組織的成功有重大影響,員工的留任很重要,因?yàn)閭€(gè)人的技能是不可替代的。</p><p>  知識(shí)組織也傾向于廣泛設(shè)計(jì)工作,以鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新、自主、持續(xù)改進(jìn)和參與決策。鑒于具有獨(dú)特技能和能力的個(gè)人在知識(shí)組織中是必不可

69、少的,因此新的工作要求使許多領(lǐng)域(例如軟件工程、護(hù)理)的人才短缺和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇。此外,經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化導(dǎo)致了那些沒有技能的人流離失所和失業(yè)(例如,貝爾,貝里,馬夸特和格林,2013;凱瑞和謝爾曼,2012)。這些變化意味著各國需要改變他們的教育體系,以滿足新組織的工作需求(高恩,2012)。知識(shí)組織的目標(biāo)應(yīng)該繼續(xù)推動(dòng)未來人力資源流程的變化(例如,舒勒,杰克遜,杰科夫斯凱伊和斯洛克姆,1996)。例如,可以預(yù)見,人力資源實(shí)踐將采用廣泛的招聘,以確保

70、他們發(fā)現(xiàn)熟練的應(yīng)聘者,設(shè)計(jì)工作,強(qiáng)調(diào)自主和參與決策,使用團(tuán)隊(duì)導(dǎo)向的結(jié)構(gòu)來加強(qiáng)協(xié)作與創(chuàng)新,加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)和員工技能發(fā)展,并提供促進(jìn)員工認(rèn)同感、創(chuàng)新和留任的激勵(lì)措施。人力資源部需要把重點(diǎn)放在留住員工,滿足知識(shí)工作者的各種需求上。其中一些新實(shí)踐已經(jīng)在組織中得以實(shí)施,但許多組織仍然使用不支持知識(shí)導(dǎo)向的組織目標(biāo)的人力資源實(shí)踐。如果知識(shí)組織要取得成功,那么未來的人力資源流程將需要進(jìn)行修改。對(duì)于這些實(shí)踐的有效性,也需要加以研究。</p>&l

71、t;p>  雖然我們認(rèn)為新知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)是組織人力資源的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),但也可以看作是一個(gè)變革機(jī)遇。鑒于知識(shí)型員工的技能和能力對(duì)新組織的成功至關(guān)重要,所以向知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型為人力資源職能提供了機(jī)會(huì),使之成為組織的重中之重。因此,我們相信人力資源將在組織中變得更為重要,而且這個(gè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)該被視為組織整體成功的關(guān)鍵。</p><p><b>  2.全球化的崛起</b></p><p&g

72、t;  要求改變?nèi)肆Y源流程的第二個(gè)因素是全球化的崛起。全球化是指組織在全球或國際范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行運(yùn)作(牛津詞典,2014b)。在全球環(huán)境中運(yùn)作的組織面臨著一些新的挑戰(zhàn),包括員工的語言和文化差異,以及社會(huì)、政治和法律制度的變化??鐕荆∕NCs)是在幾個(gè)國家經(jīng)營的大型公司,它們面臨著新的問題,包括如何在不同的地點(diǎn)建立一致的人力資源實(shí)踐,如何發(fā)展一致的企業(yè)文化,以及如何使管理人員在多元文化環(huán)境中工作(斯帕羅,2007)。</p>

73、<p>  在國際背景下對(duì)人力資源的研究主要集中在理解全球環(huán)境中出現(xiàn)的問題的三種方法:國際,比較和跨文化人力資源(帕里,斯塔夫魯-科斯泰亞和莫利,2011)。國際方法側(cè)重于不同社會(huì)文化背景和不同地域領(lǐng)域的人力資源戰(zhàn)略、制度和實(shí)踐(帕里等人,2011)。它還剖析了跨國公司,并考慮了在這些背景下出現(xiàn)的獨(dú)特的人力資源問題(布德瓦和斯帕羅,2002)。盡管研究人員對(duì)影響全球環(huán)境中人力資源實(shí)踐的因素有不同的看法,但多數(shù)人認(rèn)為以下因素會(huì)

74、影響這些系統(tǒng):(a)背景因素(如東道國的法律制度,東道國與雇員國之間的文化距離), (b)企業(yè)具體因素(如國際化階段,行業(yè)類型,戰(zhàn)略與結(jié)構(gòu)之間的聯(lián)系),(c)情境因素(如工作人員的可用性,控制需求,決策地點(diǎn))(例如,布德瓦和斯帕羅,2002;舒勒,道林和德切里,1993;韋爾奇,1994)。</p><p>  比較人力資源研究了不同國家人力資源的背景、制度和國家模式,并討論了各種制度和經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的特點(diǎn)(如艾詹等人

75、,2000;艾森豪爾,斯通和利恩,2012a;帕里等人,2011)。大多數(shù)比較人力資源研究表明,各國人力資源實(shí)踐不同,并與國家文化保持一致(斯通和斯通-羅梅羅,2008)。該研究包括舒勒和羅戈伍斯基(1998)研究的這兩個(gè)例子,評(píng)估了霍夫斯泰德國家文化層面與人力資源實(shí)踐設(shè)計(jì)之間的關(guān)系。這些作者發(fā)現(xiàn),國家對(duì)個(gè)人主義的重視與公司對(duì)績(jī)效工資制度的使用正相關(guān)。此外,古德拉姆,諾德豪格和凌岱爾(1999)還探討了歐洲各國人力資源實(shí)踐的跨國差異。他

76、們的研究結(jié)果顯示,個(gè)人主義國家(例如英國、法國和西班牙)比集體國家(例如斯堪的納維亞國家)更有可能使用計(jì)算人力資源戰(zhàn)略(例如支付業(yè)績(jī))。相反,集體國家(斯堪的納維亞國家)比個(gè)人主義國家(如德國、法國和西班牙)更有可能使用協(xié)作實(shí)踐(如員工參與)。</p><p>  最后,跨文化人力資源考察了個(gè)人文化價(jià)值觀對(duì)人力資源實(shí)踐的接受度和有效性的影響程度(艾詹等人,2000;蓋爾芬德,埃雷茲和艾詹,2007;艾森豪爾,斯通

77、和利恩,2012b;斯通,斯通-羅梅羅和盧卡謝夫斯基,2007)。人力資源和組織行為(OB)中的大多數(shù)理論都是在西方國家開發(fā)的,并假設(shè)組織中個(gè)人的文化價(jià)值觀是同質(zhì)的(蓋爾芬德等人,2007)。然而,顯而易見的是,在美國和全球范圍內(nèi),員工的文化價(jià)值觀不同,組織需要將人力資源流程與這些文化價(jià)值觀連接起來(例如,蓋爾芬德等人,2007;斯通和斯通-羅梅羅,2008)。例如,跨文化研究表明,個(gè)人的文化價(jià)值觀塑造了他們的回報(bào)偏好,以及他們對(duì)負(fù)回饋

78、的反應(yīng)(例如,蓋爾芬德等人,2007;斯通和斯通-羅梅羅,2008;斯通,約翰遜,斯通-羅梅羅和哈特曼,2006;斯通-羅梅羅和斯通,2002)。特別是,重視個(gè)人主義的人往往喜歡基于公平或比例的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分配制度,但是那些重視集體主義的人優(yōu)先選擇基于平等的分配制度(薩馬和Papamarcos,2000)。因此,績(jī)效工資制度可能激勵(lì)個(gè)人主義的員工,但基于集體或利潤分享的制度可能對(duì)那些重視集體主義的人更有效(例如,喬</p><

79、;p>  鑒于大多數(shù)組織在全球環(huán)境中運(yùn)作,我們預(yù)計(jì)該領(lǐng)域今后將更加關(guān)注這些問題。一個(gè)原因是,過去幾十年來,美國跨國公司的就業(yè)率不斷增長(zhǎng),現(xiàn)在他們?cè)诙鄠€(gè)國家雇傭了3450萬多名員工(經(jīng)濟(jì)局,2013)。預(yù)計(jì)跨國公司的數(shù)量將隨著時(shí)間的推移而不斷擴(kuò)大,人力資源實(shí)踐將需要與這些新的多元文化和復(fù)雜的環(huán)境保持一致。因此,我們預(yù)計(jì)未來人力資源研究將重點(diǎn)關(guān)注人力資源實(shí)踐在全球環(huán)境中的有效性和接受度。</p><p>  盡

80、管我們認(rèn)為全球化是對(duì)各組織的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),但我們認(rèn)為,它也提供了許多新的機(jī)會(huì)。例如,全球化應(yīng)該擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的市場(chǎng),并可能增加創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新,因?yàn)榻M織將變得更加文化多元化。研究表明,多元化一直在增加創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)造力,這同樣也適用于人力資源領(lǐng)域(凡·克尼彭貝格,德·德勒和霍曼,2004)。特別是,人力資源在全球范圍內(nèi)將不得不使用創(chuàng)造性的解決方案來吸引、激勵(lì)和留住不同的員工。例如,他們可能必須使用獨(dú)特的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)系統(tǒng)(例如,自助餐廳或靈

81、活的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度),來確保他們滿足來自不同文化背景的工人的需求(例如,斯通,Deadrick,盧卡謝夫斯基和約翰遜,2015)。當(dāng)然,對(duì)于這些新方法的有效性,還需要加以研究。</p><p>  3.日益增長(zhǎng)的國內(nèi)多元化</p><p>  除了經(jīng)濟(jì)和全球化的變化,組織也面臨著美國人口構(gòu)成的重大變化。特別是,美國人口普查局預(yù)計(jì),到2060年,美國的人口將會(huì)變得更加老齡化,以及種族多樣化。例如,

82、到2060年,五分之一的美國人將是65歲或以上,就業(yè)人數(shù)(18至64歲)在人口中的占比將從62.7%下降到56.9%。隨著年齡的變化,年輕一代(例如,嬰兒潮一代)的工作價(jià)值觀將與以前的群體不同。因此,各組織將需要開發(fā)符合多代員工的主要目標(biāo)和價(jià)值觀的人力資源實(shí)踐(琴納莫和加德納,2008;特文格,坎貝爾,霍夫曼和蘭斯,2010)。</p><p>  3.1.老齡化和代際多樣性的增加</p><

83、p>  隨著勞動(dòng)力老齡化的到來,人力資源面臨著許多新的挑戰(zhàn)。例如,鑒于技術(shù)工人的短缺,人們?cè)絹碓疥P(guān)注留住有技術(shù)的嬰兒潮一代。其中一個(gè)原因是,嬰兒潮一代通常具有獨(dú)特的技能和能力,這對(duì)組織成功至關(guān)重要,公司有理由擔(dān)心,在找到合格的替代品或培訓(xùn)合格的替代品之前,他們的崗位將一直保留下去。為了留住這些人,組織將需要增加靈活的工作安排,允許兼職工作,提供支持性環(huán)境,并采用識(shí)別系統(tǒng)來激勵(lì)他們留在組織中(阿姆斯壯-斯坦森,施洛瑟和辛尼,2012

84、;張和武,2013;沙克洛克和布魯內(nèi)托,2011)。</p><p>  組織面臨的另一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是,它們將由多代人的成員組成,并且?guī)状嗽诠ぷ鲀r(jià)值觀、態(tài)度和行為方面都各不相同(琴納莫和加德納,2008;特文格等人,2010)。因此,組織必須修改其人力資源實(shí)踐,以吸引和留住所有這些群體中的技術(shù)人員。例如,最近的研究表明,嬰兒潮一代(1946年至1964年出生)非常重視努力工作和成就,重視內(nèi)在報(bào)酬,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)組織的忠誠度(

85、琴納莫和加德納,2008;特文格等人,2010)。相比之下,X代(1965-1981年出生)的成員比嬰兒潮一代更看重外在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、休閑時(shí)間、穩(wěn)定就業(yè)、工作家庭平衡和晉升機(jī)會(huì)(琴納莫和加德納,2008;特文格等人,2010)。研究還表明,Y代的價(jià)值觀與第X代的價(jià)值觀有些相似(1982-1999年出生,即重視休閑時(shí)間、工作家庭平衡、外在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、地位),但比起X或嬰兒潮一代,他們更傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)自由。另外,Y代比X代更重視外在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),但是X和Y兩代離開組

86、織的意愿比嬰兒潮一代的要大(特文格等人,2010)。</p><p>  鑒于這些價(jià)值觀的差異,各組織面臨著將獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和薪酬制度與多代人的價(jià)值觀相協(xié)調(diào)的復(fù)雜挑戰(zhàn)。例如,他們不僅僅需要擴(kuò)展靜態(tài)薪酬和福利,并且需要納入更靈活的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度。特別是,他們可以識(shí)別個(gè)人的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)偏好,并開發(fā)自助餐廳獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度,為員工提供整體薪酬總額,從而使他們能夠選擇不同的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和福利(例如,一個(gè)人可能選擇休假時(shí)間代替工資,而其他人可能選擇工資而不是休假

87、時(shí)間;斯通-羅梅羅,斯通和薩拉斯,2003)。</p><p>  3.2.種族多樣性的擴(kuò)大</p><p>  我們社會(huì)的種族和民族構(gòu)成也將發(fā)生戲劇性的變化。今天,少數(shù)民族占總?cè)丝诘?7%,但估計(jì)到2060年將達(dá)到全國的57%(美國人口普查局,2014)。預(yù)計(jì)到2043年,美國將成為多民族國家,拉美裔美國人(西班牙裔)的人數(shù)將在未來幾年翻一番(美國人口普查局,2014)。到2060年,美

88、國有三分之一的人會(huì)是拉美裔。</p><p>  盡管關(guān)于美國少數(shù)民族文化價(jià)值觀的人力資源研究相對(duì)較少,但一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一般而言,他們的價(jià)值觀與英美裔的不同(貝爾,馬夸特和貝里,2014;格雷羅和波薩馬圖,2014;斯通和斯通-羅梅羅,2008)。例如,比起英美裔美國人,拉美裔、非洲裔、亞裔和美洲土著人更能認(rèn)同集體價(jià)值觀(格雷羅和波薩馬圖,2014;斯通等人,2006;特里安迪斯,1994)。相比之下,一般而言,

89、英美裔美國人比他們的同齡人更傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義,但應(yīng)該警惕的是,所有這些子群體的文化價(jià)值觀都存在著內(nèi)部差異(貝當(dāng)古和洛佩茲,1993)。</p><p>  鑒于美國人口構(gòu)成的變化,目前的人力資源實(shí)踐可能對(duì)來自不同背景的員工的有效程度要低于主流群體。其主要原因是傳統(tǒng)的人力資源流程是針對(duì)具有個(gè)人主義文化價(jià)值觀的同質(zhì)員工而設(shè)計(jì)的,新的員工隊(duì)伍可能擁有基于集體主義和家庭主義的價(jià)值體系(例如,蓋爾芬德等人,2007;斯通

90、和斯通-羅梅羅,2008)。因此,組織必須修改人力資源實(shí)踐,使其符合新一代的價(jià)值觀,以及不同員工的文化價(jià)值觀。如上所述,不同族裔的成員通常具有獨(dú)特的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)偏好和獨(dú)特的工作價(jià)值觀,而且對(duì)傳統(tǒng)人力資源流程,他們作出的反應(yīng)與英美裔美國人不同。</p><p>  因此,為了吸引和留住子群成員,組織不得不改變目前的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和福利制度,以滿足這些員工的需要。例如,比起英美裔美國人,許多族裔子群成員更重視家庭和集體主義(菲尼,19

91、96),所以他們可能更喜歡組織提供團(tuán)隊(duì)合作、工作家庭平衡、減少工作時(shí)間和基于群體的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度的機(jī)會(huì)。因此,開發(fā)自助餐廳補(bǔ)償和福利制度的組織,在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和福利分配方面提供了靈活性,這可能比傳統(tǒng)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度對(duì)新員工更有吸引力。例如,那些重視家庭主義的員工可以選擇額外的一周假期與家人共度,以代替工資或其他福利。各組織將利用這些靈活的薪酬計(jì)劃,吸引來自各族裔的有才華的應(yīng)聘者。</p><p>  鑒于代際和種族多樣性的變化,各組織

92、可能會(huì)修改其未來的人力資源實(shí)踐,以滿足具有不同價(jià)值觀的員工的需求。迄今為止,關(guān)于國內(nèi)多元化的大多數(shù)研究側(cè)重于不公平的歧視和關(guān)系人口學(xué)(例如,斯通-羅梅羅等人,2003;凡·克尼彭貝格等人,2004)。我們相信,未來的人力資源研究將會(huì)進(jìn)一步拓展,并深入探討新的多元化勞動(dòng)力的價(jià)值差異、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)偏好和獨(dú)特的工作角色。</p><p>  在上面的討論中,我們將代際和種族多樣性的變化視為對(duì)組織的挑戰(zhàn)。然而,它們也可

93、以被看作是組織利用這些個(gè)人給勞動(dòng)大軍帶來的許多才干和技能的機(jī)會(huì),并應(yīng)為各種個(gè)人提供機(jī)會(huì),展示他們的技能和才干。此外,勞動(dòng)力結(jié)構(gòu)的改變有助于組織為其產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)達(dá)到更廣闊的市場(chǎng),并提高組織創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新能力(凡·克尼彭貝格等人,2004)。它們還促使組織開發(fā)新的人力資源實(shí)踐,以滿足所有員工隊(duì)伍的需求(如自助餐廳獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度)(斯通等人,2006)。</p><p><b>  4.新興技術(shù)的使用</

94、b></p><p>  在過去30年中,人力資源變革的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因素之一是信息技術(shù) (以下簡(jiǎn)稱技術(shù)) 的使用越來越多,收集、存儲(chǔ)和利用數(shù)據(jù)來進(jìn)行決策(例如,格塔爾和斯通,2005;斯特羅邁耶,2007;斯特羅邁耶和卡波斯特,2009)。技術(shù),特別是互聯(lián)網(wǎng),已經(jīng)改變了組織中的關(guān)鍵人力資源流程(如網(wǎng)絡(luò)招聘,網(wǎng)絡(luò)選擇,網(wǎng)絡(luò)培訓(xùn)),并修改了工作的性質(zhì)和個(gè)人與組織之間的關(guān)系(基斯勒,西格爾和麥圭爾,1984)。例如,

95、它使組織能夠使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來宣傳工作,并使應(yīng)聘者可以在線應(yīng)聘工作(例如,迪寧和艾倫,2013)。此外,組織正在使用各種形式的技術(shù)來向員工提供培訓(xùn)(例如,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、內(nèi)部網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)、視頻會(huì)議、在線模擬;薩拉斯,德路因和利特瑞爾,2005)。關(guān)于利用技術(shù)促進(jìn)人力資源流程的研究表明,它通常會(huì)提高效率,降低與人力資源交易相關(guān)的成本(例如,杜和約翰遜,2013; 杜和馬勒,2005;斯特羅邁耶,2007)。然而,一些研究人員認(rèn)為,沒有明確的證據(jù)表明,它有助于

96、人力資源部達(dá)到吸引、激勵(lì)和留住優(yōu)秀員工的的主要目標(biāo)(參見斯通等人,2015,詳細(xì)討論了技術(shù)的影響和人力資源的未來)。</p><p>  盡管在人力資源領(lǐng)域使用技術(shù)提高了效率和節(jié)約了成本,但研究人員認(rèn)為,使用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)來管理人力資源流程存在許多局限性(例如,斯通等人,2015;斯通-羅梅羅等人,2003)。例如,信息技術(shù)通常是靜態(tài)的,使用的是單向通訊系統(tǒng),無法讓應(yīng)聘者或員工提出問題或征求人力資源專家的意見(例如,福

97、利)。因此,這些技術(shù)可能是客觀的、不靈活的,并且會(huì)在管理者和員工之間造成人為的距離。同樣,使用技術(shù)進(jìn)行的培訓(xùn)可能不如傳統(tǒng)方法那么有吸引力,也無法向受訓(xùn)者提供實(shí)踐或獲得反饋的機(jī)會(huì)。此外,技術(shù)實(shí)際上可能將人力資源部門的工作轉(zhuǎn)移到一線管理人員或員工身上,這會(huì)降低組織的整體生產(chǎn)力(斯通-羅梅羅等人,2003)。</p><p>  盡管使用技術(shù)來管理人力資源流程可能有局限性,但它仍將在未來繼續(xù)改變?cè)擃I(lǐng)域。此外,可以說,新

98、技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),將會(huì)減少與當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的一些主要缺點(diǎn)。例如,一些研究人員認(rèn)為,使用新的交互技術(shù)(例如,Web 2.0、社交媒體、虛擬模擬或招聘會(huì)、聊天室、云計(jì)算、移動(dòng)設(shè)備)可以減少與當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的一些弱點(diǎn)(參見迪寧和艾倫,2013;斯通等人,2015;蘇里文,2014)。例如,使用社交媒體、聊天室和高清晰云計(jì)算,可以讓應(yīng)聘者和員工能夠與招聘人員或主管進(jìn)行互動(dòng)對(duì)話。同樣,使用虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)可以為應(yīng)聘者提供參加虛擬招聘會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì),讓主管有能力指導(dǎo)下屬,

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