水泥專(zhuān)業(yè)外文翻譯----機(jī)械窯檢驗(yàn)

1、<p><b>　　安徽建筑工業(yè)學(xué)院</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料及其譯文</p><p>　　外文名稱(chēng)：Mechanical kiln inspectio</p><p>　　中文名稱(chēng)：機(jī)械窯檢驗(yàn) </p><p>　　2011 年 6 月 4 日</p><

2、;p>　　Mechanical kiln inspection</p><p>　　Improves and ensures kiln</p><p>　　availability by optimisation of:</p><p>　　■ Kiln axis</p><p>　　■ Kiln shell ovality</p

3、><p>　　■ Axial balance</p><p>　　■ Kiln crank</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Kiln inspections</p><p>　　Regular kiln inspection is required to ensure optimum av

4、ailability of the kiln installation and to verify that the kiln operates within the load and stress parameters laid down by the kiln designer.</p><p>　　Today’s state of the art methods of inspection performe

5、d during normal operation of the kiln are based on advanced measuring techniques and evaluated by highly experienced kiln specialists.</p><p>　　Although the vast majority of cement plants employ a very exper

6、ienced maintenance staff, it is not economically and technically viable for the individual plant to invest in the measuring instruments and develop the computer software required, acquire and maintain the skills necessar

7、y to perform</p><p>　　these advanced inspections, process the data and evaluate the results. Therefore it is an accepted practice in the cement industry worldwide to call on an outside company to carry out t

8、hese</p><p>　　comprehensive kiln inspections at regular intervals.</p><p>　　F.L.Smidth</p><p>　　F.L.Smidth is the world's largest supplier of rotary kilns, spare parts and servi

9、ces to the cement industry. With more that 120 years of experience as kiln designers, F.L.Smidth possesses a huge technical know-how on rotary kilns and employs a group of highly experienced field engineers, who work dai

10、ly as kiln specialists at cement plants all over the world backed up by the entire</p><p>　　F.L.Smidth organisation. The Hot Kiln Alignment method was introduced into the cement industry in 1981 allowing a f

11、ull inspection of the kiln to be performed during normal operation. Since then, F.L.Smidth has continuously updated and improved the method, measuring instruments and computer software to provide our clients with the bes

12、t possible tools to evaluate the consequences of the kiln’s present operating condition in respect of the availability.</p><p>　　The F.L.Smidth concept</p><p>　　The inspection concept innovated

13、by F.L.Smidth focuses on the following four elements:</p><p>　　? Kiln axis</p><p>　　? Kiln shell ovality</p><p>　　? Axial balance</p><p>　　? Kiln crank</p><p

14、>　　The root causes of the vast majority of the failures of kiln installations originate from one or more of these elements, thus posing a serious threat to the availability of the kiln. In addition, the F.L.Smidth con

15、cept includes a thorough inspection of the drive station, kiln shell profile analysis, and a general inspection of the mechanical condition of the other key kiln components. Very often</p><p>　　the load cond

16、ition of a kiln changes over the years due to e.g. Increased capacity, change of fuel and/or changes of refractory lining quality. To compensate for such changes, F.L.Smidth recommends that the kiln be recalculated based

17、 on the present load conditions and that the optimum kiln axis be determined taking the load distribution between the individual supports and the stress levels in kiln shell,tyres and rollers, as well as the bearing load

18、s into consideration.</p><p>　　F.L.Smidth inspection types</p><p>　　F.L.Smidth markets the following three standard inspections covering all types of rotary kilns:</p><p>　　? Compre

19、hensive kiln inspection</p><p>　　? Two-support kiln inspection</p><p>　　? Hot kiln alignment check</p><p>　　The F.L.Smidth standard inspections consist of individual modules,most of

20、 which are optional, enabling the client in co-operation with F.L.Smidth to tailor an inspection to meet his specific needs.The results of the F.L.Smidth inspection are presented in a written report and/or on a</p>

21、<p>　　CD-Rom, with recommendations of measures to be taken. Additionally, any adjustments to the kiln recommended by F.L.Smidth can, at the client’s request, be supervised and verified by an F.L.Smidth field engin

22、eer in continuation of the inspection.</p><p><b>　　Benefits</b></p><p>　　The comprehensive kiln inspection performed on a regular basis in co-operation with F.L.Smidth provides the c

23、lient with the knowledge necessary to prolong the lifetime of the refractory lining and expensive kiln components and reduces the risk of unscheduled stoppages, thus ensuring high</p><p>　　kiln availability.

24、 Empirically, the payback time of a comprehensive kiln inspection is very short as the expenditure on this inspection is very marginal as compared with the cost of refractory lining and components to be replaced as a res

25、ult of avoidable mechanical failures as well as the cost of</p><p>　　the consequential production losses incurred.</p><p><b>　　Elements</b></p><p><b>　　Kiln axis&l

26、t;/b></p><p>　　The kiln axis is defined by the position of the supporting rollers. It determines the distribution of the kiln weight load between the supports and thus the distribution of the longitudinal

27、 bending</p><p>　　stresses in the kiln shell. Misalignment of the kiln axis may result in overloading of supports,</p><p>　　excessive stresses in kiln shell, tyres and supporting rollers as well

28、 as bearing overload. The kiln axis is measured during normal kiln operation using two electronic theodolites, connected to a computer calculating the horizontal and vertical kiln axis by specially developed software.<

29、;/p><p>　　Additionally, the “Comprehensive kiln inspection” includes a complete recalculation of the kiln, based on the axis measured and the present load conditions, to determine the optimum kiln axis, taking

30、both load distribution on the supports, the stress levels in kiln shell and tyres, and the kiln axis into consideration.</p><p>　　Kiln shell ovality</p><p>　　The dynamic ovality is defined by th

31、e degree of deformation of the kiln shell and determines the distribution of the cyclic, circumferential bending stresses in the kiln shell. Excessive ovality can result in circumferential bending fatigue in the kiln she

32、ll and refractory lining failures. The ovality is either calculated on the basis of the tyre migration or measured via the Shell Test method.</p><p>　　Axial balance</p><p>　　Although a rotary ki

33、ln is always in axial balance, the axial balance can be established either between large forces or preferably, in order to ensure the availability, between small forces. The state of axial balance is defined by the degre

34、e of parallelism between the kiln axis and the axes of the individual supporting rollers determining the magnitude and directions of the axial frictional forces between the tyres and supporting rollers and on the thrust

35、roller(s). Large axial forces may result</p><p>　　Kiln crank</p><p>　　A kiln crank, whether mechanical or thermal, can cause excessive, extra, cyclic loads between supporting rollers and tyres a

36、nd stresses in the kiln shell. A mechanical crank is caused by a permanent deformation in the kiln shell, whereas a thermal crank is caused by temperature</p><p>　　variations along the circumference of the k

37、iln shell, and so it is present only during operation of the hot kiln. Excessive crank formation can lead to failure of contact surfaces, supporting roller shafts, tyres, kiln shell and lining. The kiln shell is checked

38、for crank formation by measuring the variations in the deflection of the supporting roller shafts, which has to stay within certain limits.</p><p>　　Kiln drive</p><p>　　An examination of the kil

39、n drive constitutes another important element of a kiln inspection. The condition of the kiln drive is determined by measurering of the axial and radial wobbling of the girth gear as well as evaluation of the mesh and ro

40、ot clearance between the girth gear and pinion(s). Further, the condition of the tooth profiles, the lubrication of the gears, as well as the stud bolt connections between the girth gear and the spring plates and the wel

41、ds between the spring plates and th</p><p>　　Kiln shell profile analysis</p><p>　　A kiln shell profile analysis is made to investigate the degree of deformation of the kiln shell. Such deformati

42、on may have no influence on the loads on the supporting rollers but can contribute to refractory lining and kiln shell failures.The kiln shell profile analysis is based on an evaluation of the kiln cross-section geometry

43、 measured at regular intervals along the length of the kiln. The analysis is presented graphically.</p><p>　　General inspection</p><p>　　The general inspection of the kiln comprises a visual exa

44、mination of the condition of other key kiln components not included in any of the above activities, but the possible poor condition of these components can also pose a threat to the availability of the kiln.</p>&

45、lt;p>　　http://www.flsmidth.com/search.aspx?k=kiln&page=6</p><p><b>　　機(jī)械窯檢驗(yàn) </b></p><p>　　改善并確保窯通過(guò)優(yōu)化的有效性:</p><p><b>　　■窯軸 </b></p><p>　　■回

46、轉(zhuǎn)窯筒體橢圓度 </p><p><b>　　■平衡軸向 </b></p><p><b>　　■窯曲柄 </b></p><p><b>　　史密斯概念</b></p><p>　　FLSmidth概念創(chuàng)新的重點(diǎn)是以下四個(gè)要素 ：</p><p>&l

47、t;b>　　?窯軸 </b></p><p>　　?窯殼體橢圓度?軸向平衡?窯曲柄 </p><p>　　窯裝置的故障的根源絕大多數(shù)來(lái)自一個(gè)或多個(gè)元素，從而構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重威脅到窯的可用性。 此外，F(xiàn)LSmidth概念包括一站的驅(qū)動(dòng)器，窯殼剖面分析徹底的檢查，以及對(duì)其他關(guān)鍵部件的力學(xué)條件窯大檢查。很多時(shí)候，多年來(lái)的一個(gè)窯的變化，是由于負(fù)載的條件，例如增加容量，改變?nèi)剂虾?或

48、難治性襯砌質(zhì)量的變化。 為了彌補(bǔ)這種變化，F(xiàn)LSmidth建議，由于考慮到軸承的負(fù)荷該窯是目前重新計(jì)算負(fù)載條件為基礎(chǔ)，而最佳窯軸確定以個(gè)人之間的支持和在窯殼，輪胎，軋輥的壓力水平載荷分布。</p><p>　　F.L.Smidth檢查類(lèi)型</p><p>　　FLSmidth以下三個(gè)類(lèi)型覆蓋所有類(lèi)型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回轉(zhuǎn)窯檢查：</p><p>　　?全面的檢查窯?兩個(gè)支持窯

49、檢查?熱窯排列檢查</p><p>　　FLSmidth標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢查的獨(dú)立模塊組成，其中大部分都是可選的，使在合作與FLSmidth客戶(hù)量身定制的檢查，以滿(mǎn)足其具體需求。該FLSmidth檢查的結(jié)果顯示在一份書(shū)面報(bào)告和/或在光盤(pán)，與將要采取的措施提出建議。此外，任何對(duì)窯調(diào)整建議FLSmidth可根據(jù)客戶(hù)的要求，由實(shí)施監(jiān)督檢查中繼續(xù)FLSmidth現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工程師核實(shí)。 </p><p><b

50、>　　優(yōu)點(diǎn) </b></p><p>　　窯上的全面檢查，在合作與FLSmidth定期進(jìn)行操作提供了必要的知識(shí)，以延長(zhǎng)窯耐火內(nèi)襯和昂貴的組件壽命，減少了客戶(hù)不定期停工的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，從而確保窯的可用性。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一個(gè)全面的檢查窯回收期非常重要，因?yàn)檫@項(xiàng)檢查的開(kāi)支與耐火襯里和元件的成本相比，作為避免的機(jī)械故障結(jié)果以及取代成本在相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)損失，是很少的。</p><p><b&

51、gt;　　介紹 </b></p><p><b>　　窯檢查 </b></p><p>　　定期窯檢查是為了確保窯安裝最佳的可用性和驗(yàn)證該窯所規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)了負(fù)載和壓力參數(shù)運(yùn)行.現(xiàn)在先進(jìn)的方法對(duì)期間正常運(yùn)作的窯進(jìn)行檢查的狀態(tài)是基于先進(jìn)的測(cè)量技術(shù)，由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的窯專(zhuān)家評(píng)估 。雖然絕大多數(shù)水泥廠聘請(qǐng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的維修人員 ，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上和技術(shù)上的單個(gè)工廠的投資對(duì)測(cè)量?jī)x

52、器和計(jì)算機(jī)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)需要是不可行的，必須獲得并保持必要的技能，執(zhí)行這些先進(jìn)的檢查，處理數(shù)據(jù)和評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果。因此，這是一個(gè)在世界范圍內(nèi)水泥行業(yè)通行的做法，對(duì)外部公司進(jìn)行窯定期全面檢查。</p><p><b>　　丹麥?zhǔn)访芩构?lt;/b></p><p>　　FLSmidth是世界上旋轉(zhuǎn)窯，零部件和服務(wù)的最大供應(yīng)商，是擁有120年工業(yè)窯爐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的水泥行業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師， 丹麥?zhǔn)访芩箵碛芯?/p>

53、大的旋轉(zhuǎn)窯技術(shù)訣竅，雇用了具有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的水泥窯現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工程師，1981年窯的熱對(duì)準(zhǔn)方法推出，允許窯全面的檢查將在正常執(zhí)行的操作進(jìn)入水泥行業(yè)。從那時(shí)起，F(xiàn)LSmidth不斷更新和改進(jìn)的方法， 測(cè)量?jī)x器及電腦軟件 為窯在目前的可用性方面的操作條件 提供最好的工具。</p><p><b>　　內(nèi)容</b></p><p><b>　　窯軸 </b><

54、;/p><p>　　窯軸是指由支撐輥位置。它決定了支持物之間的窯負(fù)重分布，從而強(qiáng)調(diào)窯殼的縱向彎曲分布。窯軸不對(duì)，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致支持超載，強(qiáng)調(diào)在窯殼，輪胎及配套軋輥軸承。使用兩個(gè)電子經(jīng)緯儀的運(yùn)作，測(cè)量軸窯是否正常，并連接到電腦計(jì)算水平和垂直軸窯專(zhuān)門(mén)開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件。此外，“綜合窯檢查“包括一個(gè)完整的基于軸線測(cè)量和當(dāng)前的負(fù)載條件下的窯重新計(jì)算，以確定最佳窯軸，注意到關(guān)于支持負(fù)載分布，窯殼和輪胎的壓力水平，并考慮窯軸。</p&

55、gt;<p><b>　　窯筒體橢圓度 </b></p><p>　　動(dòng)態(tài)橢圓的定義由窯殼變形程度，決定著循環(huán)，周窯筒體彎曲的應(yīng)力分布，可能導(dǎo)致橢圓圓周彎曲過(guò)度疲勞，窯殼和耐火襯故障 。該橢圓是計(jì)算的基礎(chǔ)上的遷移或通過(guò)殼體試驗(yàn)方法測(cè)量。</p><p><b>　　軸向平衡 </b></p><p>　　雖然

56、回轉(zhuǎn)窯總是軸向平衡，為了確保小的力量之間的可用性，軸向平衡之間可以建立。 軸向平衡狀態(tài)的定義是由窯軸之間和個(gè)人確定的規(guī)模以及配套的輪胎，托輪和推力滾子（s）的軸向摩擦力方向輥軸的平行度。大軸力可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致熱托輥軸承，推力裝置（S）或損壞端密封件失效。 </p><p><b>　　窯曲柄</b></p><p>　　無(wú)論是機(jī)械或熱，會(huì)導(dǎo)致過(guò)量的托輪和輪胎之間的循環(huán)荷載和

57、窯筒體應(yīng)力。一個(gè)機(jī)械曲柄是由在窯殼永久變形，而熱是由溫度曲柄沿窯筒體周長(zhǎng)的變化，因此它是目前只在炎熱的窯操作。曲柄形成過(guò)多會(huì)導(dǎo)致失敗的接觸面，托輥軸，輪胎，外殼和窯襯。窯殼是通過(guò)測(cè)量檢查曲軸在托輥軸，這在一定范圍內(nèi)保持撓度變化的形成。 </p><p><b>　　窯驅(qū)動(dòng) </b></p><p>　　一個(gè)窯的驅(qū)動(dòng)器構(gòu)成另一種窯檢查的重要內(nèi)容。窯的驅(qū)動(dòng)條件是由測(cè)量的周

58、長(zhǎng)齒輪的軸向和徑向擺動(dòng)作為周長(zhǎng)之間的齒輪和小齒輪（s）目和評(píng)估以及根間隙。此外，對(duì)齒廓的條件下，齒輪的潤(rùn)滑，以及齒輪之間的周長(zhǎng)與彈簧板和板之間的彈簧和窯殼體焊接螺栓連接檢查。要確認(rèn)完成窯驅(qū)動(dòng)器，工作溫度和主減速器振動(dòng)水平測(cè)試。</p><p><b>　　窯殼剖面分析 </b></p><p>　　窯殼剖面分析，借以探討窯殼變形程度。這種變形可能不會(huì)對(duì)負(fù)荷的影響，但支