外文翻譯---淺析郵政服務與快遞服務的異同

1、<p>　　SERVICES: THE CASE OF POSTAL VERSUS EXPRESS DELIVERY SERVICES</p><p>　　Michael G. Plummer</p><p>　　1 Introduction </p><p>　　In developed countries, services continue to c

2、onstitute by far the largest share of national economies. For example, in the EU and the United States, approximately seventy and eighty percent, respectively, of the economy falls under the general rubric of services. S

3、ervices have also increased in importance in trade: in the year 2000, the share of services in total exports came to approximately 28 percent in the United States and 22 percent in the EU, with an average for the entire

4、OECD coming to</p><p>　　The same trend is observable in developing countries. During the development process, it is typical that: (1) agriculture falls as a percentage of GDP; (2) manufacturing first rises a

5、nd then falls as the economy matures; but (3) services continue to grow throughout the</p><p>　　development process. As a percentage of trade, services exports of developing countries have risen from nine pe

6、rcent in 1980 (approximately half the share of developed countries) to about eighteen percent in 2000, on a par with that of the developed countries.</p><p>　　Given the complicated and diverse nature of trad

7、e in services, liberalization at the global level can be more delicate and in many ways more difficult than trade in goods. Services can be high tech or low tech; inputs and/or final products; privately-provided or publi

8、cly-provided; and closely related to other areas, such as foreign direct investment</p><p>　　(“FDI”). Many services areas, however, still include government involvement, and state prerogatives in certain are

9、as are recognized</p><p>　　by the GATS. Moreover, trade in goods tends to be separate from FDI, though clearly there exist indirect links between trade and FDI. In the area of services, however, trade in ser

10、vices can be intricately linked to FDI; in some sectors, trade in services is impossible without FDI.</p><p>　　In this chapter, we will focus on the need for services liberalization in the global economy, wi

11、th a focus on developing countries. Moreover, we will use the process and complications associated with the liberalization of express delivery services as a case study. This area is particularly interesting because: (a)

12、it is an industry that has become</p><p>　　highly international; (b) it has become an important input to a variety of emerging industries and a key ingredient in the competitiveness of firms and countries; (

13、c) liberalization runs up against various competition policy issues, especially since it potentially affects private and public services5; and (d) it is exactly the type of industry where greater international access cre

14、ated through global agreements can produce major benefits to developed and developing countries alike.</p><p>　　2 Services Liberalization and the Stakes for Economic Development</p><p>　　A serie

15、s of multilateral negotiations under the auspices of the GATT/WTO have been very successful in bringing down barriers to trade in manufactured goods. Developing country tariffs are, in general, much higher than in the de

16、veloped world, but a large majority of developing countries has liberalized substantially trade in manufactures over the past fifteen years. In fact, most of the benefits that would accrue to global free trade would go t

17、o developing countries, according to various computat</p><p>　　The developing world is a different story. Agriculture continues to play an important role in the economy in general and in trade in particular

18、in the least-developed countries and in many middle-income countries. In order to be successful, the Doha Round will have to include at least some agricultural liberalization if the developing countries are going to agre

19、e to any accord. Still, as the development process unfolds, manufactures and, especially, services will become increasingly important. A</p><p>　　An association between rapid real economic growth and rapid g

20、rowth in services trade does not mean that the latter caused the former. Such estimation is much more complicated; indeed, there exists a chicken-and-egg simultaneity problem here. However, regardless of which causes whi

21、ch, the development of the services sector is clearly an important part of the development process.</p><p>　　The case for economic reform and liberalization is just too strong. Countries that have sustained

22、economic liberalization have prospered; the ones that have not prospered generally do not have outward-oriented policies to blame but rather other economic-contextual problems. It is hard to promote growth—let alone long

23、-term development—in an atmosphere of hyper-inflation or civil war. China has used economic reform to transform the world’s most populous country from a least-developed, autarkic eco</p><p>　　3 The Case for

24、Separating Postal from Express Delivery Services in GATS</p><p>　　Express delivery services constitute an interesting case study in service-sector liberalization. Their importance in the day-to-day activitie

25、s of firms has increased substantially over the past fifteen years, as evidenced by rapid growth in the industry. Indeed, express delivery services have now become an essential “infrastructure” to doing business for many

26、 companies, as well as being an increasingly important service for individuals. Moreover, express delivery services are particularly necess</p><p>　　A. The General Problem</p><p>　　This is where

27、 the difficulty lies: express delivery services are often considered a competitor to postal-service providers, which are almost invariably state-owned. Hence, liberalization in this area has been tricky, constrained by c

28、ompeting interests from bothdeveloped and developing countries and based on a misunderstanding of the market in which basic postal services are confused with express delivery services (we argue below that they are relate

29、d but distinct). It will be argued in this chap</p><p>　　Express delivery services need to be thoroughly differentiated from traditional postal services, both because of the clear substantive differences bet

30、ween the two and the defined purview of GATS. Failure to do so will lead to mixing apples and oranges to the detriment of member states, be they developed or developing countries. It could also thwart progress in Doha Ag

31、enda negotiations.</p><p>　　B. Current Classifications</p><p>　　Express delivery services are currently classified by theWTOServices Classification List (W/120), under both “postal” and “courier

32、” services. The only distinction between postal and courier services is that the former refer to public-sector offered services, whereas the latter are private. Hence, it has to do with ownership rather than product, whi

33、ch is unusual in the area of international trade. This type of classification leads to a great deal of confusion of the issues, as well as complicatio</p><p>　　The US Postal Service is an independent governm

34、ent organization that essentially has a monopoly on delivery of letters and other activities. In the United States, like other countries, the postal service area is dominated by domestic issues rather than international

35、ones. But, while the United States and EU have much at stake, failure to separate clearly USO-related from express-delivery services would be even more to the disadvantage of developing countries. Thus, in many ways, inc

36、lusion of exp</p><p>　　C. Existing Positions Regarding Liberalization</p><p>　　As the WTO begins its preparations for the Doha Trade Agenda, express delivery services will likely play a greater

37、role than they ever have in the past. The industry has been growing rapidly and has become very international, even without GATS-related liberalization helping to foster it. At present, the situation does not lend itself

38、 to too much optimism, as a number of proposals that have been tabled thus far are conservative and will probably do little.</p><p>　　Thus far, there have been a number of proposals tabled in the general are

39、a of postal and courier services, made by developing (MERCOSUR, Bolivia, and Hong Kong) and developed (EU, US, New Zealand) economies. One approach19 involves eliminating a distinction between postal services and courier

40、 services. Another approach defines express delivery services specifically as being separate from courier and postal services and having a single heading. Under this approach, then, member-states would be ab</p>&

41、lt;p><b>　　4 Summary</b></p><p>　　The salient results of this study can be summarized as follows:</p><p>　　Services in general and trade in services in particular have become incre

42、asingly important to developed and developing countries, both as final products and as inputs to other productive activities.</p><p>　　The relationship between services and FDI (under mode 3) is extremely st

43、rong; hence, services liberalization is important as a means of attracting FDI, which has proven to be a key catalyst in the development process.</p><p>　　Developing-country stakes are, therefore, particular

44、ly high in global services liberalization, as efficient services are necessary in order to help these countries compete internationally and attract foreign firms as partners in the development process.</p><p&g

45、t;　　GATS has taken on great significance in the 21st Century, particularly for developing countries, and successful liberalization of services under the Doha Trade Agenda will be extremely important in setting the course

46、 for the future.</p><p>　　We have used the express delivery services case as an example of how this process plays out in the complicated political economy of services liberalization. We have stressed that it

47、 is imperative to separate postal services from express delivery services, as they are separate sectors and reform of the latter can actually help promote the former through its complementarity and general enhancement of

48、 efficiency. It is in the interest of all parties to do this. However, if a separation is not clear</p><p>　　淺析郵政服務與快遞服務的異同</p><p>　　Michael G. Plummer</p><p><b>　　1引言</b&g

49、t;</p><p>　　在發(fā)達國家，服務業(yè)占國民經濟的份額很大。例如，在歐盟和美國，經濟發(fā)展過程中大約百分之七十、百分之八十都開展了服務專欄。貿易增加了服務的重要性，在2000年，大約28％和22％的服務來自于歐盟、美國的出口總，占整個經合組織的19%左右。在發(fā)展中國家同樣呈現這種趨勢：農業(yè)占GDP的比重下降；制造業(yè)首次上升，但隨著經濟的日趨成熟又下降；在整個開發(fā)過程中，服務業(yè)水平不斷提高；發(fā)展中國家的服務出口

50、貿易的比例，已從1980年的9%(大約是發(fā)達國家一半的份額)上升到2000年的18%。</p><p>　　鑒于貿易的復雜性和多樣化的特點，全球貿易自由化更加細膩。服務是提供高科技或低科技投入的產品，私人或公開提供密切相關的其他產品，如外國直接投資(“FDI”)。然而，很多服務領域，還包括政府的參與，或是某些領域的國家特權由“服務貿易總協定”確認。此外，在貨物貿易方面，往往是外國直接投資，顯然存在著貿易和外國直接

51、投資之間不直接的聯系。在服務領域，貿易可以直接投資在某些行業(yè)，但是服務貿易是不可能由外國直接投資的。</p><p>　　本文將專注于全球經濟的貿易自由化，以發(fā)展中國家為研究重點，以快遞服務自由化作為研究對象?？爝f服務領域特別有趣，因為它是：(1)一個高度國際化的產業(yè);(2)已成為各種新興產業(yè)，并是企業(yè)和國家競爭力的關鍵因素;(3)自由化的特點有可能影響私營部門和公共服務行業(yè);(4)這種行業(yè)類型，可以通過全球協議

52、可以對發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家產生重大的影響，創(chuàng)造更大的國際接入點。</p><p>　　2服務貿易自由化與經濟發(fā)展的關系</p><p>　　一系列關貿總協定在世貿組織的主持下，各國的多邊談判已經非常成功，從而降低了制成品的貿易壁壘。在一般情況下，發(fā)展中國家的關稅比發(fā)達國家高得多，但絕大多數的發(fā)展中國家在過去十五年開始大幅減少制成品貿易。事實上，全球自由貿易會給發(fā)展中國家?guī)砀蟮睦妫鶕?/p>

53、各種計算和一般均衡模型已可以估算出這種影響。</p><p>　　發(fā)展中國家的農業(yè)在一般貿易中繼續(xù)發(fā)揮著重要的作用，特別是在最不發(fā)達國家和許多中等收入國家中。為了要取得農業(yè)的進步，發(fā)展中國家要同意任何協議，多哈回合談判有至少包括一項農業(yè)自由化的政策。不過，隨著發(fā)展進程的不斷深入，生產和服務將變得越來越重要。如上所述，服務的重要性已容易提升，并已構成對發(fā)展中國家出口份額的18％。經濟的快速增長和服務貿易的快速增長之

54、間的存在著一定的關聯，卻并不意味著后者導致前者。事實上，這種估計比較復雜，存在著雞和蛋的同時性問題。然而，無論其中原因是什么，服務業(yè)已經成為發(fā)展過程中的重要組成部分。</p><p>　　經濟改革和貿易自由化已逐步深入，國家存在可持續(xù)的經濟繁榮，一些沒有繁榮的國家由于缺乏外向型經濟政策的支持，無法取得經濟上的繁榮，更不用說加產生惡性通貨膨脹或內戰(zhàn)的風氣。若把世界上人口最多的國家打造成一個外向型的經濟強國，從最不發(fā)

55、達的自給自足的國家，轉為一個外向型的經濟強國是存在很大難度的。越南改革使貧困率總人口的從二分之一縮減到五分之一，經歷了漫長的15年，可見經濟改革是不能一蹴而就的。發(fā)展中國家的經濟自由化發(fā)展到最后，一般留下的是服務業(yè)。</p><p>　　3郵政服務與快遞服務的不同</p><p>　　快遞服務的自由化，成為文章的主要研究對象。郵政服務與快遞服務在公司日?；顒又械闹匾砸汛蠓黾?，在過去的十

56、五年中，見證了行業(yè)的快速增長。事實上，快遞服務已成為一個重要的“基礎設施”，許多公司的業(yè)務已經為個人提供日益重要的服務。此外，由于容易獲得通過快遞供應商的市場，特別是在發(fā)展中國家，并且能吸引外國直接投資的流入，故此快遞服務對跨國公司來說尤為必要。</p><p><b>　　A、一般問題</b></p><p>　　這是困難所在：通常被認為是快遞服務郵政服務供應商，幾

57、乎都是國有的競爭對手。因此，在這一領域的自由化一直是棘手的，限制競爭在發(fā)展中國家的利益的基礎上，產生混淆基本的郵政服務，快遞服務市場的誤解。它將在這一章可以說，目前的現實，強調必須分開郵政活動快遞服務?？爝f服務需要徹底從傳統(tǒng)的郵政服務分化，一方面是因為兩者之間的“服務貿易總協定”的定義范圍明確的實質性分歧。如果不這樣做將導致損害成員國的混合蘋果和桔子，無論是發(fā)達國家還是發(fā)展中國家。它也可以阻止在多哈議程談判的進展情況。</p>

58、;<p><b>　　B、當前分類</b></p><p>　　快遞服務目前分類WTO服務分類表（W/120的），同時根據“郵政”和“快遞”服務。郵政及速遞服務之間唯一的區(qū)別是，前者是指公共部門提供的服務，而后者則是私人的。因此，它這樣做不是產品在國際貿易領域，而是不尋常的所有權。這種類型的分類導致很大的混亂的問題，以及有關競爭政策的并發(fā)癥。</p><p&

59、gt;　　美國郵政服務公司是一個獨立的政府組織，基本上有一個交付的信件和其他活動的壟斷。像其他國家一樣，在美國，郵政服務區(qū)為主，而不是國際的國內問題。但是，美國和歐盟的利益攸關的，不能分開，明確普遍服務義務的相關快遞送貨服務將更加對發(fā)展中國家不利。因此，在許多方面，包括快遞服務作為一個單獨的項目在多哈貿易議程的郵政服務自由化將是更重要的是發(fā)展中國家，而不是發(fā)達國家。</p><p>　　C、關于自由化的現有職位&

60、lt;/p><p>　　由于世貿組織多哈貿易議程開始的籌備工作，快遞服務，可能比以往任何時候會發(fā)揮更大的作用。該行業(yè)已迅速增長，已成為非常國際化，即使沒有“服務貿易總協定”有關的幫助，也可以促進它的自由化。目前的情況并不適合過于樂觀，作為建議已提交迄今是保守的，可能會做小的數目。</p><p>　　到目前為止，已經有一個在郵政及速遞服務的一般發(fā)展（南錐體共同市場，玻利維亞和香港）和發(fā)達國家（

61、歐盟，美國，新西蘭）經濟區(qū)，提交提案的數量。一種方法涉及消除郵政服務和快遞服務之間的區(qū)別。另一種方法定義快遞服務，特別是作為獨立的快遞和郵政服務，一個有單一的航向。然后，根據這一辦法，成員國將能夠直接提出快遞服務自由化。本項就可以成為一個全球化的供應鏈管理中的運輸活動范圍更廣的一部分。</p><p><b>　　4總結</b></p><p>　　這項研究的突出成果

62、，可以概括如下：</p><p>　　在貿易自由化的服務已經成為越來越重要的發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家，無論是作為最終產品或是其他生產活動的投入，服務和外國直接投資之間的關系逐漸加強。因此，服務貿易自由化的重要手段吸引外國直接投資，這已成為發(fā)展中國家在發(fā)展過程中的關鍵催化劑。對于發(fā)展中國家特別是在全球服務自由化的當今世界，高效的服務是必要的，幫助這些國家提升國際競爭力和吸引外國企業(yè)來投資，建立長久的合作伙伴關系。在21

63、世紀“服貿總協定”，特別是對發(fā)展中國家，具有十分重要的意義，多哈貿易議程將在未來的課程重新設置，這是極其重要的議程。作為一個例子，如何在這個過程中扮演復雜的關系，呈現服務貿易自由化的快遞服務。我們一直強調，郵政服務與快遞服務是截然不同的，是兩個獨立的個體，因為它們是獨立的部門和后續(xù)的改革，實際上可以通過它們的互補和效率來提升效率。然而，如果沒有明確分離，在多哈回合談判取得進展是不可能的，提供特定的政治現實，可能會產生一定的誤解。<