工程機械外文翻譯

1、<p>　　二 ○ 一 四 屆畢業(yè)設計</p><p><b>　　外 文 翻 譯</b></p><p>　　學 院： 工程機械學院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 工程機械 </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　學 號： </p><p>　　指導教師： </p><p>　　完成時間： 2014年3月 28日 </p><p>　　1 RecommendationsforPaving / Points to

3、 Note</p><p>　　1.1 Basic Principles</p><p>　　Before starting work, the minimum and maximum pave widths should be established and the paver be set up accordingly.</p><p>　　The pavi

4、ng sequence should be co-ordinated with the other teams on site in order to assure the supply of material and prevent the hot mix being driven over too soon. </p><p>　　The feed vehicles must be organized in

5、 such a way as to ensure a continuous supply of mix with as few paver stops as possible.</p><p>　　Check with the mixing plant(s) to ensure that mix will be supplied as planned. </p><p>　　Check

6、serviceability of the road paver (filling levels, electrical and hydraulic functions, etc.).</p><p>　　The feed vehicle’s tarpaulin cover should only be removed just before dumping the hot mix in order to p

7、revent it cooling.</p><p>　　The pave speed should be as constant as possible. If mix can only be supplied to a limited extent, it is better to continue paving slowly and uniformly than to interrupt the proce

8、ss by paver stops.</p><p>　　In the event of prolonged disruptions in the supply of mix and in cool weather, it is advisable to use up the entire mix stored in the paver and then to lift up and clean the scre

9、ed. The screed can be re-lowered and the work continued when the supply of mix is resumed.</p><p>　　The composition and temperature of the mix should be checked regularly.</p><p>　　The layer thi

10、ckness should be checked regularly while paving in order to avoid errors. </p><p>　　When using Automated Grade and Slope Control, the sensors must be checked to ensure that they are operating correctly. <

11、/p><p>　　Paving by hand should only be done in exceptional cases, such as on small surfaces or in corners inaccessible to the paver. </p><p>　　The rollers used for subsequent compaction must be dim

12、ensioned in accordance with the mix (compactability), paved area in square metres, temperature of the mix, surroundings and base so that roller compaction is completed before the mix has cooled.</p><p>　　

13、The pavement should only be re-opened to traffic when the temperature of the mix has dropped below 40 °C in order to prevent any risk of deformation.</p><p>　　The pave speed should be kept constant th

14、roughout the paving job, if possible.</p><p>　　At the end of the day or between paving sessions, a transverse joint is to be installed. </p><p>　　Adjustments on the screed while paving should be

15、 kept to a minimum.</p><p>　　The paver’s material hopper should not be run empty (to avoid segregation).</p><p>　　If no kerbstones are installed, wearing course should always be paved with the s

16、creed in Screed Float mode. Do not use Automated Grade and Slope Control.</p><p>　　2 Imperfect Paving</p><p>　　2.1 Paving Problems /Paving Errors</p><p>　　2.1.1 Irregularitie

17、s when Passing Over Mix</p><p>　　Fault/Cause</p><p>　　Unless compensated by movement of the tow point rams, mix which has spilled into the area of the wheels or crawler tracks will lead to a cha

18、nge in the screed planing angle when passed over and cause irregularities to appear in the pavement.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- Avoid spilling mix in the area of the wheels o

19、r crawler tracks and remove any mix which has spilled.</p><p>　　- For tracked pavers, fit baffle plates in front of crawler tracks.</p><p>　　2.1.2 Pavement Irregularities due to Large Screed

20、Planing Angle</p><p>　　Fault/Cause</p><p>　　When paving mix of poor bearing capacity (e.g. base course), the screed adopts a too large planing angle while paving to reach the specified layer th

21、ickness. A too large screed planing angle promotes irregularities in the pavement.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- Use the Screed Assist function.</p><p>　　- Set a

22、 low, constant pressure.</p><p>　　- Increase tamper speed and reduce the pave speed.</p><p>　　- Increase the tamper stroke length.</p><p>　　Recommendation</p><p>　

23、　The Screed Assist function shall not be used when paving wearing course.</p><p>　　2.1.2 Buldge Formed when Resuming Paving </p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p>　　Small irr

24、egularities appear at short intervals.</p><p><b>　　Cause</b></p><p>　　Here the screed planing angle is negative. As a result, only the tamper bar and the front part of the screed pla

25、te are actually in contact with the mix. The small contact area is not sufficient to level out the irregularities in the surface.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- The screed plan

26、ing angle is normally positive. This is the only way to ensure that the entire screed plate is used to level out minor irregularities in the pavement. A constant, level surface is produced. </p><p>　　- The

27、 screed plates of an extending screed must all be set to the same planing angle so that the screed‘s floating behaviour is not impaired by different pave widths. </p><p>　　- The leading edge of the screed

28、plate on the extending units should be at least 0.5mm higher than the trailing edge when setting up the screed.</p><p>　　2.2 Periodic Irregularities in Longitudinal Direction</p><p><b>　

29、　Fault</b></p><p>　　- Pavement irregularities at almost constant intervals.</p><p>　　- The irregularities are more pronounced in the area of the extending units than behind the basic scree

30、d.</p><p><b>　　Cause</b></p><p>　　- Irregularities in the reference from which the grade sensor picks up the actual elevation (e.g. sagging tensioned wire).</p><p>　　- T

31、he distance between stakes should be no more than 6m.</p><p>　　- Worn teflon tapes in telescoping tubes.</p><p>　　- Wear in the torque restraint system.</p><p>　　- Slack in the exte

32、nding units‘ mechanisms for height adjustment.</p><p>　　- Loose bolts on the screed arm.</p><p>　　2.2.1 Segregation in General</p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p&

33、gt;　　Segregation in the surface behind the screed.</p><p><b>　　Cause</b></p><p>　　Segregation can easily occur when paving mixes containing different grain sizes and little binder. L

34、arger grains in the mix tend to collect outside, in front of the pile. Such segregation may arise as the mix is loaded into the truck, when transferred to the paver or when conveyed through the paver.</p><p>

35、;<b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- If the segregation occurs in the paver‘s material hopper, the conveyor should be covered with mix when the hopper sides are folded in.</p><p>　　- In addit

36、ion, the hopper sides should be operated as little as possible in order not to move coarse grains from the sides inwards onto the conveyor and to the rear of the machine. The hopper sides should only be folded in if the

37、material at the sides is cooling off so rapidly that it can no longer be laid.</p><p>　　- If segregation occurs in front of the screed,it may be possible to improve the situation by adjusting the auger heigh

38、t. If this proves unsuccessful, smaller or different auger blades can, in addition, be fitted to the auger shaft. If the auger blades are smaller or different,the auger must rotate more quickly or more continuously so th

39、at the material is mixed more effectively in the auger tunnel. Limiting plates for the auger tunnel and strike-off plates shall be fitted regardless of the size </p><p>　　- If segregation occurs in the area

40、 of the centre auger box, the screed can be moved further to the rear in order to increase the head of mix in front of the screed and ensure that all grain sizes are actually conveyed behind the centre auger box.</p&g

41、t;<p>　　2.2.2 Transverse Strips</p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p>　　Strips of segregated material appear in the pavement at right angles to the direction of travel after every c

42、hange of feed truck.</p><p><b>　　Cause</b></p><p>　　Segregation is always promoted by a poor condition of the mix (not enough bitumen,not sufficiently homogeneous). It is also promot

43、ed by operation of the hopper sides when the hopper is almost empty, with the result that segregated material is moved to the auger tunnel.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- Operate

44、the hopper sides less often and not at all when the hopper is almost empty.</p><p>　　- See to it that the material hopper is always well filled.</p><p>　　2.2.3 Strips in the Middle of the Pave

45、ment</p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p>　　A porous / rough strip of segregated material appears in the middle of the pavement.</p><p><b>　　Cause</b></p><

46、;p>　　Segregation is promoted, particularly in the middle of the pavement, if the head of mix in front of the screed is too low.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- Increase distance

47、 between centre auger box and tamper shield.</p><p>　　- Set auger to a higher position.</p><p>　　- Turn one or two auger blades in the area of the centre auger box round to convey mix inwards or

48、 fit smaller auger blades instead.</p><p>　　2.2.4 Strips in the Lateral Areas of the Pavement</p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p>　　Strips of segregated mix appear in the la

49、teral areas of the pavement with increasing pave width.</p><p><b>　　Cause</b></p><p>　　Segregation is promoted by the absence of limiting plates for the auger tunnel and if the senso

50、rs for the mix level in the auger tunnel have not been set correctly.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- Fit limiting plates across the maximum pave width, if necessary.</p>&l

51、t;p>　　- Install mix level sensors at the sides and see to optimal setting.</p><p>　　- Ensure a good, constant level of mix in the auger tunnel.</p><p>　　2.2.5 Patches of Mix in the Surface

52、 Texture</p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p>　　Changes in the surface texture appear sporadically while paving. The surface is smoother or smeared with bitumen.</p><p><b>

53、;　　Cause</b></p><p>　　The fault is due to mainly fine grains with a high bitumen content, such as residues from the mixing plant which are detached uncontrolledly and delivered to the site with the mix

54、. Such accumulation of mix may also occur if the screed has not been heated sufficiently. In such a case, fines accumulate at the tamper shield or at the tamper bar and are then detached uncontrolledly from time to time,

55、 changing the surface texture.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　- Check the screed heating system for correct operation.</p><p>　　- Paver and screed must be cleaned thoro

56、ughly after use.</p><p>　　- If necessary, demount, clean and re-adjust the tamper shield.</p><p>　　- Inform the mixing plant operator of the segregation.</p><p>　　- Reduce tamper sp

57、eed.</p><p>　　2.3 Imprints</p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p>　　The trailing edge of the screed leaves an imprint at right angles to the pave width.</p><p><

58、;b>　　Cause</b></p><p>　　The screed sinks into the mix during a paver stop. This may be due to an interruption in the floating of the screed ,so that the screed is pressed onto the material under the

59、 force of its own weight . The imprint, however, may also be due to rough docking by the feed truck at the front, with a shock propagating to the screed at the rear of the paver.</p><p><b>　　Remedy<

60、/b></p><p>　　- Ensure that the rams for raising / lowering the screed hold the screed during the paver stop (valves on the rod side must close).</p><p>　　- See to a level base to prevent the

61、paver pitching.</p><p>　　- Work with a small screed planing angle.</p><p>　　2.4 Longitudinal Step</p><p><b>　　Fault</b></p><p>　　A step appears behind th

62、e screed between its basic unit and its extending units.</p><p><b>　　Cause</b></p><p>　　The screed normally operates with a positive planing angle. Since the extending units are offs

63、et to the rear, any change in the planing angle will also affect the elevation of the screed’s basic unit and its extending units.</p><p><b>　　Remedy</b></p><p>　　Adjust the height o

64、f the extending units until a level pavement surface is obtained behind the screed.</p><p>　　3 General Pavement Structure </p><p>　　For technical and economic reasons, asphalt pavements are m

65、ade up of different layers: asphalt base course, binder course and wearing course. Each layer has a specific function and contributes to the pavement’s load bearing capacity, depending on its thickness and position in th

66、e overall structure. The pavement layers, bonded in a compact structure, are crucial for the pavement’s durability and long service life.</p><p>　　Asphalt Base Course</p><p>　　Functions fulfille

67、d by the asphalt base course:</p><p>　　The purpose of the base course is to ensure quick and effective protection of the sub-base against water in order to maintain its load bearing capacity.</p><

68、p>　　Base courses provide a uniform and stable foundation for the layers placed on top (asphalt binder and wearing courses).</p><p>　　During the road’s service life, base courses, firmly bonded with the as

69、phalt binder and wearing courses, shall absorb the forces from traffic and provide for uniform distribution of these forces onto the sub-base.</p><p>　　Asphalt Binder Course</p><p>　　For more he

70、avily trafficked roadways, an asphalt binder course is placed between the asphalt base course and the asphalt wearing course.</p><p>　　Functions fulfilled by the asphalt binder course:</p><p>　　

71、The binder course reduces any remaining unevenness in the asphalt base courses so that the asphalt wearing course can be paved with uniform thickness and the required evenness.</p><p>　　Above all, however, t

72、he binder course shall absorb the shear forces from traffic,which in this part of the pavement are particularly high, and prevent deformation of the roadway.</p><p>　　Asphalt Wearing Course</p><p&

73、gt;　　The wearing course is the uppermost and most highly stressed layer of an asphalt pavement. The wearing course is directly exposed to the influences of traffic, weather and de-icing agents.</p><p>　　Func

74、tions fulfilled by the asphalt wearing course:</p><p>　　As the “surface“ course, it provides to the travelling public a surface which is safe to drive on while offering a high ride comfort.</p><p&

75、gt;　　As a “sealing“ course, it protects the layers below from the direct influences of traffic and weather.</p><p>　　Combined Asphalt Base and Wearing Course</p><p>　　As the name indicates, a co

76、mbined asphalt base and wearing course is a combination of base course and wearing course. These courses were specially designed for the rather thin pavements used for rural roads. Combined base and wearing course is pav

77、ed when the overall thickness, though sufficient to ensure the specified load bearing capacity, is not great enough (e.g. 8 to 10cm) to be split into asphalt base course and asphalt wearing course without falling below t

78、he minimum pavement thickness req</p><p>　　攤鋪注意事項\基本原則</p><p>　　在開始工作之前，最大和最小攤鋪寬度應確定已經攤鋪機應相應的設置。</p><p>　　攤鋪作業(yè)順序應與施工現場的其他團隊協調，以保證物資供應和防止熱混合太早驅動結束。</p><p>　　送料卡車應該以一種可以確

79、保持續(xù)供應混合料從而盡可能少的停止攤鋪的方式組織。</p><p>　　攪拌站檢查，以確?；旌狭习从媱澒?lt;/p><p>　　檢查道路攤鋪機（灌裝水平，電氣，液壓等功能）的適用性。</p><p>　　送料車的篷布蓋只應在傾倒熱混合料之前移除從而防止混合料冷卻。</p><p>　　攤鋪速度應盡可能恒定。如果混合料只能在有限的范圍內供應，

80、最好是繼續(xù)緩慢及均勻的攤鋪而不是停止攤鋪機中斷進程。</p><p>　　在混合料供應長時間中斷和涼爽的天氣的情況下，最好是使用整個攤鋪機中存儲的混合料，然后舉升和清潔熨平板。當恢復供應混合料時熨平板可以再降低和繼續(xù)工作。</p><p>　　應定期檢查混合料的組成和溫度。</p><p>　　攤鋪時層的厚度應定期檢查，以避免錯誤。</p><p

81、>　　當使用自動檔位和斜率控制，傳感器必須進行檢查，以確保它們正常運行。</p><p>　　手工鋪平只應在特殊情況下，比如小路面或在攤鋪機無法到達的角落。</p><p>　　用于隨后壓實滾筒的規(guī)格必須依照混合料（密實），鋪設面積平方米，混合溫度，環(huán)境和基礎，使?jié)L筒壓實在混合料冷卻前完成。</p><p>　　只有當混合料溫度降低到40°C以下時，

82、路面才能重新通車，以防止任何變形的風險。</p><p>　　整個攤鋪作業(yè)的攤鋪速度應盡可能保持不變。</p><p>　　在一天結束或攤鋪會議期間，橫向聯系應該被設置。</p><p>　　攤鋪時熨平板的調整應保持在最低水平上。</p><p>　　攤鋪機的料斗不應空運行（避免離析）。</p><p>　　如果沒有安

83、裝路緣石，磨耗層應始終在熨平板的熨平浮動模式下攤鋪。不要用自動檔位和斜率控制。</p><p>　　第二章 不完美攤鋪</p><p>　　2.1 攤鋪問題\攤鋪錯誤</p><p>　　2.1.1 傳送混合料時的不規(guī)則</p><p><b>　　故障\原因</b></p><p>

84、;　　除非通過移動牽引點可靠性補償，灑到車輪或履帶板區(qū)域的混合料當其通過時會導致熨平板運行角度改變，這造成攤鋪過程的不規(guī)則。</p><p><b>　　解決方法</b></p><p>　　----避免在車輪或履帶板區(qū)域泄露混合料并且移除任何已經泄露的混合料。</p><p>　　----對履帶攤鋪機，在履帶板前安裝擋板。</p>

85、<p>　　2.1.2 由于熨平板運行角度大引起的攤鋪不規(guī)則</p><p><b>　　故障\原因</b></p><p>　　當攤鋪承受能力差的混合料（比如路面基層），熨平板采用了過大的運行角度以期達到指定厚度。一個過大的熨平板運行角度促成攤鋪過程中的不規(guī)則。</p><p><b>　　解決方法</b&g

86、t;</p><p>　　——使用熨平板輔助功能。</p><p>　　——設置一個低的，恒定的壓力。</p><p>　　——提高夯錘速度并且降低攤鋪速度。</p><p>　　——增加夯錘行程長度。</p><p><b>　　建議</b></p><p>　　熨平板輔

87、助功能不應在攤鋪面層時使用。</p><p>　　2.1.3 恢復攤鋪時的動形成</p><p><b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　小的違規(guī)行為出現在很短的間隔。</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　這里熨平板運行角度是負值，因此

88、，只有夯錘桿和熨平板的前半部分實際上是在于混合料接觸。小的接觸面積是不足以整平表面的不規(guī)則。</p><p><b>　　解決方法</b></p><p>　　——熨平板的運行角度通常是正的。這是唯一的途徑去保障整個熨平板被用于整平攤鋪的輕微不規(guī)則。一個恒定的，水平的路面可以被制造出來。</p><p>　　——延伸熨平板的熨平板面必須設置相同

89、運行角度這樣可以熨平板的浮動特性不會被不同的攤鋪寬度損害。</p><p>　　——設置熨平板時熨平板延伸裝置的前沿應該至少其后沿高0.5mm。</p><p>　　2.2 縱向周期性不規(guī)則</p><p><b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　——在幾乎固定的時間間隔攤鋪不規(guī)則。</p>

90、<p>　　——不規(guī)則在熨平板延伸裝置區(qū)域比其本體后面顯著的多。</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　——參考自坡度傳感器獲得實際高度（如預應力鋼絲下垂）中的不規(guī)則。</p><p>　　——立樁之間的距離不得大于6m。</p><p>　　——伸縮管路中配備特氟龍膠帶。</p&

91、gt;<p>　　——扭矩約束系統(tǒng)的磨損。</p><p>　　——延伸裝置高度調整機制中的游隙。</p><p>　　——熨平板臂上的螺栓松動。</p><p>　　2.2.1 一般的離析</p><p><b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　熨平板背后里面的離析。

92、</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　當攤鋪混合料含有不同的晶粒尺寸和小粘結劑離析很容易發(fā)生?；旌狭现休^大的顆粒趨向于聚集在外面，樁基的前端。這種離析可能出現在混合料被裝入卡車。當轉移到攤鋪機或轉移攤鋪機時。</p><p><b>　　解決方法</b></p><p>　

93、　——如果離析發(fā)生在攤鋪機的料斗，輸送機應該覆蓋混合料當料斗兩側折疊時。</p><p>　　——此外，料斗兩側應該盡可能少的操作以使粗骨料不從傳送帶上兩側內向和機器的后部移動。料斗兩側只有在兩側的混合料冷卻的太快致使不能再被鋪設時才能被折疊。</p><p>　　——如果離析發(fā)生在熨平板前部，通過調整螺旋高度可能來改善。如果這被證明是不成功的，較小的或不同的螺旋葉片可以實現改善。另外，就

94、是安裝螺旋軸。如果螺旋葉片較小或者不同，必須旋轉螺旋更迅速或更連續(xù)以使材料在螺旋隧道中混合的更有效。無論大小的螺旋葉片，螺旋隧道和刮平板必須安裝限制板。</p><p>　　——如果離析在中心鉆盒區(qū)域出現，熨平板可以進一步向后方移動，以增加熨平板前的混合料，并確保所有的顆粒尺寸實際上是在中心鉆盒后傳送。</p><p>　　2.2.2 橫向帶 </p><p&g

95、t;<b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　離析的混合料形成的帶出現在路面送料卡車每次改變后的行進方向的垂直方向。</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　離析通常由于混合料狀況不佳（沒有足夠的瀝青，沒有充分均勻的混合）而造成。它也由料斗兩側的操作造成時當料斗幾乎是空的時，從而造成離析的材料被移

96、動到螺旋隧道。</p><p><b>　　解決方法</b></p><p>　　——當料斗幾乎是空的時料斗兩側很少或根本不操作。</p><p>　　——確保料斗總是充滿的。</p><p>　　2.2.3 攤鋪路面中的帶</p><p><b>　　故障</b><

97、;/p><p>　　出現在路面中間的離析材料的多孔/粗糙帶。</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　離析被促進，特別是在路面中間，如果熨平板前混合料上部太低。</p><p><b>　　解決方法 </b></p><p>　　——提高中心螺絲和夯錘罩板之

98、間的距離。</p><p>　　——設置螺絲到一個更高的位置。</p><p>　　——轉動一個或兩個螺旋刀片在中心螺旋盒區(qū)域循環(huán)已傳送混合料向內或裝配較小的螺旋葉片代替。</p><p>　　2.2.4 路面橫向區(qū)域的帶</p><p><b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　攤鋪寬度

99、的增加，離析的混合料帶出現在路面外側區(qū)域。</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　離析由于螺旋隧道限位板的缺失以及如果螺旋隧道的混合水平傳感器沒有被正確設置而被促進。</p><p><b>　　解決方法 </b></p><p>　　——如果有必要可以穿越最大攤鋪寬度安裝限

100、位板。</p><p>　　——在兩側安裝混合水平傳感器和注意最佳設置。</p><p>　　——確保螺旋隧道中好的持續(xù)的混合水平。</p><p>　　2.2.5 路面結構中的混合料渣子</p><p><b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　路面結構的改變零星出現在攤鋪中。路面用瀝青

101、修光或涂抹，</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　該故障是由于大體上細小顆粒有很高的瀝青含量，如從攪拌廠分離和混合交付到現場殘留物，主要是細顆粒。如果熨平板沒有被充分加熱，這種累積的混合料也可能出現，這種情況下，細小的累積在夯錘遮板或者夯錘棒并且不時分離脫落從而改變路面結構。</p><p><b>　　解決

102、方法 </b></p><p>　　——檢查為正確操作的熨平板加熱系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　——攤鋪機和熨平板使用后必須徹底清洗。</p><p>　　——如果有必要，拆卸，清潔和重新調整夯錘罩。</p><p>　　——通知的分隔的混合設備操作員。</p><p>　　——降低夯錘的速度。</p&

103、gt;<p><b>　　2.3 拖痕</b></p><p><b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　熨平板后緣留下與攤鋪寬度垂直方向的拖痕。</p><p><b>　　原因</b></p><p>　　在攤鋪停止期間熨平板陷入混合料。這有可能由中斷

104、熨平板的浮動導致的，這使得熨平板在其自身重量的力量作用下壓到材料上。這痕跡，然而，也可能是由于前面的送料卡車粗糙的對接導致的，這種震動傳輸到攤鋪機后部的熨平板。</p><p><b>　　解決方法 </b></p><p>　　——在攤鋪停止期間，確保舉升/降低熨平板的柱塞泵保持住熨平板（標尺一側的閥門必須關閉）。</p><p>　　——保

105、證一個水平的基礎，以防止攤鋪機傾斜。</p><p>　　——以小的熨平平面角工作。</p><p>　　2.4 縱向臺階</p><p><b>　　故障</b></p><p>　　一個臺階出現在熨平板后的基本裝置與其延伸裝置之間。</p><p><b>　　原因</b&

106、gt;</p><p>　　熨平板正常運作以正的平整角度。由于延伸單位向后方偏移，平整角度中的任何變化也會影響熨平板的基本裝置和其延伸裝置的高度。</p><p><b>　　解決方法 </b></p><p>　　調整延伸單位的高度，直到熨平板后獲得水平的攤鋪路面。</p><p>　　第三章 一般路面結構<

107、;/p><p>　　由于技術和經濟上的原因，瀝青路面是由不同的層組成的：瀝青基層，結合層和磨耗層。每一層都有一個特定的功能，并且有助于瀝青路面的承載能力，取決于其厚度和整體結構中的位置。保持瀝青路面層結構緊湊，是瀝青路面的耐久性和使用壽命長的關鍵。</p><p><b>　　瀝青基層</b></p><p>　　瀝青基層實現的功能：</p&

108、gt;<p>　　基層的目的是確?？焖俸陀行У谋Ｗo防止水份對路基的侵蝕，從而保持其承載能力。</p><p>　　基層為其上面層提供了一個統(tǒng)一和穩(wěn)定的基礎（瀝青粘合層和磨耗層）。</p><p>　　在道路的使用壽命期，基層與瀝青結合層和磨耗層牢固結合在一起，吸收來自交通運輸的壓力并為路基提供均勻分布的力。</p><p><b>　　瀝青粘

109、結層</b></p><p>　　對于比較繁忙的道路，瀝青粘結層，鋪設在瀝青基層和瀝青磨耗層之間。</p><p>　　瀝青粘結層實現的功能：</p><p>　　粘結層減少在瀝青基層任何剩余的不平衡，以便于使瀝青磨耗層可以鋪設均勻的厚度并達到要求的平坦。</p><p>　　然而，最重要的是，粘結層應吸收來自車輛的剪切力，即在這

110、部分的鋪層的剪切力特別高，并防止道路變形。</p><p><b>　　瀝青磨耗層</b></p><p>　　磨耗層是最主要和受到壓力最大的瀝青鋪層。磨耗層直接受到交通，天氣和除冰的影響。</p><p>　　瀝青磨耗層實現的功能：</p><p>　　作為“面”層，它提供給旅客既能安全行駛，又有高駕駛舒適性的路面。&

111、lt;/p><p>　　作為“封”層，保護下面的鋪層不受交通和天氣的直接影響。</p><p>　　瀝青路基和磨耗結合層</p><p>　　正如其名稱所表明的，瀝青路基和磨耗結合層是基層和磨耗層中的組合。這些層是專為用于農村公路的相當薄鋪層設計的。瀝青路基和磨耗結合層鋪設在當總體很薄，雖然足以確保指定的承載能力，厚度卻不是足夠大（例如，8至10厘米），不足以分為瀝青基