制動器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系： 機(jī)械系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 車輛工程 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p&

2、gt;<p>　　學(xué) 號： 080102139 </p><p>　　外文出處： The Brake Bible </p><p>　　http://www.carbibles.com/brake_bible.html

3、 </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p><b>　　制動器</b></p><p>　　制動器：它們的作用？</p><p>　　簡單的說：它會使你的汽車慢下來。</p>

4、<p>　　復(fù)雜的說：制動器被用來讓你的車減速，但可能不是你所想的意思。普遍的誤解是，制動器擠壓制動鼓或制動片，擠壓的壓力的作用使你的車慢下來。但這只是制動的一部分。制動系統(tǒng)本質(zhì)上是改變能量的類型。當(dāng)你在全速行駛時，你的汽車獲得動能。當(dāng)你踩下剎車，墊子或鞋子對制動鼓和轉(zhuǎn)子的作用轉(zhuǎn)化為摩擦熱能。剎車的冷卻使車的熱能消散，減慢車速。這是熱力學(xué)第一定律，有時被視為能量守恒定律。也是就說：能量不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅，只能由一種形式

5、轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種。制動情況下，它是動能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。</p><p>　　角向力。 因?yàn)樵诒P式制動器的剎車片和轉(zhuǎn)子的位置，摩擦產(chǎn)生的接觸點(diǎn)的位置也產(chǎn)生了一個機(jī)械的抵御轉(zhuǎn)子的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動。</p><p>　　The cooling of the brakes dissipates the heat and the vehicle slows down熱力學(xué)，制動失效，鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子。如果你騎摩托車或駕駛

6、一輛賽車，你或許熟悉制動失效，描述當(dāng)制動器太熱，他發(fā)生了什么。一個很好的例子就是從山上下來使用剎車制動,而不是你的引擎使你減速。當(dāng)汽車開始滑動下來時，剎車使汽車產(chǎn)生熱能,使你減速。但是如果你持續(xù)使用他們， 轉(zhuǎn)子或鼓留熱并沒有機(jī)會冷卻。從某種意義上說他們不能吸收更多的熱量，使剎車墊熱了起來。在每一個墊子的摩擦材料有某種共同的樹脂一旦開始變得太熱，該樹脂開始蒸發(fā)，形成氣。由于氣體之間不能待在墊層及轉(zhuǎn)子，而是形成薄薄的一層在兩個之間準(zhǔn)備排走。

7、墊失去與轉(zhuǎn)子的接觸，減少摩擦和熱量。這是完全的制動失效。典型的補(bǔ)救辦法，將車停了下來，等待幾分鐘。由于制動部件降溫，吸收熱量的原因，下一次您使用剎車的能力，似乎會好一點(diǎn)。這種類型的制動失效在舊車輛更常見。新的車輛往往從剎車墊中減少排氣，但他們?nèi)杂兄苿邮?。為什么呢？它仍然因?yàn)閯x車墊太熱。猶由于新的剎車墊合成，襯墊的熱傳遞到卡鉗一旦轉(zhuǎn)子太熱了，制動液開始沸騰冒泡。</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)子技術(shù)。如果制動轉(zhuǎn)子是一

8、個單一的鋼鐵鑄塊，這將有嚴(yán)重的散熱性能和氣化氣無法排去。因此，剎車盤通常使用各種額外的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)的方式來改進(jìn)幫助他們冷卻下來，盡快使墊和轉(zhuǎn)子之間的任何氣體排走。 The diagram here shows some examples of rotor types with the various modification that can be done to them to help them create more friction

9、, disperse more heat more quickly, and ventilate gas.這里的圖表顯示了轉(zhuǎn)子類型的各種修改，可以改進(jìn)幫助他們創(chuàng)造更多的摩擦力，更迅速地驅(qū)散更多的熱量，通風(fēng)氣體的一些例子。 From left to right.從左至右。</p><p>　　1：基本制動轉(zhuǎn)子。2：溝槽轉(zhuǎn)子-溝槽給予更多口，他們之間產(chǎn)生更多的摩擦，還允許氣體從墊和轉(zhuǎn)子之間的排走。3：溝槽鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子-再

10、給多一點(diǎn)口，但也讓氣流(渦旋)通過制動盤協(xié)助冷卻和通風(fēng)。4：雙通風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)子-以前一樣，然而現(xiàn)在有了兩個轉(zhuǎn)子而不是一個，和他們之間葉片產(chǎn)生渦流將進(jìn)一步冷卻轉(zhuǎn)子同時試圖實(shí)際上從襯墊中排掉任何氣體。</p><p>　　重要的一點(diǎn)：鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子通常只使用于賽車。鉆孔使得轉(zhuǎn)子變?nèi)?，通常會?dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)子產(chǎn)生各類裂縫。在賽車中這不是一個問題——在每場比賽或者每周都會更換剎車盤。但在路上的車，最終會導(dǎo)致剎車轉(zhuǎn)子失靈的，不是你能想象的。我只提

11、這件事，因?yàn)橛性S多供應(yīng)商將為您提供鉆孔轉(zhuǎn)子，沒有直接提到這個事實(shí)。</p><p><b>　　大轉(zhuǎn)子。</b></p><p>　　這是如何適用于更大的剎車轉(zhuǎn)子-一種普遍的跑車升級？汽車和自行車運(yùn)動比賽通常有比一般的家庭汽車更大的盤或轉(zhuǎn)子。一個更大的轉(zhuǎn)子有更多的材料在里面，因此它可以吸收更多的熱量。更多的物質(zhì)也意味著更大的表面積，墊片產(chǎn)生摩擦,和更好的散熱。較大的角

12、度也將轉(zhuǎn)子接觸墊進(jìn)一步遠(yuǎn)離軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。這提供了一個更大的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢抵抗旋轉(zhuǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)子本身。這個工作最好的說明，設(shè)想一種紡紗鋼軸上的閥瓣在你的面前。如果你夾緊你的大拇指任何一方的閥瓣靠近中間，你的大拇指將熱得非常快，你會需要推動相當(dāng)大的摩擦力使閥瓣慢下來?，F(xiàn)在想象做同樣的事情，但是你的大拇指夾在一起接近外緣的閥瓣。閥瓣將停止旋轉(zhuǎn)得特別快，你的大拇指也不會很熱。簡單地說解釋整個原理就是更大轉(zhuǎn)子=更好的制動原則。</p><p>

13、;<b>　　不同類型的制動器。</b></p><p>　　所有制動器都產(chǎn)生摩擦力。摩擦力是熱的一部分動能轉(zhuǎn)換過程。他們是如何不同的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了摩擦的。</p><p><b>　　自行車車輪制動器</b></p><p>　　我想我覆蓋這些，因?yàn)樗鼈兪亲罨绢愋偷闹苿臃绞剑憧梢钥吹?，看工作了解。設(shè)計(jì)非常簡單，在外部。一

14、雙橡膠塊連接到一雙卡鉗，能在機(jī)架上旋轉(zhuǎn)。When you pull the brake cable, the pads are pressed against the side or inner edge of the bicycle wheel rim.當(dāng)你拉剎車線，剎車墊壓向一側(cè)或自行車輪輞的內(nèi)側(cè)邊緣。 The rubber creates friction, which creates heat, which is the tra

15、nsfer of kinetic energy that slows you down.橡膠產(chǎn)生摩擦，產(chǎn)生熱量，這是動能轉(zhuǎn)移使車慢下來。 自行車制動實(shí)際上There's only really two types of bicycle brake - those on which each brake shoe shares the same pivot point, and those with two pivot point

16、s.只有兩個類型 - 自行車剎車</p><p><b>　　鼓式制動器-單前沿</b></p><p>　　下一個，更加復(fù)雜的類型的制動是鼓式制動器。這是簡單的概念。兩個半圓形的剎車片裝在里面連接一個旋轉(zhuǎn)的車輪的鼓。當(dāng)你踩下剎車,剎車片向外擴(kuò)大擠壓內(nèi)側(cè)的鼓。這造成了摩擦，產(chǎn)生熱量，轉(zhuǎn)移動能，這將使車減速。下面的例子顯示了一個簡單的模型。制動器在這種情況下是藍(lán)色橢圓形

17、的對象。因?yàn)檫@是扭曲的，它的力使剎車片迫使他們向外擴(kuò)張。當(dāng)松開剎車，The return spring is what pulls the shoes back away from the surface of the brake drum when the brakes are released.回位彈簧從制動鼓的表面拉回剎車片?？吹秸鹿?jié)后面更多信息。</p><p>　　"單前沿"是指實(shí)際

18、接觸的旋轉(zhuǎn)鼓輪制動蹄部件的數(shù)量。因?yàn)橹苿犹闫谝欢耍唵蔚膸缀我馕吨麄€剎車片無法都接觸到制動鼓。單前沿就是部分剎車片的術(shù)語，那些接觸制動鼓，在單一制動情況下的方法，在最接近制動器的襯墊。此圖 （右側(cè)） 顯示當(dāng)剎車時，會發(fā)生什么情況。這剎車片向外壓和制動襯墊的最初接觸制動鼓的部分剎車片就是前沿。制動鼓旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)際上有助于制動片向外加壓，因?yàn)閯x車片向口子的摩擦力。后沿的制動蹄片與制動鼓幾乎沒有接觸。這個簡單的幾何解釋了，為什么汽車是很難停止向

19、后滾動，如果它只配單前緣沿鼓式制動器。由于制動鼓向后旋轉(zhuǎn)，前沿的剎車片成為了后沿，因?yàn)橹苿硬粫Ш稀?lt;/p><p><b>　　鼓剎車-雙前沿</b></p><p>　　可以通過添加回位彈簧和旋轉(zhuǎn)第二個制動器中心點(diǎn)來消除鼓式制動器的單個前沿的缺點(diǎn)。踩下剎車時，剎車片在兩個點(diǎn)向外壓。所以每個剎車片現(xiàn)在有一個前沿的和一個后沿。因?yàn)橛袃蓚€剎車蹄，那里有兩個剎車片，這意味

20、著有兩個邊沿。因此名稱雙前沿。</p><p>　　盤式制動器一些背景。</p><p>　　盤式制動器在 1902 年被發(fā)明，伯明翰汽車制造商檢基威廉 · 蘭徹斯特的專利。他原先的設(shè)計(jì)了兩個光盤，緊貼彼此產(chǎn)生摩擦來使車減速。直到 1949 盤式制動器的量產(chǎn)車上使用。在美國汽車創(chuàng)始人克羅斯利發(fā)明了我們目前熟知和喜愛的快車，就是使用了很多類似的盤動制動器和卡鉗。他原先的設(shè)計(jì)雖然有點(diǎn)

21、缺陷-制動器持續(xù)不到一年。終于在 1954 年雪鐵龍推出先進(jìn)的DS，成就了像自流平懸浮、 半自動變速箱、 活動前燈和復(fù)合車身盤式制動器的第一次現(xiàn)代化身。（所有事情，在 90 年代的汽車制造商都重新作為"新型"）。</p><p>　　盤式制動器比鼓式制動器好了一個數(shù)量級來使車輛制動，這就是為什么你會發(fā)現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)代幾乎所以汽車和摩托車都使用的是盤式制動器。運(yùn)動型車輛具有更高的速度需要更好的制動減速，

22、所以您會明白盤式制動器在這些車上的使用。</p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　The Brake Bible</p><p>　　Brakes - what do they do?</p><p>　　The simple answer: they slow you down.Th

23、e complex answer: brakes are designed to slow down your vehicle but probably not by the means that you think. The common misconception is that brakes squeeze against a drum or disc, and the pressure of the squeezing acti

24、on is what slows you down. This in fact is only part of the equation. Brakes are essentially a mechanism to change energy types. When you're travelling at speed, your vehicle has kinetic energy. When you apply the br

25、akes, the pads or shoes</p><p>　　Thermodynamics, brake fade and drilled rotors.</p><p>　　If you ride a motorbike or drive a race car, you're probably familiar with the term brake fade, used

26、to describe what happens to brakes when they get too hot. A good example is coming down a mountain pass using your brakes rather than your engine to slow you down. As you start to come down the pass, the brakes on your v

27、ehicle heat up, slowing you down. But if you keep using them, the rotors or drums stay hot and get no chance to cool off. At some point they can't absorb any more heat so the brak</p><p>　　Rotor technolo

28、gy.If a brake rotor was a single cast chunk of steel, it would have terrible heat dissipation properties and leave nowhere for the vapourised gas to go. Because of this, brake rotors are typically modified with all mann

29、er of extra design features to help them cool down as quickly as possible as well as dissapate any gas from between the pads and rotors. The diagram here shows some examples of rotor types with the various modification t

30、hat can be done to them to help them create mo</p><p>　　1: Basic brake rotor. 2: Grooved rotor - the grooves give more bite and thus more friction as they pass between the brake pads They also allow gas to v

31、ent from between the pads and the rotor. 3: Grooved, drilled rotor - the drilled holes again give more bite, but also allow air currents (eddies) to blow through the brake disc to assist cooling and ventilating gas. 4: D

32、ual ventilated rotors - same as before but now with two rotors instead of one, and with vanes in between them to generate a vorte</p><p>　　Big rotors.How does all this apply to bigger brake rotors - a commo

33、n sports car upgrade? Sports cars and race bikes typically have much bigger discs or rotors than your average family car. A bigger rotor has more material in it so it can absorb more heat. More material also means a larg

34、er surface area for the pads to generate friction with, and better heat dissipation. Larger rotors also put the point of contact with the pads further away from the axle of rotation. This provides a larger mechan</p&g

35、t;<p>　　The different types of brake.</p><p>　　All brakes work by friction. Friction causes heat which is part of the kinetic energy conversion process. How they create friction is down to the various

36、 designs. </p><p>　　Bicycle wheel brakes</p><p>　　I thought I'd cover these because they're about the most basic type of functioning brake that you can see, watch working, and understand

37、. The construction is very simple and out-in-the-open. A pair of rubber blocks are attached to a pair of calipers which are pivoted on the frame. When you pull the brake cable, the pads are pressed against the side or in

38、ner edge of the bicycle wheel rim. The rubber creates friction, which creates heat, which is the transfer of kinetic energy that slows you down.</p><p>　　Drum brakes - single leading edge</p><p>

39、;　　The next, more complicated type of brake is a drum brake. The concept here is simple. Two semicircular brake shoes sit inside a spinning drum which is attached to the wheel. When you apply the brakes, the shoes are ex

40、panded outwards to press against the inside of the drum. This creates friction, which creates heat, which transfers kinetic energy, which slows you down. The example below shows a simple model. The actuator in this case

41、is the blue elliptical object. As that is twisted, it forces ag</p><p>　　The "single leading edge" refers to the number of parts of the brake shoe which actually contact the spinning drum. Because

42、the brake shoe pivots at one end, simple geometry means that the entire brake pad cannot contact the brake drum. The leading edge is the term given to the part of the brake pad which does contact the drum, and in the cas

43、e of a single leading edge system, it's the part of the pad closest to the actuator. This diagram (right) shows what happens as the brakes are applied. The </p><p>　　Drum brakes - double leading edge<

44、/p><p>　　The drawbacks of the single leading edge style of drum brake can be eliminated by adding a second return spring and turning the pivot point into a second actuator. Now when the brakes are applied, the

45、shoes are pressed outwards at two points. So each brake pad now has one leading and one trailing edge. Because there are two brake shoes, there are two brake pads, which means there are two leading edges. Hence the name

46、double leading edge. </p><p>　　Disc brakes</p><p>　　Some background. Disc brakes were invented in 1902 and patented by Birmingham car maker Frederick William Lanchester. His original design had

47、two discs which pressed against each other to generate friction and slow his car down. It wasn't until 1949 that disc brakes appeared on a production car though. The obscure American car builder Crosley made a vehicl

48、e called the Hotshot which used the more familiar brake rotor and calipers that we all know and love today. His original design was a bit crap</p><p>　　Disc brakes are an order of magnitude better at stoppin

49、g vehicles than drum brakes, which is why you'll find disc brakes on the front of almost every car and motorbike built today. Sportier vehicles with higher speeds need better brakes to slow them down, so you'll l