外文翻譯---捕獲土建工程質(zhì)量事故的成本

1、<p>　　Capturing the Cost of Quality Failures in Civil Engineering</p><p>　　Hamzah Abdul-Rahman</p><p>　　(University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology)</p><p>　　

2、INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　One reason which relates quality (conformance to requirements) to a firm's survival, is increased customer expectations — an organization must provide the products/services to fulfi

3、ll the requirements of the client[l]. Another is the costs incurred due to operation and product failures; a firm should not spend more than what is normally required to meet the client's requirements; this is especi

4、ally true in the present competitive market. These costs, known as quality costs, are known to be capab</p><p>　　The usefulness and importance of knowing the cost of quality in manufacturing is well known. T

5、his is not so in the construction industry. Since there are differences in the nature and haracteristics of the processes and environments of the two industries, it is difficult to assess whether similar qual

6、ity cost concepts can be used in construction. One can only speculate that if the manufacturing and service industries can benefit from quantifying quality costs then there should also b</p><p>　　This articl

7、e attempts to address the concept of quality cost, especially as an aid to identifying and reducing failures during construction of civil engineering projects. The aims of this article are to:</p><p>　　(1) g

8、enerate an awareness of the design-and-construction caused failures;</p><p>　　(2) provide an insight into the potential of using quality cost in civil engineering construction;</p><p>　　(3) illu

9、strate by a case study how failure costs can be captured and used in a civil engineering contract;</p><p>　　(4) recommend that quality cost information be used in managing civil engineering wo

10、rks.</p><p>　　FAILURE EVENTS IN CONSTRUCTION</p><p>　　The Building Research Establishment (BRE) found that errors in buildings had 50 per cent of their origin in the design stage and 40 per cent

11、 in the construction stage. In a National Economic Development Office (NEDO) survey, aimed at improving methods of quality control for building works, some 501 quality related events were noted. The quality-related event

12、s were divided into three main areas: "design", "poor workmanship" and "other". Design and poor</p><p>　　workmanship combined to form more than 90 per cent of the total events l

13、isted in Table I. Under poor workmanship "lack of care" and "lack of knowledge" were the main causes, whilst in design "unclear/missing information" and "design will not work" were

14、 identified as the major causes of problems, including the most serious cases. NEDO showed that causes of defects in housing were mainly in design (50 percent) and construction (30 per cent). The remaining 20 per cent we

15、re attributed to materials a</p><p>　　WHY QUALITY PERFORMANCE SHOULD BE MEASURED IN CONSTRUCTION</p><p>　　Although the above findings reveal failures in building projects, failures among civil e

16、ngineering projects may be even more serious owing to the greater variety of risk factors. The findings above can be considered as either cause for concern or as inevitable events that are part and parcel of the construc

17、tion process. It is well-known that, while the frequency of some failure items is low, they can tremendously affect project time and cost. For a firm to survive, it must strive not only to pro</p><p>　　SOURC

18、ES OF QUALITY FAILURE</p><p>　　Quality failures in a civil engineering project originate in stages such as: </p><p>　　? project appraisal: failure to recognize the project needs and requirements

19、, and to minimize factors associated with risk, client's influence, communication problems;</p><p>　　? design: incomplete information, changes in design, design mistakes, client's influence, communic

20、ation problems;</p><p>　　? construction: labor, material, subcontractor, plant and equipment, unforeseen conditions and events, project uncertainty, client's influence, communication problems and poor pl

21、anning.</p><p>　　During the appraisal stage, the functional needs of the project are investigated and identified. In order for these needs to be accurately translated into information for decision making, th

22、e promoter has to consider all variables which relate to the project requirements. Only when the appraisal stage is thoroughly explored can the needs be decoded in design. </p><p>　　Measuring quality in the

23、design phase is perceived to be difficult because all too often the designer is not the final user assessing the quality performance of the product[l]. During the construction phase problems arise out of incomplete or un

24、clear engineering information, which results frequently in more money being spent to remedy the situation. Guidelines and recommendations have been developed to ensure quality in information and design. Some of the eleme

25、nts related to design include:</p><p>　　? design requirements;</p><p>　　? drawing and specification control;</p><p>　　? design verification through design analysis reviews;</p>

26、;<p>　　? control of changes and non-conformances;</p><p>　　? well-maintained supporting documentation;</p><p>　　? management responsibilities and commitment.</p><p>　　Giving

27、more attention to these preventive items helps improve design quality assurance, or design assurance, such that a firm gains a stronger footage and a more competitive edge. Every time a change is made in a design, it has

28、 to be reworked by the design team. Thus costs incurred in reworking have to be accounted for in quality costing. Changes initiated by the client are sometimes termed deviations instead of failure cost. </p><p

29、>　　The construction stage of a civil engineering project is labor and plant intensive. The cost of labor and plant can range between about 40 per cent and 70 per cent of the total construction cost. It is not surprisi

30、ng that' the construction stage accounts for 40 per cent of failure events, as noted in the NEDO report. Variations during this period are mainly caused by human errors due to lack of knowledge or lack of attention,

31、both of which, according to Crosby, can be corrected. It is important </p><p>　　Apart from the above sources of failure, factors such as risk, buildability, inadequate soil investigation, poor communications

32、, disputes and poor project planning require proper attention and need to be minimized to avoid any additional unplanned cost.</p><p>　　捕獲土建工程質(zhì)量事故的成本</p><p>　　Hamzah Abdul-Rahman</p><

33、p>　　(曼徹斯特大學(xué)的科技研究所)</p><p><b>　　引用</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)涉及到企業(yè)生存質(zhì)量 （符合要求） 的原因之一是增加的客戶期望值—— 一個(gè)組織必須提供符合要求的客戶端的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)；另一個(gè)原因是由于操作和產(chǎn)品失效費(fèi)用。與通常情況相比，企業(yè)不須花費(fèi)更多費(fèi)用來(lái)滿足客戶的要求，在當(dāng)前競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的市場(chǎng)中，這是尤其如此。一種可以用于在重復(fù)

34、制造工序和“控制環(huán)境”的制造工業(yè)中進(jìn)行在生產(chǎn)的成本，稱之為質(zhì)量成本。</p><p>　　制造過(guò)程中的質(zhì)量成本的重要性和實(shí)用性是總所周知的，這在建筑行業(yè)中體現(xiàn)的并不是很明顯。因?yàn)樵谶@兩個(gè)行業(yè)中存在著制造特征和生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的區(qū)別，因此在建設(shè)行業(yè)中很難確定是否可以使用類似的質(zhì)量成本概念。如果制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)可以受益于量化質(zhì)量成本，那么建筑業(yè)同樣可以從中受益，不過(guò)，這僅僅是個(gè)猜測(cè)。從理論上講，質(zhì)量成本概念很容易應(yīng)用到土建工程

35、項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)和建造階段，但在實(shí)踐中，它很復(fù)雜。</p><p>　　這篇文章試圖解決質(zhì)量成本的概念，特別是其作為一種輔助工具來(lái)識(shí)別并降低在土建工程項(xiàng)目施工過(guò)程中的損失。這篇文章的目的是：</p><p>　　(1) 生成一種設(shè)計(jì)—建設(shè)過(guò)程中的事故意識(shí);</p><p>　　(2) 發(fā)覺(jué)質(zhì)量成本在土建工程施工中應(yīng)用的潛力;</p><p>　　(

36、3) 通過(guò)案例研究研究如何在土木工程建設(shè)中捕獲使用質(zhì)量成本</p><p>　　(4) 推薦在工程建設(shè)管理中使用質(zhì)量成本概念。</p><p><b>　　事故分析</b></p><p>　　建筑研究所(BRE) 發(fā)現(xiàn)建筑物中的事故50%源于起初的設(shè)計(jì)階段，而其余的40%來(lái)源于施工階段。一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展處的調(diào)查——旨在提高建設(shè)過(guò)程中質(zhì)量的方法

37、——記載著將近501個(gè)關(guān)乎質(zhì)量問(wèn)題的事故。這些質(zhì)量事故被分為三個(gè)主要領(lǐng)域："設(shè)計(jì)"、"偷工減料"和"其他"?！霸O(shè)計(jì)”和“偷工減料”共同形成的事故原因占所列事故的90%以上。在“偷工減料”的領(lǐng)域里，“缺少管理”和“缺少專業(yè)知識(shí)”是其主要原因，而在設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域里，“不清楚規(guī)范”和“無(wú)法使用的設(shè)計(jì)”被視為主要原因，其中就發(fā)生過(guò)最嚴(yán)重的事故案例。國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展處表示引起建設(shè)事故的原因50%來(lái)

38、源于設(shè)計(jì)，30%來(lái)源于施工，還有20%來(lái)源于材料或者是其他原因。</p><p>　　施工中為什么應(yīng)衡量質(zhì)量性能</p><p>　　雖然上述調(diào)查結(jié)果揭示了了一些建筑工程案例失敗的原因來(lái)源，但在土建工程項(xiàng)目中的一些失敗案例可能由于某些危險(xiǎn)因素的存在而變得更多為嚴(yán)重。上述的這些發(fā)現(xiàn)足以引起人們的重視或者在建設(shè)進(jìn)程中作為一部分不可避免的事件。眾所周知，如果要降低事故發(fā)生的頻率，勢(shì)必會(huì)極大的引起

39、工程時(shí)間的拖延和成本的增加。對(duì)于一個(gè)公司來(lái)說(shuō)，不僅僅要生產(chǎn)出合格的產(chǎn)品，還要以盡可能低的費(fèi)用來(lái)生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品，這對(duì)公司的生存來(lái)說(shuō)是必須的。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，對(duì)大多數(shù)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，不管是設(shè)計(jì)單位還是施工單位，都有能力在時(shí)間和費(fèi)用都可以容忍的范圍內(nèi)生產(chǎn)出合乎規(guī)范的產(chǎn)品。要使企業(yè)保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，必須降低其容忍的程度。管理和生產(chǎn)隊(duì)伍必須減少事故的發(fā)生并使其降低到最低值以至于可以縮小容忍的程度。為了做到這一點(diǎn)，必須查明失敗的原因，并正確評(píng)估其所帶來(lái)的影響。在建設(shè)過(guò)

40、程中，許多公司把質(zhì)量保險(xiǎn)（QA）當(dāng)作其在該行業(yè)中生存的一種途徑。設(shè)計(jì)師、 顧問(wèn)公司、 承建商和分包商都知道如果他們不能向他們的客戶提供最低限度的保證所帶來(lái)的后果。但是，留在建造業(yè)在高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境，不僅質(zhì)量要保證，而且也要做出一定的利潤(rùn)。傳統(tǒng)思想認(rèn)為質(zhì)量和成本彼此背道而馳,但是文檔質(zhì)量管理成果揭示了一個(gè)</p><p><b>　　質(zhì)量事故來(lái)源</b></p><p>

41、　　土木工程項(xiàng)目中的質(zhì)量事故來(lái)源大概可以分為一下幾個(gè)階段: </p><p>　　? 項(xiàng)目評(píng)估: 沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到項(xiàng)目需求和所需設(shè)備，沒(méi)有把相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最低，沒(méi)有考慮客戶方面的影響以及通信設(shè)施的問(wèn)題；</p><p>　　? 設(shè)計(jì): 不完整的信息，以及設(shè)計(jì)的改變還有錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)計(jì)，客戶的影響，通信設(shè)施的問(wèn)題；</p><p>　　? 施工: 勞工、 材料、 分包商、 工廠和設(shè)

42、備、 不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的條件和事件, 項(xiàng)目的不確定性、 客戶的影響、 通信問(wèn)題和不適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃。</p><p>　　在評(píng)估階段，調(diào)查并確定項(xiàng)目的功能需求.為了將這些需求準(zhǔn)確地轉(zhuǎn)化為決策信息，負(fù)責(zé)人還須考慮有關(guān)項(xiàng)目要求的所有變量。只有對(duì)評(píng)估階段進(jìn)行徹底的探索才能滿足設(shè)計(jì)的需要。 </p><p>　　在設(shè)計(jì)階段評(píng)估質(zhì)量是非常困難的，因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)師并不是最后一個(gè)必須對(duì)建筑物質(zhì)量的評(píng)估者。在施工階段問(wèn)題則更

43、多，因?yàn)樗麄兏静皇煜げ⒄莆招畔⒌耐暾裕虼吮貙⒒ㄙM(fèi)大量的金錢(qián)來(lái)彌補(bǔ)這種情況。因此指導(dǎo)者和建議者必須保證信息和設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量。設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)內(nèi)容包括:</p><p><b>　　? 設(shè)計(jì)要求;</b></p><p>　　? 繪圖和規(guī)范控制;</p><p>　　? 通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)分析評(píng)論進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)驗(yàn)算;</p><p>　　? 控

44、制不符合的變化;</p><p>　　? 維護(hù)熟悉設(shè)計(jì)文件;</p><p>　　? 管理責(zé)任和承諾.</p><p>　　花更多時(shí)間關(guān)注這些可以預(yù)防的項(xiàng)目可以提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量保證，這種設(shè)計(jì)保證可以提高公司的形象和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。每次想在設(shè)計(jì)中發(fā)生改變，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)必須要返工，這種返工的成本應(yīng)該歸為質(zhì)量成本。由客戶引起的最初變化又是被成為偏差，但這種偏差不是失敗的代價(jià)。 </

45、p><p>　　土木工程的項(xiàng)目建設(shè)是一種集中利用消耗勞動(dòng)力和地塊的行業(yè)，花費(fèi)在勞動(dòng)力的地塊上面的費(fèi)用將達(dá)到整個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的40%～70%。NEDO 報(bào)道指出，建設(shè)中處理事故所花費(fèi)的成本占到了40%，這是無(wú)需懷疑的[6]，因?yàn)樵诮ㄔO(shè)期間發(fā)生的大量不同的事故大部分是有人引起的。</p><p>　　Crosby 指出，因?yàn)槿鄙僦R(shí)和關(guān)注而導(dǎo)致的事故，這兩種原因都是可以糾正的[ll]。人力資源需要進(jìn)行