外文翻譯---淺談混凝土的施工過程中溫度與裂縫控制

1、<p><b>　　中文5635字</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　一、原文</b></p><p>　　Discuss the construction temperature and</p><p>　　crack

2、 of the concrete lightly</p><p>　　The summary: In order to prevent the owners of the concrete work of claims, we must do a good job in the construction process in the temperature and crack control, through o

3、bservation live for many years, through consulting the monograph about stress within the concrete, explain to concrete temperature reason, on-the-spot concrete control and measure, prevention of crack of temperature that

4、 crack produce. </p><p>　　Keyword　　Concrete　　Temperature stress　　Crack　　Control</p><p>　　1. The concrete occupies the important position in modern engineering construction. But today, the crack

5、of the concrete is comparatively general, the cracks are nearly omnipresent in the science of bridge building. Though we take various kinds of measures in constructing, careful, but the crack still occurs now and then. T

6、racing it to its cause, it is one of them incompletely that our change to concrete temperature stress pays attention to. In the large volume concrete, temperature stress and t</p><p>　　Reason of a crack <

7、/p><p>　　It has many kinds of reasons to produce the crack in the concrete, it is mainly the changes of temperature and humidity, fragility and disparity of the concrete, and the structure is unreasonable, the

8、raw materials is not up to standard (if the alkali aggregate react), the template is out of shape, the foundation does not subside etc. evenly. The cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration when the concrete is ha

9、rdened, inside temperature is rising constantly, cause the stress of drawing on</p><p>　　Analysis of 2 temperature stresses</p><p>　　It can be divided into following three stages according to th

10、e forming process of the temperature stress: </p><p>　　(1)It is early: It needs generally 30 day from beginning building concrete to finishing sending out heat basically by cement. There are two characterist

11、ics at this stage, first, the cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration, second, mix and congeal the changing sharply of elastic model quantity. Because of the change of elastic model quantity, form the remaining

12、stress in the concrete in this period. </p><p>　　(2)Middle period: Up till the concrete is cooled until stability temperature from cement send out heat function basically when expiring, in this period, the t

13、emperature stress is mainly because the cooling of the concrete and external temperature change cause, these stresses and remnants stresses that is formed in early days are superposed, mix and congeal the elastic mould a

14、mount that goes to and does not change much during this period. </p><p>　　(3)Later period: Operation period after the complete cooling of concrete. Temperature stress whether external temperature change caus

15、es mainly, these stresses and first two kinds of remnants stresses are changed and added. </p><p>　　It can be divided into two kinds according to the reason why the temperature stress causes: </p><

16、;p>　　(1)Spontaneous stress: There are not any restraints or totally static structure at the border, if inside temperature is non-linear distribution, temperature stress appearing because structure restrains from each

17、other. For example, the body of mound of the bridge, the physical dimension is relatively large, surface temperature is low when the concrete is cooled, inside temperature is high, present the stress of drawing on the su

18、rface, present the stress of pressing in the middle. </p><p>　　(2)Restrain the stress: All of the structure ones or it restrain external one some border, can't out of shape and stress not cause not free.

19、 Such as case beam roof concrete and guardrail concrete. </p><p>　　These two kinds of temperature stresses draw back stresses caused to act on with the doing of concrete together frequently. It is a more com

20、plicated job to want to analyse the distribution, size of the temperature stress accurately according to known temperature. In case of great majority, need to rely on the model test or the number value to calculate. To i

21、s it make temperature stress have sizable limp to creep concrete, at the stress accounting temperature, must consider the influence that cre</p><p>　　Control and preventing the measure of the crack of 3 temp

22、erature</p><p>　　For prevent crack, lighten temperature stress can from control temperature and is it is it set about to restrain terms from two to improve. </p><p>　　The measure of controlling

23、temperature is as follows: </p><p>　　(1)Is it improve aggregate grade mix, is it do rigid concrete to spend, mix mixture to adopt, is it guide angry pharmaceutical or plastification pharmaceutical, etc. meas

24、ure in order to reduce cement consumption of concrete to add; </p><p>　　(2)Add water or the water to cool the broken stone in order to reduce the temperature of building of the concrete while mixing and shut

25、ting the concrete; </p><p>　　(3)Reduce the thickness of building while building the concrete on hot day, utilize and build the aspect to dispel the heat; </p><p>　　(4)Bury the water pipe undergr

26、ound in the concrete, enter the cold water to lower the temperature openly; </p><p>　　(5)Stipulate rational form removal time, the temperature keeps warm the surface while lowering suddenly, in case that the

27、 rapid temperature gradient takes place in the concrete surface; </p><p>　　(6)The concrete with medium and long-term and exposed construction builds a piece of surface or thin wall structure, take the measur

28、e of keeping warm in cold season; </p><p>　　The measure of improving condition of restraining is: </p><p>　　(1)Divide and sew and divide one rationally; </p><p>　　(2)Prevent the fou

29、ndation from rising and falling too big; </p><p>　　(3)Rational arrangement construction process, prevent the too big discrepancy in elevation and side from exposing for a long time; </p><p>　　In

30、 addition, improve the performance of the concrete and improve and resist the ability of splitting, strengthen maintenance, prevent the surface from being done and contracted, especially guarantee the quality of the conc

31、rete is very important to preventing the crack, should pay special attention to avoiding producing and running through the crack, the globality resumed its structure after appearing is very difficult, so should rely main

32、ly on preventing the emergence of the running through crac</p><p>　　In construction of concrete, for raise turnover rate of template, demand concrete form removal as soon as possible that build newly often.

33、Should consider form removal time properly when concrete temperature is higher than the temperature, so as not to cause the superficial early crack of concrete. Building the early form removal newly, cause very large str

34、ess of drawing on the surface, the phenomenon that "temperature is assaulted" appears. Build initial stage in concrete, because heat of hydra</p><p>　　Add muscle influence to large volume temperatu

35、re stress of concrete very light, because large volume concrete include muscle to be rate very much low. Just have influence on the general armored concrete. On terms that temperature is not very high and the stress is l

36、ess than limit of surrendering, every performance of the steel is steady, and have nothing to do with stress state, time and temperature. Line bloated coefficient of steel and concrete line bloated coefficient difference

37、 very light, t</p><p>　　In order to guarantee concrete project quality, prevent fracturing, improve the durability of the concrete, use the admixture to reduce one of the measures that fractures correctly. W

38、hether is it reduce water is it split pharmaceutical to defend, I summarize his main function in practice to use. </p><p>　　(1)There is a large number of capillary in the concrete, produce capillary tension

39、in the capillary after water is evaporated, make concrete is it contract out of shape to do. Increasing the thin aperture of hair can reduce the capillary surface tension, but will make the intensity of concrete reduce.

40、This surface tension theory has already been confirmed in the world as far back as the sixties. </p><p>　　(2)Water dust than influence important factor that concrete shrink, is it reduce water is it split ph

41、armaceutical can make concrete water consumption reduce by 25% to defend to use. </p><p>　　(3)Cement consumption important factor, concrete of person who shrink too, is it add and subtract water is it split

42、concrete reducible 15% of the cement consumption on terms that keep the intensity of concrete of pharmaceutical to defend to mix, its volume is supplemented by increasing aggregate consumption. </p><p>　　(4)

43、Reduce water is it split pharmaceutical can improve consistency of grout, reduce concrete secrete ink to defend, reduce and sink and draw back deforming. </p><p>　　(5)Improve gluing the strength of forming o

44、f the grout and aggregate, the concrete improved resists the performance of splitting. </p><p>　　(6)Concrete is it produce stress of drawing to restrain from while shrinking, crack when drawing the stress an

45、d is greater than concrete tensile strength can produce. Reduce water is it split pharmaceutical effective concrete tensile strength of improvement very to defend, improve resisting the performance of splitting of concre

46、te by a wide margin. </p><p>　　(7)It can make the concrete density good to add the admixture to mix, can improve resisting carbonization of concrete effectively, reduce carbonization to shrink. </p>&

47、lt;p>　　(8)Is it reduce water is it split slow coagulation time proper concrete under pharmaceutical to defend, on the basis of preventing the fast water of cement from sending out heat effectively to mix, prevent the

48、plasticity shrink that brings because the cement is not congealed for a long time from increasing. </p><p>　　(9)Mix admixture concrete and getting easy and kind, surface easy to feel flat, form little membra

49、ne, reduce the moisture to evaporate, reduce drily and shrink. A lot of admixtures all have the functions of slow coagulation, increasing and apt, improvement plasticity, the experiment that we should carry on in this re

50、spect more in the project practice is compared with and studied, than lean against not improving terms more simple, may getting simple and more direct, economy. </p><p>　　Early maintenance of 4 concrete <

51、/p><p>　　Practice has proved, the common crack of concrete , most is the surface crack of different depth, main reason its whether temperature gradient cause cold temperature of area lower too easy to form crac

52、k suddenly. So say the warm-keeping of the concrete is especially important to preventing the early crack of surface. </p><p>　　From the viewpoint of temperature stress, should reach and require keeping warm

53、 following: </p><p>　　1)Prevent concrete internal and external temperature poor and concrete surface gradient from, prevent the surface crack. </p><p>　　2)Prevent concrete from to be ultra and c

54、old , should is it is it make the minimum temperature is not lower than the steady temperature of concrete service time construction time in concrete to try to try one's best. </p><p>　　3)Prevent the old

55、 concrete subcooling, in order to reduce the restraint among the old and new concrete. </p><p>　　The early maintenance of the concrete, the main purpose lies in keeping the suitable warm and humid condition,

56、 in order to get the result of two respects, on the other hand make the concrete avoid the invasion and attack of the unfavorable and warm, humidity out of shape, the ones that prevent from harmfully are cold to contract

57、 and do to contract. On one hand make cement water function go on smoothly, is in the hope of reaching the intensity designed and resisting the ability of splitting. </p><p>　　The suitable warm damp conditio

58、n is interrelated. Mix warm-keeping measure paid to congeal often protects wet results too. Analyse, water concrete include moisture can meet demand, cement of water have enough and to spare newly theoretically. But beca

59、use the reason of evaporating etc. often causes losses of the moisture, thus postpone or hinder water of the cement from, the surface concrete receives this kind of adverse effect easiestly and directly. Key period when

60、maintained in initial a few d</p><p>　　2. Quality control of waterproof concrete construction</p><p>　　Combined with experience, from formwork design, fabrication and installation, assembling re

61、inforcement, pouring and curing of concrete and other aspects construction technology of fair-faced concrete is introduced as well as quality control measures and standards in order to reduce engineering cost to acquire

62、satisfied economic and social benefits.</p><p>　　The factors of influencing waterproof-concrete quality are very many. Any links does not pay attention to the water-proof concrete of field loss hinders the w

63、ater function without exception jointly with degree. Engineering construction in the basement adopts secondary form board fabrication and installation, reinforced bar fabrication and bind, concrete stirring and mixing sy

64、stem and transport, concrete covibration beat with a stick, construction joint practice, concrete curing and dismantle mod</p><p>　　Method being under construction</p><p>　　2.1 Fabrication and I

65、nstallation</p><p>　　According to the concert of closely knit, demand of reason why to form board since the water-proof also concrete have made and have assembled corresponding rise is special, be to require

66、 that not leaving out thick fluid, firm closely knit block of wood deformation, water absorption Character should be small and ought to give priority to select and using bamboo slab rubber form board or the steel form..

67、Strict control form board room gap size, necessary exceeding 2 mms uses foam rubber or plastic</p><p>　　2.2 Assembling reinforcement</p><p>　　Water-proof concrete structure has demanding as foll

68、ows to the reinforced bar:</p><p>　　1)Reinforced bar should adopt twisted steel as far as possible, increases by hold wrap a force composing in reply a water ability </p><p>　　2)Reinforced bars

69、connect should try one's best to adopt to solder connection, stop using and being needless to bind connection to the full</p><p>　　3)When binding a reinforced bar, the iron wire head responds to inner be

70、nding.</p><p>　　4)Strict control reinforced bars protective layer thickness. </p><p>　　Minimal thickness of water-proof concrete reinforced bar protective layer is not smaller than 25mms, the pr

71、otective layer welcoming water surface especially inadmissibility to disappoint error. The iron wire and reinforced bar that application buries in advance within mortar piece while using mortar heel block as protective l

72、ayer, are bound solid. When the cavalry puts up the fixed reinforced bar if adopt a reinforced bar, also need to increase solders water iron plate or fixation just goes ahea</p><p>　　2.3 The concrete stirrin

73、g and mixing makes and transports</p><p>　　Since the water-proof concrete requires that higher closely knit, reason why stir and mix system also need to have the fairly good homogeneity, should be ready for

74、burning as follows almost for this purpose:</p><p>　　1)Ensures that mixing time, mixing at every time are secondary jump into a expect the general ejection of compact block of wood less than 2mins. </p>

75、;<p>　　2)Should use the apposition agent, the solution queen who should manufacture certain thickness from apposition agent adds the mixer inner, the dried powder or high concentration solution will add an agent e

76、xtra not to adds the mixer inner directly, prevent from mixing is uneven but part concentrates, both lose the apposition agent effect, and affect concrete mass.</p><p>　　3)Responds to the assured source of l

77、ife degree having a spot test on the admeasurement concrete at the regular intervals collapsing in the process being under construction, construction is middle if Yu rains or other cause, respond to the ratio determining

78、 whose water ratio, and adjusting the composition being under construction in time when change happened in sandstone moisture content. </p><p>　　4)Project uses the commodity concrete, has boundary have raise

79、d a concrete stirring mass and of all kinds effect apposition agent adulterating falls when amounts, the water ash having controlled a concrete strictly collapsing.</p><p>　　5)Concretes adopt a pump to have

80、given handicraft, effective avoiding a concrete producing the phenomenon isolating bleeding and leaving out thick fluid in the process of transportation.</p><p>　　2.4 Matters needing attention in being under

81、 construction</p><p>　　1)Construction school assignment soft and floury is divided. Water-proof concreting should stratify strictly being in progress, and a continuous construction is completed The front and

82、 back and high and low connect between the tier should subjugate within the cement initial setting time, For this purpose, with handling a worker dividing into several, at the same time each other, school assignment grou

83、p faces or it is all right for each other, carry on the back.</p><p>　　2)Achieve strictly fixed point determines the amounts of the components of a substance material down According to the vehicle capacities

84、 stratifying concrete altitude and the means of transport, the quantify carrying out fixed point strictly is able to go down one important ring expecting that this is to improve water-proof concreting mass.</p>&l

85、t;p>　　3)Concretes vibrating beat one important ring being to ensure that the concrete is closely knit, defend against to seep with a stick. Also, should adopt fixed point vibrating, handle meticulously on basis expect

86、ing that under determining the amounts of the components of a substance homogeneously in fixed point. Pay attention to high and low tier of linking up. Now that needing to prevent from miss and vibrating, not vibrating e

87、nough, being going to prevent a fault from vibrating again, Need to f</p><p>　　4)Being ready for the assured source of life degree taking over thick fluid measure, and adjusting in time to collapse seriously

88、. Average water-proof concrete structure construction, the construction joint being under construction respectively, composing namely on erecting wall sells be bottom board and vertical wall at reduced prices. Should irr

89、igate thick a layer of 5cm~10cms surname indicia cement mortars in seam place first linking up closely knitting tier, in order to ensuring that the seam</p><p>　　2.5 Dismantling model and curing of concrete&

90、lt;/p><p>　　The water-proof concreting queen maintains goodness and badness working, not only affecting the intensity arriving at a concrete, moreover the impervious function affecting to the concrete. Evidence

91、, water-proof concrete early phase dehydration or curing process lack for water, will reduce whose impervious function by a wide margin. Water-proof concrete curing responds to the block of wood less than 14ds. The water

92、-proof concrete dismantles a model demanding to be unable to compare high, dismant</p><p>　　2.6 Do good well at backfill</p><p>　　Water-proof architectural backfill is a final working procedure,

93、 it be sometimes ignored, this is a very big faults in fact under the ground. When the water-proof structure job is over queen responds to the construction carrying out backfill immediately. Most important, we should tak

94、e backfill seriously self mass; Secondly, backfill varia and ponding should clear up the pit bottom in the front, respond to densification with layers when backfill. Water-proof structure vicinity layer pounds true b<

95、/p><p>　　Conclusions</p><p>　　Construction temperature and relation of crack in concrete the above carry on preliminary discussion of theory and practice, though the academia has different theories

96、 to origin cause of formation and computing technology of the concrete crack, but to concrete prevention and improving the measure suggestion to relatively unify, application in practice result fine too at the same time,

97、 concrete to is it observe, compare more by us to want in constructing, analyse more, summarize more after going </p><p><b>　　翻譯</b></p><p>　　淺談混凝土的施工過程中溫度與裂縫控制</p><p>　

98、　摘要 為了防止業(yè)主對混凝土工程的索要賠償,我們就必須做好過程中的溫度與裂縫控制。本文通過多年的現場觀察，通過查閱有關混凝土內部應力方面的專著，對混凝土溫度裂縫產生的原因、現場混凝土溫度的控制和預防裂縫的措施進行等進行闡述。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：　混凝土　　溫度應力 　裂縫　　控制</p><p>　　1.混凝土在現代工程建設中占有重要地位。而在今天，混凝土的裂縫較為常見，在橋梁工