國(guó)際貿(mào)易外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯---綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的影響

1、<p>　　Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25.</p><p>　　Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade</p><p>　　Thomas J. Sargent</p><p><b>　　A

2、BSTRACT</b></p><p>　　In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry o

3、f foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.</p><p>　　Key words：Green Barriers; products; Trade</p><p>　　In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of th

4、e consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavo

5、rable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Bar

6、riers to Tr</p><p>　　1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"</p><p>　　Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". Wit

7、h the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The env

8、ironmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration</p><p>　　a

9、nd stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer an

10、d the developed countries began to make very strict </p><p>　　environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.</p><p>　　Secondly, th

11、e differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and t

12、echnology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from develo

13、ping countries. In fact, these standards may become discri</p><p>　　Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market econom

14、y, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them fro

15、m the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tar</p><p>　　2. The main forms of Green barriers trade</p><

16、;p>　　In accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:</p><p>　　Green Tariff</p><p>　　Some develop

17、ed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.</p><p>　　Green Standards</

18、p><p>　　Green standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no

19、consideration on the interests of the developing countries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.</p><p>　　2.

20、3 Package Requirements</p><p>　　Certain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment

21、. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.</p><

22、p>　　2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection system</p><p>　　On the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine i

23、nspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.</p><p>　　3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign trade</p><

24、;p>　　China has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. A

25、lso in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were

26、banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accord</p><p>　　4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countries</p><p>　　As mentioned above, it is a f

27、act that the Chinese export products are facing Green </p><p>　　barriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures t

28、o eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provi

29、sions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade ne</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] John, Smith. 2007, Gree

30、n trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.</p><p>　　[2] Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.&l

31、t;/p><p>　　[3] Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.</p><p>　　經(jīng)濟(jì)研究雜志, 2006, 11: 24-27.</p><p>　　綠色貿(mào)易壁壘及其對(duì)中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易

32、的影響</p><p><b>　　薩金特</b></p><p>　　萊斯大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院</p><p>　　摘 要：近年來(lái)，綠色消費(fèi)在許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中已成為一個(gè)主要的消費(fèi)趨勢(shì)，這些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家開(kāi)始采取嚴(yán)格的措施來(lái)限制一些國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。這些國(guó)家主要是其產(chǎn)品低于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制定的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　關(guān)

33、鍵詞：綠色壁壘；產(chǎn)品；貿(mào)易</p><p>　　近年來(lái)，綠色消費(fèi)在許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中已成為一個(gè)主要的消費(fèi)趨勢(shì)，這些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家開(kāi)始采取嚴(yán)格的措施來(lái)限制一些國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。這些國(guó)家主要是其產(chǎn)品低于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制定的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些規(guī)定對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的出口有許多不利的影響，這些規(guī)定一般被稱(chēng)為“綠色貿(mào)易壁壘” 。綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的有關(guān)規(guī)定與世界貿(mào)易組織的有關(guān)協(xié)議相一致。綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的定義是：以保護(hù)整個(gè)人類(lèi)賴以生存的自然環(huán)境和

34、保護(hù)人體健康為的名義，制定一系列的規(guī)則條款，以達(dá)到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家保護(hù)其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)和國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的目的。</p><p>　　分析綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的形成原因</p><p>　　首先，生態(tài)環(huán)境的惡化是綠色貿(mào)易壁壘形成的主要原因。隨著工業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展，人民生活水平得到顯著改善。但與此同時(shí)，經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展也以生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞為代價(jià)。環(huán)境問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引起社會(huì)公眾的注意而且國(guó)際社會(huì)也已開(kāi)始制定法律來(lái)保護(hù)生態(tài)

35、環(huán)境。在1972年6月，聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)表的斯德哥爾摩宣言，強(qiáng)調(diào)了保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性。從那時(shí)起，越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始關(guān)注的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。環(huán)境的概念應(yīng)景影響人類(lèi)生活的各個(gè)層面，在社會(huì)公眾的壓力下發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家開(kāi)始制定嚴(yán)格的措施來(lái)保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境。這也就逐漸形成了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的綠色壁壘。</p><p>　　其次，國(guó)與國(guó)之間在技術(shù)水平，環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和對(duì)外直接投資等方面的差異導(dǎo)致了綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的形成。正如我們所知，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在社會(huì)整體水平和科學(xué)技術(shù)水平上遠(yuǎn)

36、遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先發(fā)展中國(guó)家。即使他們作出非常嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其國(guó)內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品可以達(dá)到嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求，而這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則可能對(duì)來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品構(gòu)成障礙。事實(shí)上，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有可能成為對(duì)來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家產(chǎn)品歧視的一種手段，并構(gòu)成國(guó)與國(guó)之間任意或不合理的歧視。</p><p>　　第三，在一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的抬頭，是形成綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的一個(gè)很重要的原因。在現(xiàn)代市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與以前相比是越來(lái)越激烈了。國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)直接面臨

37、來(lái)自其他國(guó)家產(chǎn)品的強(qiáng)有力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，他們將敦促各國(guó)政府采取有效措施，以保護(hù)他們自己免受來(lái)自外國(guó)產(chǎn)品的沖擊。然而由于世界貿(mào)易組織的多邊談判，關(guān)稅已大大降低，使用非關(guān)稅措施也受到限制。因此，許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家采取的一些法律限制進(jìn)口，如綠色壁壘，以保護(hù)本國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)，從而引起綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的增加。</p><p>　　綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的主要形式</p><p>　　根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織有關(guān)綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的有關(guān)規(guī)定，綠色貿(mào)易

38、壁壘通常有如下幾種形式：</p><p><b>　　綠色關(guān)稅</b></p><p>　　一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)其他國(guó)家強(qiáng)加進(jìn)口附加稅，這些國(guó)家主要是其產(chǎn)品可能會(huì)造成污染或損害環(huán)境的國(guó)家。如果這種措施被濫用，這將構(gòu)成綠色貿(mào)易壁壘。</p><p><b>　?。ǘ?綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</b></p><p>　　

39、綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是指那些強(qiáng)制性的通過(guò)立法規(guī)定的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家往往憑借其在經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)地位而制定更高要求的綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，沒(méi)有考慮對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的利益。如此高的綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)際上是對(duì)技術(shù)上沒(méi)有任何優(yōu)勢(shì)的發(fā)展中國(guó)家夠了綠色貿(mào)易壁壘。</p><p><b>　　（三） 包裝要求</b></p><p>　　某些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境保護(hù)而且要求用對(duì)環(huán)境沒(méi)有任何損害的材料來(lái)包裝物品。如

40、果產(chǎn)品沒(méi)有按照發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的要求進(jìn)行包裝，他們將不會(huì)被允許在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家市場(chǎng)上出售。如果這種嚴(yán)格的要求是不必要的，它們將阻礙國(guó)際貿(mào)易的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。</p><p>　?。ㄋ模?衛(wèi)生和檢驗(yàn)檢疫制度</p><p>　　借口保護(hù)人類(lèi)健康，動(dòng)物和植物，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家往往使用非常嚴(yán)格的衛(wèi)生和檢疫限制發(fā)展中國(guó)家產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入其本國(guó)市場(chǎng)從而達(dá)到保護(hù)其國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)和國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的目的。</p><p>　　

41、三、綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的影響</p><p>　　由于綠色貿(mào)易壁壘，中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易額遭受了巨大的損失。2002年，因?yàn)槿毡緡?yán)格的檢查和要求價(jià)格的大幅度降低，臺(tái)州蔬菜被阻止進(jìn)入日本市場(chǎng)。還是在2002年，因?yàn)閷幉ㄊ兴a(chǎn)品不能達(dá)到歐盟所要求的衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而被限制進(jìn)入歐洲聯(lián)盟（歐盟）。由于綠色貿(mào)易壁壘，60種中國(guó)農(nóng)藥被禁止進(jìn)入歐盟市場(chǎng)，因?yàn)樗麄儾荒苓_(dá)到歐盟的綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)，由于“綠色貿(mào)易壁壘”，在2002年

42、這一年中國(guó)遭受損失74億美元。中國(guó)出口到歐盟，日本，韓國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的跌幅尤其明顯。一般而言，由于嚴(yán)格的綠色壁壘，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品，紡織產(chǎn)品和機(jī)電產(chǎn)品的三個(gè)主要行業(yè)遭受損失最為嚴(yán)重。由于這三大類(lèi)產(chǎn)品是中國(guó)出口最多的產(chǎn)品，我們可以很容易地得出一個(gè)結(jié)論：“綠色貿(mào)易壁壘”已成為限制中國(guó)產(chǎn)品出口的一個(gè)主要障礙。</p><p>　　四、應(yīng)對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的主要對(duì)策</p><p>　　如上所述，這

43、是一個(gè)事實(shí)即中國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品遭受發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家綠色壁壘的嚴(yán)重限制，遭受了巨大損失。因此，中國(guó)出口商應(yīng)該仔細(xì)考慮對(duì)策，以消除綠色貿(mào)易壁壘不利影響。首先，我們應(yīng)該充分利用的優(yōu)惠待遇來(lái)減少綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的限制。根據(jù)協(xié)議對(duì)綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的有關(guān)規(guī)定，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)充分考慮到發(fā)展中國(guó)家的特殊發(fā)展，確保發(fā)展中國(guó)家在財(cái)政和貿(mào)易需要等方面不受綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的限制，確保綠色條款，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序不給發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)?lái)不必要的麻煩，從而保證發(fā)展中國(guó)家的正常出口。因此

44、，作為世界貿(mào)易組織中的一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，中國(guó)有權(quán)享受這種優(yōu)惠待遇。其次，中國(guó)應(yīng)利用世界貿(mào)易組織的爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制來(lái)保護(hù)自己的利益。不同于關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定，世貿(mào)組織已成立了一個(gè)更有力的爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制來(lái)解決世貿(mào)組織的成員之間的糾紛。因此，如果我們的利益受到其他世貿(mào)組織成員不公平的綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的損害，我們可以訴諸爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)解決這一爭(zhēng)端，并敦促其他成員改變其不公正的做法，以保護(hù)我們的利益。第三，中國(guó)應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)環(huán)境，并采取措施提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和水平，多出口達(dá)到

45、綠色出口水平的產(chǎn)品，以滿足更高的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這將從根本上解決我過(guò)所遭受綠色貿(mào)易壁壘這個(gè)問(wèn)題。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1] 約翰?史密斯.2007,綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的影響,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家, 4,34-56.</p><p>　　[2] 安德森, J.L., 2001,綠色貿(mào)易壁壘問(wèn)題,市場(chǎng)研究,