土木工程專業(yè)畢業(yè)設計外文文獻翻譯2篇

1、<p>　　XXXXXXXXX學院</p><p>　　學士學位畢業(yè)設計（論文）英語翻譯</p><p>　　課 題 名 稱 英語翻譯 </p><p>　　學 號 </p><p>　　學 生

2、 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)、年級 </p><p>　　所 在 院 系 </p><p>　　指 導 教 師 </p&g

3、t;<p>　　選 題 時 間 </p><p>　　Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete Behavior</p><p>　　The chief task of the structural engineer is the design of struc

4、tures. Design is the determination of the general shape and all specific dimensions of a particular structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely withstand the influences that wil

5、l act on it throughout useful life. These influences are primarily the loads and other forces to which it will be subjected, as well as other detrimental agents, such as temperature fluctuations, foundation settlemen<

6、/p><p>　　The fundamental propositions on which the mechanics of reinforced concrete is based are as follows:</p><p>　　The internal forces, such as bending moments, shear forces, and normal and shea

7、r stresses, at any section of a member are in equilibrium with the effect of the external loads at that section. This proposition is not an assumption but a fact, because any body or any portion thereof can be at rest on

8、ly if all forces acting on it are in equilibrium.</p><p>　　The strain in an embedded reinforcing bar is the same as that of the surrounding concrete. Expressed differently, it is assumed that perfect bonding

9、 exists between concrete and steel at the interface, so that no slip can occur between the two materials. Hence, as the one deforms, so must the other. With modern deformed bars, a high degree of mechanical interlocking

10、is provided in addition to the natural surface adhesion, so this assumption is very close to correct.</p><p>　　Cross sections that were plane prior to loading continue to be plan in the member under load. Ac

11、curate measurements have shown that when a reinforced concrete member is loaded close to failure, this assumption is not absolutely accurate. However, the deviations are usually minor.</p><p>　　In view of th

12、e fact the tensile strength of concrete is only a small fraction of its compressive strength; the concrete in that part of a member which is in tension is usually cracked. While these cracks, in well-designed members, ar

13、e generally so sorrow as to be hardly visible, they evidently render the cracked concrete incapable of resisting tension stress whatever. This assumption is evidently a simplification of the actual situation because, in

14、fact, concrete prior to cracking, as well as th</p><p>　　The theory is based on the actual stress-strain relation ships and strength properties of the two constituent materials or some reasonable equivalent

15、simplifications thereof. The fact that novelistic behavior is reflected in modern theory, that concrete is assumed to be ineffective in tension, and that the joint action of the two materials is taken into consideration

16、results in analytical methods which are considerably more complex and also more challenging, than those that are adequate for memb</p><p>　　These five assumptions permit one to predict by calculation the per

17、formance of reinforced concrete members only for some simple situations. Actually, the joint action of two materials as dissimilar and complicated as concrete and steel is so complex that it has not yet lent itself to pu

18、rely analytical treatment. For this reason, methods of design and analysis, while using these assumptions, are very largely based on the results of extensive and continuing experimental research. They are modified</p&

19、gt;<p>　　鋼筋混凝土的基本假設</p><p>　　作為結構工程師的主要任務是結構設計。設計是對一般的結構和特定結構等所有層面的一個具體的確定，使結構可以被安全地建造，并安全地承受的各種因素的影響，在它的整個使用壽命中能夠很好的發(fā)揮作用。這些影響主要是來自承受的負載和其它受到的因素，以及其他有害的影響如溫度波動，基礎下陷的影響或是受到侵蝕的影響。結構力學是結構設計的主要工具之一，在這個設計過

20、程中，要做一個良好的預測，得到結構變形的程度，能夠及時的采取一定的措施去加固。在這個過程中要做的最重要的事是：（1）充分的研究這個結構，即能夠得到這個結構所能承受的極限的結構荷載的大小和強度（2）還有就是變形，了解結構在承受荷載時變形的程度，出現(xiàn)裂縫的程度。</p><p>　　以上所提到的鋼筋混凝土的力學基礎的基本主張是：</p><p>　　1、內(nèi)部力量，如彎矩，剪力，承受正常剪應力的

21、任何一個結構部分，在受外部負載的影響時部分的結構是平衡的。這一主張不是一個假設，而是一個事實，因為任何機構或其任何部分在整個結構中受力都是平衡的。</p><p>　　2、一個嵌入式鋼筋的應變與外部具體是相同的。這是假設混凝土和鋼筋之間存在完美結合，這樣兩種材料之間沒有可能發(fā)生滑移。因此，一個構件在變形時，機械的連鎖提供自然截面的附著力，所以是非常接近這個假設的。</p><p>　　3、

22、在截面那些負載裝載之前，應繼續(xù)在加載的負載。精確的測量表明，當一個鋼筋混凝土構件加載接近失敗時，這種假設并非絕對準確。但是，通常偏差是輕微的。</p><p>　　4、在鑒于混凝土的抗拉強度比起其抗壓強度差很多，在這一個構件中，肯定會存在裂縫，雖然這些裂縫在精心設計的構件中通常是難以見到。這種假設顯然是實際情況比較簡單，因為事實上，混凝土開裂之前，位于混凝土的裂縫處有抵制小幅度的拉應力。后來在鋼筋混凝土梁的抗剪切

23、的討論中，這種特定的假設有一定的條件和優(yōu)勢是明顯的，適當配合比強度的混凝土可以有發(fā)展的前景的。</p><p>　　5、該理論是基于實際應力應變關系和兩部分組成材料合理的組合產(chǎn)生的等效強度性能。理論的內(nèi)容在實際生活中體現(xiàn)，將這兩個材料聯(lián)合使用比那些高彈性材料建造的結構的結構設計復雜得多也更具挑戰(zhàn)性。</p><p>　　這五個假設能預測一些簡單的情況下鋼筋混凝土構件。事實上鋼筋和混凝土這兩

24、個中同樣復雜的材料，在一起使用時不適于純粹的分析處理。由于這個原因，在結構的設計方法和分析使用這些假設時，最主要的依據(jù)是廣泛和持續(xù)使用的實驗研究結果，這些修改和補充檢驗的理論可以使鋼筋混凝土結構變得可以被使用。</p><p>　　Development Tendency and Instructions of Civil Engineering</p><p>　　With the pr

25、ogress in science and technology and engineering development of the practice of the disciplines of Civil Engineering has developed into a broad connotation, many categories, and the structure of complex integrated system

26、. For example, on civil engineering projects built with the use of facilities in terms of functionality, and some interest for residential purposes；Some production activities; some for land, sea and air transport; some f

27、or water utilities; some as a tool for informatio</p><p>　　Civil Sociality are accompanied by the development of human society developed. It reflects the construction of engineering facilities in every histo

28、rical period of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technical development of the face, thus civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness. Ancient times, people will start to build simple ho

29、uses, roads, bridges to meet the needs of easy living and production needs. Later, the people in order to adapt to the war, producti</p><p>　　After the industrial revolution, especially to the 20th century,

30、on the one hand, civil society to put forwards a new demand; on the other hand, are all areas of society for the advancement of Civil Engineering has created favorable conditions. Such as building materials (steel, cemen

31、t) implementation of industrial production, machinery and energy technology, and design theory of progress are provided for the Civil Engineering Materials and technical assurance. Thus this period has been rapid de</

32、p><p>　　Practical Civil Engineering is a highly practical subject. In the early days, through the Engineering Practice of Civil Engineering, sum up successful experiences, especially the lessons learn from the

33、failure of developed. From the beginning the 17th century to Galileo and Newton as the forerunner of modern mechanical and civil engineering practice, and has gradually formed material mechanics, structural mechanics, fl

34、uid mechanics, and rock mechanics, as the basic theory of civil engineering di</p><p>　　The reason why the development of civil engineering technology major with engineering practice rather than by virtue of

35、 scientific experiments and theoretical studies, there are two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated, it is difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and theoretical analy

36、sis. For example, ground-based foundation, tunnels and underground engineering stress and deformation state and its changes over time is still necessary to refer</p><p>　　Technically, economically as well as

37、 building up the unity of the arts people seek the most economical to build an engineering facility is scheduled to meet the needs of users, including the aesthetic requirements. While a project is economic and technical

38、 activities are closely related. Project's economic performance at the outset of the project site, on the overall planning, followed by performance at the design and construction technical. The total investment for p

39、roject construction, the pro</p><p>　　Meet the functional requirements of civil engineering facilities as a space for art, first and foremost through the overall layout of the body itself, the various parts

40、of the size of the ratio of lines, colors, light and shade and the shadow of the surrounding environment, including its coordination with the natural harmony manifested; followed by the adoption of the Additional enginee

41、ring facilities in the local decorative reflected. Engineering facilities and decorative shapes can also show p</p><p>　　Civil Engineering at the long-term practice, people not only to the building housing t

42、he arts to give considerable attention, and achieved outstanding success; but also for other engineering facilities, but also through the choice of different building materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinfo

43、rced concrete, with the natural environment built on very much in the art is beautiful, functional works also very good. Ancient China the Great Wall, much of the modern world on TV and oblique </p><p>　　Civ

44、il Engineering is the construction of various projects and facilities, collectively referred to science and technology. It refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out the investigation, design, cons

45、truction, maintenance and other technical activities; also refers to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground or underground, on land or water, directly or indirectly, for human life , production, mili

46、tary, scientific research services for a variety of engin</p><p>　　Construction material and engineering facilities are basic land, building materials, construction equipment and construction machinery. With

47、 these material conditions, economic and convenient built to meet the people can use requirements and aesthetic requirements, but also to tolerate the various loads security engineering facilities, civil engineering disc

48、iplines are the starting point and destination. </p><p>　　Civil Engineering and three times in the history of the leap </p><p>　　Of Civil Engineering play a critical role in the development of,

49、first of all, as are the material foundation for the civil engineering building materials, followed by the subsequent development of design theory and construction technology. Whenever there is a fine new building materi

50、als, the Civil Engineering will have leap-type development. </p><p>　　People at an early stage can only depend on the soil, wood and other natural materials to create engaging activities, the subsequent emer

51、gence of such artificial brick and tile building materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. Chinese in the eleventh century BC and the early Western Zhou Dynasty to create the

52、 tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile soil better </p><p>　　The appearance of brick and tile people begin extensiv

53、e and substantial in construction of housing and urban flood control projects. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 ~ 19 century, at up to two thousand years, brick and tile has been a c

54、ivil engineering building materials essential for the human civilization has made a great contribution, and even at present is also widely used. </p><p>　　Steel substantial civil engineering applications are

55、 the second leap. 70s start the seventeenth century the use of pig iron, the beginning of the nineteenth century the use of wrought iron construction of bridges and housing, steel this is a prelude to appear.</p>

56、<p>　　From the beginning the middle of the nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out of high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, and the quality of uniform building steel, and the

57、n produce high-strength steel wire, steel cable. Therefore necessary to adapt to the development of the steel structure has been booming. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structures, the new trus

58、s, frames, grid structure, gradually extended the suspension structure,</p><p>　　Building long-span structures from brick, stone structure, wood structure a few meters, the development of tens of meters to 1

59、00 meters of steel structures, a few hundred meters until 1000 meters above modern. So at Dajiang, both shelves starting Bridge, starting at the ground on the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, and even lay

60、ing on the ground under the railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. </p><p>　　In order to meet the needs of the development of steel structure engineering, at the basis of Newton's mechanics, materi

61、al mechanics, structural mechanics, structural design works on the theory came into being. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also the development of civil enginee

62、ring rose from experience become a science, in engineering practice and the basic theories have taken on a new look, which led to more rapid development of civi</p><p>　　The nineteenth century, 20's, mad

63、e of Portland cement, the concrete had come out. Concrete aggregate can be local materials, ease of molding concrete structures, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, uses are restricted. After the mid-nine

64、teenth century, iron and steel production surged, with the attendant emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite building materials, which bear the pulling force of reinforced concrete to bear the pressur

65、e to play their respective </p><p>　　Start from the thirties, there has been pre-stressed concrete. Prestressed concrete structures crack resistance, stiffness and load-bearing capacity, much higher than the

66、 reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Give the appearance of concrete buildings have brought ne

67、w economic, aesthetic form of engineering structures, so that a new civil engineering construction technology </p><p><b>　　土木工程的發(fā)展</b></p><p>　　隨著科學技術和工程在土木工程的學科實踐中的發(fā)展進步，已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為內(nèi)容廣泛，種

68、類繁多，綜合系統(tǒng)復雜的結構。例如，土木工程的項目在建造時使用的設備發(fā)揮一定的功能，以及一些體現(xiàn)住宅用途的，對一些生產(chǎn)活動，對一些地面，海上和空中的運輸條件;一些供水設施，一些作為信息傳輸?shù)墓ぞ撸恍┳鳛槟茉磦鬏數(shù)氖侄蔚鹊?。這需要土木工程材料綜合使用各種條件，以滿足不同需求。土木工程已經(jīng)發(fā)展了很多分支，如住宅項目，鐵路工程，道路工程，機場工程，橋梁工程，隧道和地下工程，特種工程結構，供水，排水工程，對燃氣工程，港口工程，城市供熱水水利工程

69、科學。一些分支如水利工程，因為他們自己的項目在不斷增加，專業(yè)科學技術的發(fā)展，一直處于分裂狀態(tài)，從作為一個獨立的系統(tǒng)，土木工程學科有針對性的，但他們?nèi)匀辉诤艽蟪潭壬吓c土木工程共同點。</p><p>　　公民社會性是人類與社會同時發(fā)展。它反映在每個歷史時期的社會工程設施建設，經(jīng)濟，文化，科學，技術發(fā)展的表面，從而民主的社會已經(jīng)成為了歷史發(fā)展的見證之一。自古以來，人們將開始建立簡單的房屋，道路，橋梁，以滿足簡單的生活

70、和生產(chǎn)需要的需要。后來，人們?yōu)榱诉m應戰(zhàn)爭，產(chǎn)生和傳播宗教生活，需要建設運河，宮殿，廟宇和其他建筑物。許多著名的工程在這一歷史時期表現(xiàn)出的人類的創(chuàng)造性。例如，中國的長城，都江堰，運河，趙州橋，應縣木塔，埃及的金字塔，希臘的帕臺農(nóng)神廟，羅馬的供水工程，科洛西姆圓形競技場（羅馬大斗獸場），以及其他許多著名的教堂，宮殿等。</p><p>　　工業(yè)革命后，特別是對20世紀，一方面，民主社會提出的新要求，另一方面，是為土木

71、工程對全社會的進步創(chuàng)造了有利條件的地區(qū)。例如建材（鋼鐵，水泥）的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，機械能源技術，和設計理論的進展提供了土木工程材料和技術保證。因此，土木工程在這一時期得到了快速發(fā)展。世界各地出現(xiàn)的大量的工業(yè)廠房，高層建筑，核電廠，公路，鐵路，大跨度橋梁，大直徑管道大規(guī)模的現(xiàn)代化，長隧道，大運河，大水壩，大機場，主要港口和海洋工程等?，F(xiàn)代民主社會繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造人類新的物理環(huán)境，人類社會與現(xiàn)代文明已成為一個重要組成部分。</p><p

72、>　　實用土木工程是一個非常實用的科目。在初期，通過土木工程，總結成功經(jīng)驗，特別是工程實踐的經(jīng)驗借鑒了發(fā)達國家的失敗。從一開始，17世紀的伽利略和牛頓成為現(xiàn)代機械和民用工程實踐的先導，并已逐步將材料力學，結構力學，流體力學，巖石力學作為土木工程學科的基本理論。逐漸發(fā)展成為一門科學土木工程的經(jīng)驗。在土木工程的發(fā)展過程中，工程實踐和經(jīng)驗，往往首先在理論上，在作品里，表明事故是無法預見的新因素，引發(fā)了研究和發(fā)展的新理論。到目前為止，許多

73、作品的處理問題，在很大程度上仍然依賴于實踐經(jīng)驗。 </p><p>　　土木工程技術的發(fā)展比起工程實踐更傾向于實驗和理論研究是有原因的，兩個原因是：第一，客觀形勢的太過復雜，很難絕對的履行實驗室或現(xiàn)場試驗和理論分析。例如，地基基礎，隧道和地下工程應力和變形狀態(tài)，隨著時間的變化還需要參考的工程經(jīng)驗，分析，判斷。第二個原因是新的工程實踐是為了揭示新問題。例如，一個高層建筑，超高層塔桅和大跨橋梁建設，風的阻力，地

74、震工程突出問題，以及發(fā)展新的理論和技術。</p><p>　　為了在技術，經(jīng)濟上與建筑物藝術氣息相互統(tǒng)一人們想要最經(jīng)濟的建立一個研發(fā)基地，以滿足用戶的需求，包括審美要求。這是一個將經(jīng)濟和技術活動密切的聯(lián)系在一起的項目。這個項目的經(jīng)濟表現(xiàn)在項目工地一開始就整體規(guī)劃，其次是在設計和施工的技術性能。該項目建設總投資，項目建成后經(jīng)濟效益時期和維修費用的使用是衡量經(jīng)濟的一個重要的方面。將密切接觸的這些技術問題加以考慮。&l

75、t;/p><p>　　為了滿足民用工程設施，作為藝術空間的功能要求，首先是通過結構本身的總體布局，對各個地方的尺寸大小，顏色，光影及周圍環(huán)境的陰影，包括其與自然和諧協(xié)調(diào)的表現(xiàn)，然后由其他工程設施通過在建筑裝飾反映。裝飾工程設施和形狀也可以顯示的地方風格，民族風格和時間風格。</p><p>　　土木工程在長期實踐中，不僅對房屋建筑藝術給予極大關注，不但工程項目上，而且也為其他工程設施取得了杰出

76、成就，通過不同的建筑材料，如選擇使用石，鋼和鋼筋混凝土與非常多非常好的建造藝術自然環(huán)境優(yōu)美，功能性的工程。古代中國的長城，更是現(xiàn)代世界上經(jīng)典，斜張橋，也是這方面的例子。</p><p>　　土木工程是各種科學和技術設施建設項目的統(tǒng)稱。它指的是材料的應用，設備和進行勘察，設計，建造，維修和其他技術活動;還有就是建于地面或地下的有關土地或水的建筑物，直接或間接地對人類生活，生產(chǎn)，軍事，科研服務的工程設施給予幫助，例如

77、房屋，公路，鐵路，管道，隧道，橋梁，河渠，堤壩，港口，電廠，機場，海上平臺，供水，排水和防護工程。</p><p>　　施工材料和工程設施是基本的方面，建筑材料，建筑設備和建筑機械。有了這些物質(zhì)條件，可以滿足人們對經(jīng)濟和建設的使用要求和審美需求，而且還承受各種負荷安全工程交通便捷，土木工程學科的出發(fā)點和目的地。</p><p>　　土木工程中的三個歷史時代的飛躍</p>&l

78、t;p>　　土木工程發(fā)揮在發(fā)展中起到關鍵的作用，首先，在設計理論和施工技術以后的發(fā)展之后將土木工程的建筑材料作為物質(zhì)基礎。每當有一個較好的新建筑材料，土木工程將有跨越式發(fā)展。</p><p>　　在早期階段，人們只能靠土壤，木材和其他天然材料進行建設活動，這種人工磚瓦建材隨后出現(xiàn)，使人類第一次打破天然建筑材料的束縛。在公元前11世紀中國和西周早期創(chuàng)造出了瓦。在第五世紀的第一個磚出現(xiàn)公元前3世紀，是當時的戰(zhàn)國

79、墓。磚瓦在力學性能上優(yōu)于土壤，可以就地取材，易于制造。</p><p>　　使用磚瓦開始廣泛出現(xiàn)在住房和建設重大城市防洪工程。土木工程技術得到了快速發(fā)展。直到18?19世紀，在高達兩千年來，磚瓦一直是土木工程建筑材料為人類文明生活所必需做出了重大貢獻，甚至現(xiàn)在也被廣泛使用。</p><p>　　大量使用鋼鐵是土木工程應用的第二次飛躍。從17世紀 70年代開始生鐵被使用，在19世紀初使用鍛鐵

80、建造橋梁和房屋建筑，鋼鐵，這是一個前奏出現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　從一開始到19世紀中葉，冶金，冶煉及壓延高強度和壓縮強度的延展性來統(tǒng)一的評判建筑鋼材的質(zhì)量，然后生產(chǎn)出高強度鋼絲，鋼絲繩。因此，出現(xiàn)了鋼結構的蓬勃發(fā)展。除了原有梁，拱結構的應用，新的桁架，框架，電網(wǎng)結構逐步出現(xiàn)，擴大了懸挑結構，結構形式出現(xiàn)百家爭艷的情況。</p><p>　　建設大跨度結構由磚，石結構，木結構的數(shù)米，幾十米

81、，發(fā)展到一百米，幾百米到一千米以上的現(xiàn)代建筑的鋼結構。因此，從大江，貨架上都大橋，到摩天大樓和高塔式建筑地面開始，即使是在地面下鋪設鐵路都開始使用大跨度結構，創(chuàng)造出一種前所未有的奇跡。</p><p>　　為了滿足在牛頓力學，材料力學基礎上的鋼結構工程發(fā)展的需要，結構力學，結構的理論設計作品應運而生。建筑機械，建筑技術和施工組織設計理論也是在土木工程的發(fā)展中從經(jīng)驗上升成為科學，在工程實踐和基本理論上具有了一種新的

82、面貌，從而導致更多的土木工程的快速發(fā)展。</p><p>　　19世紀20年代，水泥混合而成的混凝土已出現(xiàn)?；炷凉橇峡梢允钱?shù)氐牟牧?，建造易于成型混凝土結構，但混凝土受拉強度非常小，使用受到限制。之后19世紀中葉，鋼鐵生產(chǎn)大幅增加，隨著這種新型隨之出現(xiàn)了鋼筋混凝土復合建筑材料，鋼筋承受拉力混凝土承受的壓力，發(fā)揮各自的優(yōu)勢。自20世紀初，鋼筋混凝土已被廣泛應用于民用工程的領域中使用。</p><