土木工程概論外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文原文 2</b></p><p>　　Civil engineering introduction papers</p><p>　　Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether

2、in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, e

3、ver more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted th</p><p>　　Key words: civil e

4、ngineering； Architecture； Mechanics；Materials</p><p>　　Civil engineering is building various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history o

5、f Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to Engineering, because they all have Min Yong Xing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanica

6、l, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far,</p><p>　　Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clot

7、hing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem， must build various types of buildings. To sol

8、ve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm

9、irrigation, drainage water supply for the city that is </p><p>　　Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out ma

10、ny branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, envi

11、ronment engineering disciplines. [1]</p><p>　　Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the d

12、evelopment of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the for

13、mation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regi</p><p>　　Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of

14、the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.</p><p>　　Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and

15、 artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its wa

16、ter, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shap</p><p>　　After all, but ，is structural

17、stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural m

18、echanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and componen

19、t in load and other factors af</p><p>　　Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In

20、 ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks and trees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and

21、 Sheltie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering</p><p>　　In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, build

22、ing materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road

23、 all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concre</p>&l

24、t;p>　　Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the groun

25、d and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three ins

26、eparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, u</p><p>　　As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and

27、 put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering consti

28、tutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people</p><p>　　In general civil engineering is one of the ol

29、dest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to

30、 strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects estimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the ocean Bridges, more c

31、onvenient traffic w</p><p>　　This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even thousands of thousands of lines to building each place stru

32、cture clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understand

33、ing of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to</p><p>　　This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's

34、 life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility.</p><p>　　Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular n

35、ow: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all expe

36、rienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like</p><p&g

37、t;　　Reference:</p><p>　　[1] LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan university of technology press. 2007</p><p>　　[2] WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive ed

38、itor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 2002.</p><p>　　[3] jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering introduction of higher education press. Beij

39、ing, 1992.</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯 2</b></p><p><b>　　土木工程概論 </b></p><p>　　摘要：土木工程是一門龐大大學(xué)科，主要的部分是建筑，無論在國(guó)內(nèi)還是在國(guó)外，都有著悠久的歷史發(fā)展過程。世界每天都在變化，建筑也隨著科學(xué)發(fā)展的進(jìn)程而發(fā)展。力學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著材料的不斷更新，

40、更多的科技注入到建筑中。以前屋頂只要要瓦片覆蓋就好，而現(xiàn)在追求的則是更加舒適，不同的想法，各種各樣的技術(shù)推動(dòng)了土木工程的發(fā)展，使其更加完美。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：土木工程，建筑，力學(xué)，材料。</p><p>　　土木工程建設(shè)是各種項(xiàng)目的統(tǒng)稱。它也被認(rèn)為是“軍事項(xiàng)目”相對(duì)應(yīng)的。在英國(guó)的歷史上，土木工程，機(jī)械工程，電氣工程，化學(xué)工程屬于工程，因?yàn)樗鼈兌加忻裼眯汀?lt;/p>

41、<p>　　后來，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，機(jī)械，電氣，化工，逐步形成獨(dú)立的科學(xué)，工程成為土木工程的專業(yè)名詞。到目前為止，在英國(guó)，工程包括水利工程，港口工程，而在我國(guó)，水利項(xiàng)目和港口項(xiàng)目也變得非常密切并且成為與土木工程相對(duì)獨(dú)立的分支。土木工程的建設(shè)對(duì)象，既指建在地面上，地下的水工程設(shè)施，也指材料設(shè)備的應(yīng)用和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)，維護(hù)，維修以及其他專業(yè)技術(shù)。</p><p>　　土木工程是一種與人的衣食住行都

42、有密切關(guān)系的學(xué)科。它們與生活是密切相關(guān)的。因?yàn)?，解決生活的問題，必須建立不同類型的建筑物。為了解決“衣、食、住、行”的問題，既有直接方面，也有間接的一面?！靶小保鸵馕吨仨毥ㄔO(shè)鐵路，公路，橋梁，“食”，與水井，水利，農(nóng)田灌溉，城市供水排水是有直接關(guān)系的。造車，造船，紡紗織布，生產(chǎn)服裝，甚至是鋼鐵生產(chǎn)，發(fā)射衛(wèi)星，開展科研活動(dòng)都離不開建造各種建筑物，不管你做什么，構(gòu)筑物和各種工程設(shè)施的建造都有間接的關(guān)系，</p><

43、p><b>　　Alpha</b></p><p>　　土木工程隨著人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展，它已演變成大規(guī)模的綜合性學(xué)科，產(chǎn)生了許多分支，如：建筑工程，鐵路工程，道路工程，橋梁工程，特種工程，水和廢水工程，港口工程，水利工程，環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。</p><p>　　土木工程作為一項(xiàng)重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科，有其重要的特性：綜合性，社會(huì)性，實(shí)用性，團(tuán)結(jié)性。土木工程為發(fā)展國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)

44、和改善人民生活的提供了重要物質(zhì)和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)許多工業(yè)振興起到促進(jìn)作用，工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的生產(chǎn)過程，因此，工程建設(shè)和房地產(chǎn)已經(jīng)成為許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。</p><p>　　建設(shè)項(xiàng)目是住房規(guī)劃，勘察，設(shè)計(jì)，施工的總稱。目的是為人類生活和生產(chǎn)提供場(chǎng)所。</p><p>　　房屋就像人一樣，它像一個(gè)人的人生規(guī)劃環(huán)境，這是負(fù)責(zé)的策劃者，其布局和藝術(shù)加工，對(duì)應(yīng)的是身體外貌和氣質(zhì)，是由建筑師

45、負(fù)責(zé)，其結(jié)構(gòu)像一個(gè)人的骨骼，由結(jié)構(gòu)工程師負(fù)責(zé)，水，采暖通風(fēng)，電氣設(shè)施，如人體器官和神經(jīng)，是由設(shè)備工程師負(fù)責(zé)。完整的形狀和人一樣也喜歡自然，在城市規(guī)劃的基礎(chǔ)上建造房屋，是一個(gè)由建設(shè)單位，勘察單位，設(shè)計(jì)單位的各種設(shè)計(jì)工程師和施工單位綜合協(xié)調(diào)合作。</p><p>　　但是必須使其結(jié)構(gòu)自身的應(yīng)力、內(nèi)力和外力達(dá)到一個(gè)平衡狀態(tài)。要解決一座建筑，首先必須解決的是力學(xué)問題。我們要解決的被稱為建筑力學(xué)學(xué)科問題，。建筑力學(xué)可以分為

46、：靜力學(xué)，材料力學(xué)，結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)三個(gè)力學(xué)系統(tǒng)。建筑力學(xué)是討論和研究建筑結(jié)構(gòu)、負(fù)載以及其他因素影響的工作條件的組成部分，也就是建設(shè)的強(qiáng)度，剛度和穩(wěn)定性。負(fù)荷，對(duì)承受負(fù)載和加載的結(jié)構(gòu)和組成部分，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致周圍物體在其功能，對(duì)象本身負(fù)載效應(yīng)和形體上的改變，并有損壞的可能性，但結(jié)構(gòu)本身也具有一定的抗變形能力和破壞競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，承載力的大小與結(jié)構(gòu)的大小及結(jié)構(gòu)的材料，截面，幾何尺寸，工作條件下結(jié)構(gòu)的情況有關(guān)。而這些可以通過改善力學(xué)計(jì)算公式解決。</p&

47、gt;<p>　　建筑材料在建筑中具有舉足輕重的作用。建筑材料隨著人類社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步是逐步提高的。在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，人類的生活，生產(chǎn)采用的是巖石和樹木。公元前4世紀(jì)，瓦磚結(jié)構(gòu)誕生了，它是當(dāng)時(shí)人類建造房屋所用的唯一的合成材料。17世紀(jì)有了鋼鐵，直到18世紀(jì)普通硅酸鹽水泥，才使后來的鋼筋混凝土工程得到蓬勃發(fā)展。現(xiàn)在，各種高強(qiáng)度結(jié)構(gòu)材料，新型裝飾材料，防水材料的發(fā)展與20世紀(jì)中期以來的有機(jī)高分子材料在土木工程上的廣泛

48、應(yīng)用有密切關(guān)系。在所有材料中，最主要和最廣泛的是鋼鐵，水泥，木材，磚石。近年來，使用兩種材料是很有優(yōu)勢(shì)的，將它們放在一起，開發(fā)成新的材料?，F(xiàn)在，工程質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣，通常與所采用的材料質(zhì)量，性能和使用合理與否有直接的聯(lián)系，在滿足相同的技術(shù)指標(biāo)和質(zhì)量要求的前提下，選擇不同的材料，工程的成本是不同的。</p><p>　　在施工過程中，建筑施工和力學(xué)，建材都是重要環(huán)節(jié)。建設(shè)是設(shè)計(jì)師的意圖和想法成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的過程，古代的居巢地方

49、到現(xiàn)在的摩天大樓，從農(nóng)村到城市鄉(xiāng)村公路的高架公路，都需要通過“建造”來實(shí)現(xiàn)。一個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，其中包括很多工作，如疏浚工程，深基坑支護(hù)工程，基礎(chǔ)工程，鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程，結(jié)構(gòu)吊裝工程，防水，裝飾工程，每個(gè)工程都有其自己的規(guī)定，都需要根據(jù)不同的施工對(duì)象和施工條件調(diào)整相關(guān)的施工技術(shù)，在施工的同時(shí)，需要和有關(guān)的水電和其他設(shè)備組成一個(gè)整體，各個(gè)工程之間的合理組織和協(xié)調(diào)，以便更好地發(fā)揮經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。土木工程建設(shè)中的收益，嚴(yán)格按照有關(guān)施工技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)由國(guó)

50、家控制，從而進(jìn)一步提高國(guó)家的建設(shè)水平，以確保施工質(zhì)量，降低項(xiàng)目成本。</p><p>　　地球上的地層不得不承擔(dān)地表上所有建筑物的重量。支撐建筑物的巖石被簡(jiǎn)稱為基礎(chǔ)，支撐上部結(jié)構(gòu)的叫做做地基，可以承擔(dān)上部結(jié)構(gòu)傳下來的荷載?；A(chǔ)，地基和上層建筑是建筑三個(gè)不可分割的部分。雖然功能不同，但在受力作用下，他們是相互關(guān)聯(lián)相互作用的。地基可分為天然地基和人工地基，基礎(chǔ)根據(jù)埋深分為深基礎(chǔ)和淺基礎(chǔ)的基礎(chǔ)。地基與基礎(chǔ)，是建筑物的質(zhì)

51、量和正常使用的保證，建筑地基在相互荷載的作用下，必須保持整體穩(wěn)定，如果地基沉降產(chǎn)生，地基本身應(yīng)該有足夠的強(qiáng)度，剛度和耐久性，還要考慮修復(fù)方法和必要的基礎(chǔ)土擋墻保水等相關(guān)措施。</p><p>　　隨著人們生活水平的不斷提升，人們不僅需要建筑空間，而是提出了更高的要求，要求空間具有高品質(zhì)，環(huán)境優(yōu)美，有一定的舒適性。這就需要對(duì)建筑物進(jìn)行必要的裝修。如果架構(gòu)主要是工程構(gòu)成的骨架，再經(jīng)過裝飾建筑已經(jīng)成為了肉和血的有機(jī)體，

52、最終以完美的外觀展現(xiàn)在人們面前，最好的架構(gòu)應(yīng)該充分體現(xiàn)各種裝飾材料的綜合特性，運(yùn)用現(xiàn)有的施工技術(shù)，最有效的放法，以達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)理念的最終表達(dá)。建筑裝飾要考慮建筑空間的使用要求，主體機(jī)構(gòu)免受損害，給人以美的享受，同時(shí)滿足消防疏散，裝飾材料和方案的合理性，施工技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性等的要求。與此同時(shí)，房屋建筑工程的發(fā)展，影響著人們的生活道路，橋梁，隧道已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)展。</p><p>　　土木工程是最古老的一門學(xué)科，它已經(jīng)

53、取得了巨大成就，土木工程的未來將占據(jù)人們的生活更加重要的位置。環(huán)境的惡化，人口的增加，人們?yōu)樯嫫床瑺?zhēng)取一個(gè)更舒適的居住環(huán)境，將會(huì)更加重視土木工程。在不久的將來，一些重大項(xiàng)目即將建設(shè)，人們做夢(mèng)也不會(huì)想到建設(shè)摩天大樓，在大洋彼岸建設(shè)橋梁，使得交通更加方便。隨著科技的發(fā)展，地球日益惡化的環(huán)境將促使土木工程向航空航天和海洋開發(fā)，為人類爭(zhēng)取更廣闊的生存空間。近年來，主要的工程材料是鋼筋混凝土，木材和磚，在未來，傳統(tǒng)材料將得到改善，一些新的建材

54、將會(huì)更適合當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)，尤其是化學(xué)材料，將促進(jìn)土木建設(shè)邁向更高的層次。同時(shí)，精確的設(shè)計(jì)方法，設(shè)計(jì)工作的自動(dòng)化，信息和智能技術(shù)引進(jìn)的方法，將使人們有一個(gè)更舒適的居住環(huán)境。一句話，隨著新理論和新材料的發(fā)展，電腦的出現(xiàn)，高科技的應(yīng)用，土木工程面臨的將是一個(gè)新的飛躍。</p><p>　　這是一門需要冷靜和極大的耐心和細(xì)心的專業(yè)。因?yàn)槌砂偕锨В踔脸汕先f條線能清楚的反映出建筑物的構(gòu)造。如果沒有一個(gè)平和的心態(tài)，什么東西都只是

55、浮在表面上，對(duì)任何一個(gè)建筑，就不可能有一個(gè)清晰，準(zhǔn)確，深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)，自然是不會(huì)成功的。在這個(gè)行業(yè)，沒有燃燒挑燈夜戰(zhàn)的勇氣，沒有不達(dá)目標(biāo)不罷休的精神，面臨的只會(huì)是被公司淘汰。</p><p>　　這是一個(gè)需要有責(zé)任心和有愛心的行業(yè)。成千上萬人的生命在我手里，我要對(duì)他們負(fù)責(zé)，要時(shí)刻記得自己肩負(fù)的責(zé)任。</p><p>　　最后，這是一個(gè)不斷追求完善的行業(yè)。金字塔，壯觀的長(zhǎng)城，雄偉的...但如果沒

56、有幾代人的追求，今天，我們可能也只是在使用最古老的方式來建立相同的架構(gòu)。設(shè)計(jì)一幢建筑物是很多，但是這是一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)不斷積累的時(shí)代，通過不斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷積累，不斷改進(jìn)，創(chuàng)新以獲得豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。要不斷地追求，而不是局限于過去。試想，如果建筑物的設(shè)計(jì)，可以像計(jì)算一加一等于二那樣的簡(jiǎn)單，容易掌握，還有什么意思呢？因此，土木工程師，是對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的不斷追求。最簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)，最少的成本，獲得最大的使用功能。選擇土木行業(yè)，就是選擇不斷的努力，不斷的創(chuàng)新，不斷追求完美

57、的道路。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)：</b></p><p>　　[1]羅福午.土木工程概論.武漢:武漢理工大學(xué)出版社，2007.</p><p>　　[2]王福川，宮米貴.建筑工程材料.北京:科學(xué)技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)出版社，2002.</p><p>　　[3]江見鯨，葉志明.土木工程概論.北京:高等教育出版社，199