土木工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--瀝青混合料的應(yīng)用、理論和原則

1、<p>　　河北聯(lián)合大學(xué)輕工學(xué)院</p><p>　　QINGGONG COLLEGE, HEBEI UNITED UNIVERSITY</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)</b></p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：外文翻譯</p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名：安曉凱 </p>&l

2、t;p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)：200915250522</p><p>　　專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)：09土木9班 </p><p>　　學(xué) 部：土木工程部</p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師：易善斌 講師 </p><p>　　2013年05月30日</p><p>　　Asphalt Mixtures-Ap

3、plications, Theory and Principles</p><p>　　1 . Applications</p><p>　　Asphalt materials find wide usage in the construction industry. The use of asphalt as a cementing agent in pavements is the m

4、ost common of its applications, however, and the one that will be considered here.</p><p>　　Asphalt products are used to produce flexible pavements for highways and airports. The term “flexible” is used to d

5、istinguish these pavements from those made with Portland cement, which are classified as rigid pavements, that is, having beam strength. This distinction is important because it provides they key to the design approach w

6、hich must be used for successful flexible pavement structures.</p><p>　　The flexible pavement classification may be further broken down into high and low types, the type usually depending on whether a solid

7、or liquid asphalt product is used. The low types of pavement are made with the cutback, or emulsion, liquid products and are very widely used throughout this country. Descriptive terminology has been developed in various

8、 sections of the country to the extent that one pavement type may have several names. However, the general process followed in construction is si</p><p>　　The high type of asphalt pavements is made with asph

9、alt cements of some selected penetration grade. </p><p>　　Fig. ?1 A modern asphalt concrete highway. Shoulder striping is used as a safely feature.</p><p>　　Fig. ?2 Asphalt concrete at the San

10、 Francisco International Airport.</p><p>　　They are used when high wheel loads and high volumes of traffic occur and are, therefore, often designed for a particular installation. </p><p>　　2 . T

11、heory of asphalt concrete mix design</p><p>　　High types of flexible pavement are constructed by combining an asphalt cement, often in the penetration grade of 85 to 100, with aggregates that are usually div

12、ided into three groups, based on size. The three groups are coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and mineral filler. These will be discussed in detail in later chapter.</p><p>　　Each of the constituent parts

13、mentioned has a particular function in the asphalt mixture, and mix proportioning or design is the process of ensuring that no function is neglected. Before these individual functions are examined, however, the criteria

14、for pavement success and failure should be considered so that design objectives can be established.</p><p>　　A successful flexible pavement must have several particular properties. First, it must be stable,

15、that is to resistant to permanent displacement under load. Deformation of an asphalt pavement can occur in three ways, two unsatisfactory and one desirable. Plastic deformation of a pavement failure and which is to be av

16、oided if possible. Compressive deformation of the pavement results in a dimensional change in the pavement, and with this change come a loss of resiliency and usually a degree of rou</p><p>　　The pavement sh

17、ould be durable and should offer protection to the subgrade. Asphalt cement is not impervious to the effects of weathering, and so the design must minimize weather susceptibility. A durable pavement that does not crack o

18、r ravel will probably also protect the roadbed. It must be remembered that flexible pavements transmit loads to the subgrade without significant bridging action, and so a dry firm base is absolutely essential.</p>

19、<p>　　Rapidly moving vehicles depend on the tire-pavement friction factor for control and safety. The texture of the pavement surfaces must be such that an adequate skid resistance is developed or unsafe conditions

20、 result. The design procedure should be used to select the asphalt material and aggregates combination which provides a skid resistant roadway.</p><p>　　Design procedures which yield paving mixtures embodyin

21、g all these properties are not available. Sound pavements are constructed where materials and methods are selected by using time-tested tests and specifications and engineering judgments along with a so-called design met

22、hod.</p><p>　　The final requirement for any pavement is one of economy. Economy, again, cannot be measured directly, since true economy only begins with construction cost and is not fully determinable until

23、the full useful life of the pavement has been recorded. If, however, the requirements for a stable, durable, and safe pavement are met with a reasonable safety factor, then the best interests of economy have probably bee

24、n served as well.</p><p>　　With these requirements in mind, the functions of the constituent parts can be examined with consideration give to how each part contributes to now-established objectives or requir

25、ements. The functions of the aggregates is to carry the load imposed on the pavement, and this is accomplished by frictional resistance and interlocking between the individual pieces of aggregates. The carrying capacity

26、of the asphalt pavement is, then, related to the surface texture (particularly that of the fine aggr</p><p>　　The asphalt cement in the flexible pavement is used to bind the aggregate particles together and

27、to waterproof the pavements. Obtaining the proper asphalt content is extremely important and bears a significant influence on all the items marking a successful pavement. A chief objective of all the design methods which

28、 have been developed is to arrive at the best asphalt content for a particular combination of aggregates.</p><p>　　3 . Mix design principles</p><p>　　Certain fundamental principles underlie the

29、design procedures that have been developed. Before these procedures can be properly studied or applied, some consideration of these principles is necessary. </p><p>　　Asphalt pavements are composed of aggreg

30、ates, asphalt cement, and voids. Considering the aggregate alone, all the space between particles is void space. The volume of aggregate voids depends on grading and can vary widely. When the asphalt cement is added, a p

31、ortion of these aggregate voids is filled and a final air-void volume is retained. The retention of this air-void volume is very important to the characteristics of the mixture. The term air-void volume is used, since th

32、ese voids are weight</p><p>　　An asphalt pavement carries the applied load by particle friction and interlock. If the particles are pushed apart for any reason , then the pavement stability is destroyed. Thi

33、s factor indicates that certainly no more asphalt should be added than the aggregate voids can readily hold. However ,asphalt cement is susceptible to volume change and the pavement is subject to further compaction under

34、 use. If the pavement has no air voids when placed, or if it loses them under traffic, then the expandi</p><p>　　Fig. ?3 Cross section of an asphalt concrete pavement showing the aggregate framework bound t

35、ogether by asphalt cement.</p><p>　　The need for a minimum air-void volume (usually 2 or 3 per cent ) has been established. In addition, a maximum air-void volume of 5 to 7 per cent should not be exceed. An

36、excess of air voids promotes raveling of the pavement and also permits water to enter and speed up the deteriorating processes. Also, in the presence of excess air the asphalt cement hardens and ages with an accompanying

37、 loss of durability and resiliency.</p><p>　　The air-void volume of the mix is determined by the degree of compaction as well as by the asphalt content. For a given asphalt content, a lightly compacted mix w

38、ill have a large voids volume and a lower density and a greater strength will result. In the laboratory, the compaction is controlled by using a specified hammer and regulating the number of blows and the energy per blow

39、. In the field, the compaction and the air voids are more difficult to control and tests must be made no specimens tak</p><p>　　Asphalt content has been discussed in connection with various facets of the ix

40、design problem. It is a very important factor in the mix design and has a bearing an all the characteristics ld a successful pavement: stability, skid resistance, durability, and economy. As has been mentioned, the vario

41、us design procedures are intended to provide a means for selecting the asphalt content . These tests will be considered in detail in a future chapter ,but the relationship between asphalt content and t</p><p&g

42、t;　　Fig.4 Variations in stability, unit weight, and air-void content with asphalt cement content.</p><p>　　If the gradation and type of aggregate, the degree of compaction, and the type of asphalt cement are

43、 controlled, then the strength varies in a predictable manner. The strength will increase up to some optimum asphalt content and then decrease with further additions. The pattern of strength variation will be different w

44、hen the other mix factors are changed, and so only a typical pattern can be predicted prior to actual testing.</p><p>　　Unit weight varies in the same manner as strength when all other variable are controlle

45、d. It will reach some peak value at an asphalt content near that determined from the strength curve and then fall off with further additions.</p><p>　　As already mentioned, the air-void volume will vary with

46、 asphalt content. However, the manner of variation is different in that increased asphalt content will decrease air-void volume to some minimum value which is approached asymptotically. With still greater additions of as

47、phalt material the particles of aggregate are only pushed apart and no change occurs in air-void volume.</p><p>　　In summary, certain principles involving aggregate gradation, air-void volume, asphalt conten

48、t, and compaction mist be understood before proceeding to actual mix design. The proper design based on these principles will result in sound pavements. If these principles are overlooked, the pavement may fail by one or

49、 more of the recognized modes of failure: shoving, rutting, corrugating, becoming slick when the max is too ‘rich’; raveling, cracking, having low durability when the mix is too ‘lean’. </p><p>　　It should

50、be again emphasized that the strength of flexible is, more accurately, a stability and does not indicate any ability to bridge weak points in the subgrade by beam strength. No asphalt mixture can be successful unless it

51、rests on top of a properly designed and constructed base structure. This fact, that the surface is no better than the base, must be continually in the minds of those concerned with any aspect of flexible pavement work.&l

52、t;/p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　瀝青混合料的應(yīng)用、理論和原則</p><p><b>　　1、應(yīng)用</b></p><p>　　瀝青材料如今在建筑行業(yè)廣泛使用。瀝青最常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用是作為的瀝青路面的粘結(jié)劑使用。然而，這一點(diǎn)必須在這里予以介紹。</p><

53、;p>　　瀝青產(chǎn)品常用于生產(chǎn)公路和機(jī)場(chǎng)柔性路面。所謂“柔性”是用來(lái)區(qū)分與硅酸鹽水泥制成的路面，它被列為剛性路面，也就是這些路面具有剛性強(qiáng)度。這個(gè)區(qū)別很重要，因?yàn)樗岢隽顺晒M(jìn)行柔性路面結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的方法的關(guān)鍵。</p><p>　　柔性路面的分類(lèi)可進(jìn)一步細(xì)分為高、低的類(lèi)別，分類(lèi)通常取決于是否有使用固體或液體瀝青產(chǎn)品。低類(lèi)型路面結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型通過(guò)減少瀝青用量或使用乳化劑、液體瀝青，是非常廣泛的應(yīng)用在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)。在全國(guó)的

54、范圍內(nèi)各地區(qū)已開(kāi)發(fā)各自的描述性術(shù)語(yǔ)，一個(gè)路面類(lèi)型可能有好幾個(gè)名字。但是，一般對(duì)大多數(shù)低型路面其施工方法確是相似，可描述為瀝青產(chǎn)品通常單獨(dú)或其混合結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用于行車(chē)道，形成路面。</p><p>　　高級(jí)瀝青路面用經(jīng)過(guò)選擇的具有好的滲透性的瀝青混凝土制成。</p><p>　　圖1 現(xiàn)代瀝青混凝土公路 路肩設(shè)置路標(biāo)線具有安全地特點(diǎn)</p><p>　　圖2 舊金山國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)

55、瀝青混凝土跑道</p><p>　　它們被用于重荷載和大交通量道路，因此，人們會(huì)進(jìn)行特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　2、瀝青混凝土設(shè)計(jì)原理</p><p>　　高等級(jí)柔性路面是用瀝青混凝土建造而成，通常根據(jù)集料的85%-100%通過(guò)率將其分為三種類(lèi)型。這三種分別為粗集料、細(xì)集料和礦粉。這些將在后面的章節(jié)中進(jìn)行詳細(xì)討論。</p><p>

56、　　瀝青混合料的每一個(gè)組成部分都有特定的功能，混合料配合比設(shè)計(jì)是確保沒(méi)有功能被忽略的過(guò)程。然而，在這些個(gè)別功能檢查之前，對(duì)于路面的成功和失敗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該考慮，這樣路面的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)才能確定。</p><p>　　一個(gè)成功的柔性路面必須有幾個(gè)特定的屬性。首先，它必須是穩(wěn)定的，即抵抗負(fù)荷下的永久位移。瀝青路面變形的可能發(fā)生在三種方式，二個(gè)是不理想的形變，一個(gè)是可以接受的。塑性變形對(duì)路面來(lái)說(shuō)是要盡量避免的失敗。路面的壓縮變形

57、導(dǎo)致的路面鋪裝的尺寸變化，這種變化將引起路面彈性和粗糙度的損失。這種變形沒(méi)有剛剛描述的那種那么嚴(yán)重，但它也同樣導(dǎo)致路面破壞。理想類(lèi)型的變形是一種彈性變形，這實(shí)際上有利于柔性路面，并對(duì)于其長(zhǎng)壽命是十分必要的。</p><p>　　路面應(yīng)該耐用并能夠保護(hù)路基。瀝青混凝土是受環(huán)境的影響的，因此設(shè)計(jì)必須降低對(duì)氣候敏感性。一個(gè)耐用的路面要不開(kāi)裂或擁包才能保護(hù)路基。我們必須記住，柔性路面將荷載直接傳至路基，所以堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)是絕

58、對(duì)必要的。</p><p>　　快速移動(dòng)的車(chē)輛依靠的輪胎路面摩擦力實(shí)現(xiàn)控制和保證安全。路面表面紋理必須保證足夠的防滑性否則將產(chǎn)生不安全的后果。設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程通過(guò)瀝青材料的選擇和集料的組合設(shè)計(jì)提供了防滑路面。</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)程序放棄鋪面結(jié)合料所有這些表面特性都無(wú)法使用。合理的路面建造所需的材料和方法是經(jīng)過(guò)使用時(shí)間考驗(yàn)和規(guī)范和工程判斷和在一起所稱(chēng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法選定。</p>&l

59、t;p>　　對(duì)于任何路面最后一個(gè)要求是經(jīng)濟(jì)性。經(jīng)濟(jì)性不能一開(kāi)始就確定，準(zhǔn)確的經(jīng)濟(jì)是從開(kāi)始建設(shè)直到路面整個(gè)壽命期的成本。然而，如果對(duì)于路面穩(wěn)定，耐久，安全性的要求都達(dá)到一個(gè)合理的安全系數(shù)，那么對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的最佳利益或許已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　考慮到路面的這些要求，可通過(guò)檢查各組成部分的功能如何有助于現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)確定的目標(biāo)或要求。瀝青混凝土功能是承擔(dān)路面上施加的負(fù)荷，這是由混合料各材料之間相互咬合和摩擦阻力實(shí)現(xiàn)。

60、也就是瀝青路面的承載能力與路面的表面紋理（尤其是細(xì)集料）和密度或者混合料的“密實(shí)度”相關(guān)，表面結(jié)構(gòu)隨集料的不同而不同，雖然理想的表面具有粗糙紋理，但在有些情況下卻不能實(shí)現(xiàn)。密級(jí)配混合物通過(guò)使用自然或人為的連續(xù)級(jí)配集料得到。這意味著細(xì)骨料的存在填補(bǔ)了粗骨料的空隙。這除了影響混合料的密度和強(qiáng)度特性之外，也影響施工性能。當(dāng)粗骨料使用過(guò)量時(shí)，混合料將變得堅(jiān)硬而且難以施工；當(dāng)?shù)V物填料使用過(guò)多時(shí)，混合料將變得較軟，影響使用性能。</p>

61、<p>　　柔性路面中的瀝青膠結(jié)材料用于將集料粘結(jié)在一起并充當(dāng)防水材料。選取適當(dāng)?shù)臑r青含量是非常重要的，它對(duì)于成功的路面在項(xiàng)目的整個(gè)評(píng)分過(guò)程中具有重要的影響。設(shè)計(jì)的首要目標(biāo)是對(duì)于特定的集料組合確定瀝青的最佳用量。</p><p>　　3 、混合料配合比設(shè)計(jì)原則</p><p>　　某些基本原則被制定為設(shè)計(jì)程序的基礎(chǔ)程序。在這些步驟之前，進(jìn)行某些原則的的研究或應(yīng)用是很有必要的。

62、</p><p>　　瀝青路面由集料、瀝青膠結(jié)料和空隙組成。對(duì)于單獨(dú)的集料顆粒而言，它的周?chē)际强障犊臻g，寂寥的空隙率和集料分級(jí)有關(guān)系并會(huì)在很大的范圍內(nèi)變化。當(dāng)瀝青用量增加時(shí)，一部分集料的空隙將被填充，最后的空氣空隙將得到保留。這部分保留的空氣空隙對(duì)于混合料的特性是非常重要的。因?yàn)檫@些空隙沒(méi)有質(zhì)量，因而常以體積計(jì)算，并通常作為混合料的壓實(shí)總體積百分?jǐn)?shù)表示。</p><p>　　瀝青路面通過(guò)

63、集料顆粒的摩擦和自鎖能力承載外加荷載。如果顆粒由于某種原因被擠出，那么路面的穩(wěn)定性將遭到破壞，這是由于混合料中沒(méi)有添加足夠的瀝青來(lái)有效地約束集料間的空隙的因素。然而，瀝青混凝土對(duì)空隙體積的變化時(shí)十分敏感的，路面將根據(jù)使用情況進(jìn)一步被壓實(shí)。如果路面修筑時(shí)沒(méi)有預(yù)留空隙，或者在交通荷載下空隙被擠壓，然后多余的瀝青將有條件溢出，這被稱(chēng)作泛油。泛油的瀝青路面既減小路面厚度，也降低表面摩擦能力，使道路變得危險(xiǎn)。</p><p&g

64、t;　　圖3瀝青混凝土路面橫截面顯示了瀝青膠結(jié)材料將集料骨架約束在一起</p><p>　　已經(jīng)規(guī)定了一個(gè)最小的空隙率（通常是2%到3%），除此之外最大的空隙率（5%到7%）也不能被超過(guò)。過(guò)大的空隙率將加快路面的剝落速度，并會(huì)讓水進(jìn)入混合料內(nèi)部加速路面的損壞速度。此外，過(guò)量的空氣的存在將導(dǎo)致瀝青混凝土硬化，并伴隨路面的耐久性和彈性，降低路面使用年限。</p><p>　　混合料的空隙率由路

65、面的壓實(shí)度和瀝青用量決定。對(duì)于給定的瀝青用量，輕輕壓實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)將有較大的空隙體積和較低的密度和更大的強(qiáng)度。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室，壓實(shí)控制通過(guò)使用指定的擊實(shí)錘和確定的打擊數(shù)和每擊能量。在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，壓實(shí)度和空隙率更加難以控制和測(cè)試，沒(méi)有試驗(yàn)的混合料必須從壓實(shí)后的的路面檢查已經(jīng)確定的壓實(shí)程度。交通對(duì)路面的進(jìn)一步壓縮限度必須進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)一個(gè)特殊混合料的實(shí)際資料需要對(duì)路面在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)實(shí)行系統(tǒng)的檢查。然而，密度在百分之幾的變化是很常見(jiàn)的。</p><

66、;p>　　我們已經(jīng)討論了瀝青用量與設(shè)計(jì)的多方面有關(guān)，它是混合料設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)重要因素，決定著著路面的所有特征：穩(wěn)定性，防滑性，耐久性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。正如已經(jīng)提到的，各種設(shè)計(jì)方法都是選擇瀝青含量的一種手段，這些細(xì)節(jié)將在未來(lái)的章節(jié)的考慮，但瀝青含量和一些性能特性（如穩(wěn)定性、單位重量和空隙率）之間的關(guān)系將在這里討論。</p><p>　　圖4.穩(wěn)定性、密度、空隙率和瀝青用量之間的關(guān)系圖</p><p&

67、gt;　　如果集料的級(jí)配，壓實(shí)度，瀝青種類(lèi)得到控制，那么強(qiáng)度的變化方式是可以預(yù)測(cè)的。強(qiáng)度將隨瀝青用量接近最佳用量增長(zhǎng)，隨著瀝青用量的進(jìn)一步增加，強(qiáng)度將逐漸降低?；旌狭系膹?qiáng)度曲線將隨著其他組分的改變而有所不同，因此在試驗(yàn)之前只能預(yù)測(cè)一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的曲線。</p><p>　　當(dāng)所有其他因素都保持不變時(shí)，強(qiáng)度和密度的變化有一定聯(lián)系。強(qiáng)度隨瀝青用量的增加達(dá)到一個(gè)峰值，并隨瀝青用量的繼續(xù)增加逐漸降低。</p>&

68、lt;p>　　正如已經(jīng)提到的，空氣空隙體積會(huì)隨瀝青含量變化。然而，變化的方式不同的是，增加瀝青含量將減少空氣孔洞體積并使之逐漸接近最低值，隨著瀝青用量的持續(xù)增加，集料顆粒將彼此脫離而空氣空隙體積將保持不變。</p><p>　　總之，某些原則比如集料級(jí)配，空隙率，瀝青用量，壓實(shí)度等理解之后，再進(jìn)行實(shí)際的配合比設(shè)計(jì)。正確設(shè)計(jì)以這些原則為基礎(chǔ)，將會(huì)有合理的路面。如果這些原則被忽視，這個(gè)道路可能會(huì)失敗，并伴隨多種