外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯---電子商務(wù)對(duì)物流服務(wù)商的影響（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文5300字,3200單詞，1.8萬(wàn)英文字符</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Delfmann W, Albers S, Gehring M. The impact of electronic commerce on logistics service providers[J]. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Log

2、istics Management, 2002, 32(3):203-222.</p><p><b>　　文獻(xiàn)原文</b></p><p>　　The impact of electronic commerce on</p><p>　　logistics service providers</p><p>　　Wer

3、ner Delfmann, Sascha Albers, Martin Gehring,</p><p>　　Business Policy and Logistics, University of Cologne, Germany</p><p>　　Abstract The impact of e-commerce on the business environment is ofte

4、n praised but seldom analyzed with scrutiny. In this paper we try to depict the underlying logistically relevant aspects of e-commerce and their impacts on logistics service providers. This seems to be of considerable im

5、portance, as logistics is seen as the back-bone of e-commerce operations. However, the firms specializing in this field are commonly neglected. We argue that the logistical implications of e-commerce can be diff</p>

6、;<p>　　Keywords ： Internet, logistics, strategy</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　E-commerce has been one of the buzzwords of the last years. Analysts as well as researchers predicted enormo

7、us changes in the competitive landscape of whole industries, causing an as yet unwitnessed surge in stock prices of companies in the “new” economy. However, this was almost two years ago. Today, the dust has settled and

8、many of the promising new e-commerce companies have failed or are struggling for economical survival. The failure of so many companies in e-commerce can be in part accounte</p><p>　　This paper tries to bridg

9、e the gap. It is divided into three main sections. The first part deals with a specification and classification of logistics service providers. In the second part a clarification of the term e-commerce is provided and pr

10、ominent business models of e-commerce firms are depicted as well as modifications in the configuration of logistics chains illustrated. Finally, we focus on the implications of these modifications and trends for LSPs.<

11、;/p><p><b>　　LSPs</b></p><p>　　LSPs have grown in importance since more and more companies outsource their logistics functions (Sheffi, 1990). Generally speaking, logistics service prov

12、iders are companies which perform logistics activities on behalf of others. Additional popular terms for these companies are third-party logistic firm, or contract logistics firm (Razzaque and Sheng, 1998; Sink et al., 1

13、996). “Whatever label is chosen, it denotes external suppliers that perform(s) all or part of a company’s logistics functions”</p><p>　　It appears reasonable to assess the functions of LSPs by referring to a

14、 definition of the underlying domain, that is logistics and logistics management. With reference to the predominant logistics definition provided by the Council of Logistics Management (2001), logistics functions include

15、 the planning, implementation and control of the flow of goods, services and related information.</p><p>　　LSPs differ among the palette of services they provide to their customers as well as with regard to

16、other criteria. Although a commonly accepted typology for LSPs is still missing, some propositions exist on this matter, e.g. types of services (Muller, 1993a, b; Africk and Calkins, 1994), geographical scope of operatio

17、ns and type of goods handled (Niebuer, 1996). With regard to their contribution for the explanation of changes in the supply chain induced by e-commerce, we will pursue a character</p><p>　　An overview of fu

18、nctions LSPs typically perform, based on a survey among buyers of logistics services, is provided by Sink.</p><p>　　A more conceptual approach was taken by Engelsleben (1999), who clustered these functions i

19、nto two broad groups: services which are directly related to the physical flow of goods, and services which are not directly related to the physical goods flow.</p><p>　　However, these functions and types of

20、 services can be grouped with regard to the degree of customization as well. A clustering of LSPs according to this dimension was conducted by Niebuer (1996), who divides LSPs into three major groups. The first group con

21、sists of service providers, which only offer standardized and isolated logistics services or distribution functions, e.g. transportation and warehousing. The services they fulfil for their customers are standardized, res

22、ulting in highly interc</p><p>　　The second group consists of companies which combine selected standardized services to bundles of logistics services according to their customers’ wishes. We will thus call t

23、hem bundling LSPs. The operational coordination and arrangement of these service bundles are provided by the LSP, whereas the disposition lies in the responsibility of the buying company. Frequently these bundles of serv

24、ices consist of a core logistics activity, like transportation, which is combined with secondary activitie</p><p>　　We will call the third group customizing LSPs, as these companies design logistics services

25、 and logistics systems according to the preferences of their customers. These LSPs combine and modify components of logistics services especially for the needs of one specific customer. Companies of this type usually tak

26、e over coordinative and administrative responsibility for their customer as well (Engelsleben, 1999). These providers also offer services which are not originally attributable to the logist</p><p>　　The comb

27、ination of both dimensions reveals certain basic configurations of LSPs, as the nature of the product determines its potential for customization. Standardizing LSPs offer mainly the core logistics processes, as depicted

28、above. These processes are subject to economies of scale and therefore favour specialized providers of these services.</p><p>　　Bundling LSPs offer ex definitione more than one standardized product. The bund

29、le they offer will most probably consist of certain core processes and/or value added services with regard to their customers’ needs. Standardized financial services, such as insurance or payment services, may as well be

30、 part of their product portfolio. However, bundling LSPs will not offer management support services or tools, as these products have to be configured with regard to one special customer. These tools ar</p><p&g

31、t;　　E-commerce</p><p>　　To understand the importance of logistics in many e-commerce business models, we will first propose a definition of electronic commerce. Subsequently, we will point out the relative i

32、mportance of logistics for each generic e-commerce business model and describe how supply chains are affected by e-commerce.</p><p>　　“Broadly speaking, electronic commerce includes any form of economic acti

33、vity conducted via electronic connections” (Wigand, 1997). Although this is a very broad definition of e-commerce, it highlights the two crucial elements:</p><p>　　(1) economic activity; and </p><

34、p>　　(2) electronic connections. </p><p>　　An economic activity or, more precisely, an economic transaction can generally be divided into five phases:</p><p>　　(1) initiation; </p><

35、p>　　(2) agreement; </p><p>　　(3) exchange; </p><p>　　(4) inspection/control; and </p><p>　　(5) adjustment/service. </p><p>　　It is clear that the term electronic com

36、merce combines economic transactions with electronical means. The question to be raised is: which of the five phases have to be carried out electronically to allow the term e-commerce to be applied?</p><p>　

37、　We will include the most fundamental transaction phase, that of agreement, at the core of the definition. Furthermore, the electronic initiation of the transaction will be considered an essential component of the term e

38、-commerce. The initiation phase is the phase where electronic means are perceived to offer the most radical changes and improvements (Evans and Wurster, 1997, 1999; Bakos, 1997, 1998) over the physical world. The inclusi

39、on of both phases excludes the mere online search for product</p><p>　　We do not include the electronic exchange of goods or services as a necessary condition for e-commerce. This very narrow approach (Choi

40、et al., 1997) would only comprise digital products, therefore reducing logistics to solely information logistics and render a further discussion of the implications of e-commerce for logistics useless. The electronic con

41、duct of the exchange phase will thus be treated as a non-necessary condition for e-commerce. By the same token, the electronic control and adjus</p><p>　　The second essential element of e-commerce is the ele

42、ctronic connection. Electronic connections range from phone lines and telegraphic wires to fibre-optic cables and satellite communication. A definition of e-commerce using the term electronic connection would encompass s

43、imple phone ordering. However, this is usually not interpreted as e-commerce. For our purposes, we will focus on computer-to-computer connections via electronic data interchange (EDI) or Internet technology, encompassing

44、 the Wo</p><p>　　E-commerce following this definition can be identified in nearly every possible economic relationship.</p><p>　　By referring to three basic groups of actors (business, administr

45、ation, and consumer), five general types of e-commerce can be identified:</p><p>　　(1) business-to-business (b2b); </p><p>　　(2) business-to-consumer (b2c); </p><p>　　(3) consumer-t

46、o-consumer (c2c); </p><p>　　(4) business-to-administration (b2a); and </p><p>　　(5) consumer-to-administration (c2a). </p><p>　　To simplify the examination we will treat governments

47、 and other public organizations like businesses where they act as buyers. Furthermore, we will ignore transactions between consumers, thus concentrating on b2b and b2c exchanges.</p><p>　　Within these types

48、of transactions, three basic classes of business models can be identified:</p><p>　　(1) portal; </p><p>　　(2) market maker; and </p><p>　　(3) service provider (Mahadevan, 2000). <

49、;/p><p>　　Portals offer information and search services for their customers. They serve as the entrance into the online marketspace and are among the most recognized. Their revenue streams mainly come from adve

50、rtisements and provision fees for channelling Web traffic to Web sites of product/service providers.</p><p>　　Market makers not only build a community for customers like portals, they also enable economic tr

51、ansactions between them by offering mechanisms for the secure and trustworthy conduct of such transactions. Their source of income can be provision fees for every transaction on the marketplaces enabled by them or one-ti

52、me charges for developing and establishing electronic marketplaces.</p><p>　　Product/service providers, finally, are companies that sell directly via the Internet. According to our definition of e-commerce t

53、hey present, market (e.g. at portals) and sell their products/service on the Web. Depending on the type of good/service, the result will be the physical or digital delivery of goods or the performance of some kind of ser

54、vice.</p><p>　　Obviously, some companies span more than one of the generic business models and cover more than one segment, trying to leverage their brand name and customer base (Arthur, 1996). For the scope

55、 of our examination, portals are of minor interest, because the only logistics flows they generate are information flows. Of greater relevance are the market makers and of course the product providers, because they gener

56、ate logistics challenges. As we will see in the following section, some of these challen</p><p>　　Changes in supply chain configurations and the role of logistics service providers</p><p>　　In t

57、raditional supply chains logistics service providers take a prominent role, as goods are to be shipped between suppliers and OEM producers as well as downstream through the distribution chain. The extent to which these a

58、ctivities are outsourced to LSPs differs among industries as well as among individual companies. The grey-shaded boxes in Figure 5 are the new elements added to a generic supply chain by e-commerce applications. They can

59、 either complement or substitute traditional supply chai</p><p>　　Changes in the downstream segment</p><p>　　The first and most obvious point of interference is the stage between consumer and re

60、tailer. Traditionally the products were pushed down the chain with the last mile logistics being performed by the consumer himself. In e-commerce the consumer chooses his products on his personal computer via an online s

61、tore with the fulfilment being handled by the e-commerce provider. This shift has major implications, as decentralized and uncoordinated logistics activities (from individual customers) are trans</p><p>　　Th

62、e reasons for disintermediation are derived from the following logic. Every stage in the chain adds costs in the form of handling, shipping, profits and transaction costs (Benjamin and Wigand, 1995). A producer offering

63、direct home delivery has to answer the question whether the additional costs related to direct home delivery are more than compensated for by the savings incurred from skipping the additional stages of the distribution c

64、hain. However, the retail stages not only add costs, they </p><p>　　Wholesalers and retailers not only are an additional handling stage, they fulfil a vast array of functions (Müller-Hagedorn, 1993). Th

65、e most important function is to offer an assortment of goods, enabling the consumer to choose between products from different producers (e.g. the consumer can choose between personal computers of at least three or four p

66、roducers at a computer shop compared with only Dell’s pcs at Dell.com). However, the Internet is a medium well suited to offer this assortment fun</p><p>　　Changes in the upstream segment</p><p>

67、;　　The supplier in the generic supply chain (see Figure 5) does not offer goods of interest to the consumer or the retailer, thus isolating him from the downstream part of the supply chain. E-commerce for him becomes vis

68、ible through electronic marketplaces, where a fraction of his products will be procured from his customers. In the classic supply chain the supplier-producer or producer-retailer relationships were characterized as stabl

69、e networks of a limited number of partners interconnected via d</p><p>　　These new open marketplaces create a challenge for supply chain planning, since they could introduce a change from stable, long-term r

70、elationships with suppliers towards unstable spot-market relationships with changing partners in certain industries. But these traded goods will still have to be transported to the customer; therefore the role of LSPs is

71、 – in general – not disputed. However, e-marketplaces are considering closer ties to preselected LSPs, aiming at providing their customers with hi</p><p>　　To summarize, e-commerce business models are distin

72、ct from offline business models not only because of higher interactivity and 24/7 availability. They promote the importance of logistics (Gurau et al., 2001) and, in many cases, create different logistical tasks. The log

73、istical systems of many companies, especially in the retail sector, are not sufficient to manage the new challenges. In order to participate in e-commerce, companies will have to seek new logistical solutions. Pure e-com

74、merce pla</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)對(duì)物流服務(wù)商的影響</p><p>　　Werner Delfmann，Sascha Albers， Martin Gehring</p><p>　　商務(wù)政策和物流，科隆大學(xué)，德國(guó)</p><p>　　摘要

75、：在商業(yè)環(huán)境,電子商務(wù)的影響經(jīng)常受到贊美但很少受到分析審查。在本文中,我們?cè)噲D描述電子商務(wù)物流的潛在相關(guān)方面及物流服務(wù)供應(yīng)商的影響。這似乎是頗為重要的,因?yàn)槲锪鞅豢醋魇请娮由虅?wù)運(yùn)作的骨干。然而,專門從事這一領(lǐng)域的公司通常被忽視了。我們認(rèn)為,電子商務(wù)物流的影響可分為兩大類:電子交易市場(chǎng)的崛起、消除供應(yīng)鏈的元素(“去中介化”)。通過(guò)詳細(xì)分析這兩個(gè)種類及其主要物流含義，我們來(lái)闡述物流服務(wù)供應(yīng)商的戰(zhàn)略結(jié)果。</p><p&g

76、t;　　關(guān)鍵詞：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，物流，策略</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)已經(jīng)成為過(guò)去幾年的流行詞之一。研究人員及分析人士預(yù)測(cè)：整個(gè)行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境的巨大變化,在新經(jīng)濟(jì)中，正引起一個(gè)目前為止還不被人所知的在股票價(jià)格方面的沖突。然而,這幾乎是兩年前的事情了。今天,塵埃落定,許多很有前途的新的電子商務(wù)公司已經(jīng)失敗或正在作生死掙扎。在電子商務(wù)中，

77、如此多公司的失敗可以說(shuō)明這些公司都忽視了將物流作為成功的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素,它暗含著一個(gè)杰出的企業(yè)要關(guān)注其物流環(huán)節(jié)。物流服務(wù)提供商(物流服務(wù)商)從而面臨著在他們各自的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境中的變化。因此,令人驚訝的是很少有公司已經(jīng)注意到這些變化,并評(píng)估他們的直接和間接物流服務(wù)商。</p><p>　　本文試圖彌合這種差距。它分為三個(gè)主要部分。第一部分涉及物流服務(wù)供應(yīng)商的種類和分類。在第二部分中提供電子商務(wù)這一術(shù)語(yǔ)的詳細(xì)解釋以及電子商

78、務(wù)企業(yè)的突出商業(yè)模式是修改物流結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。最后,我們關(guān)注的是這些修改的意義和物流服務(wù)商的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。</p><p><b>　　物流服務(wù)提供商</b></p><p>　　由于越來(lái)越多的公司將他們的物流業(yè)務(wù)外包,所以物流服務(wù)提供商的重要性逐漸增加。一般而言,物流服務(wù)提供商是代表別人執(zhí)行其公司物流活動(dòng)的公司。這類公司有個(gè)額外的大眾術(shù)語(yǔ)，那就是第三方物流公司或合同的物流公

79、司?！盁o(wú)論選擇的是什么標(biāo)簽,那都是執(zhí)行全部或部分公司物流功能的外部供應(yīng)商?！比欢?這種定義只說(shuō)明了物流服務(wù)提供商的一個(gè)表面特征,而留下了這些提供商不能解答的功能范圍。</p><p>　　通過(guò)參照潛在作用域的定義來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)物流服務(wù)商的功能,這一方式似乎是合理的，這就是物流和物流管理。參照物流管理協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)物流的定義，物流功能包括計(jì)劃、執(zhí)行和控制貨物的流動(dòng)、服務(wù)和相關(guān)信息。</p><p>　　物流

80、服務(wù)商不同于他們提供給他們客戶以及與考慮其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的服務(wù)。雖然是一個(gè)公認(rèn)的物流服務(wù)特征學(xué)為仍舊沒(méi)有界定,但是某些命題也因此而出現(xiàn)了,例如類型的服務(wù)、地理范圍的貨物類型的操作和處理。關(guān)于他們?yōu)榻忉岆娮由虅?wù)引起供應(yīng)鏈的變化的貢獻(xiàn),我們會(huì)追求用兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)描述一個(gè)特性,然而,兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是密切相關(guān)的。我們將集中于功能和程度的定制,結(jié)合這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并允許一個(gè)綜合聚類的物流服務(wù)商。</p><p>　　根據(jù)Sink的研究，物流服務(wù)商的

81、典型概述功能是基于物流服務(wù)的買家之間的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查。</p><p>　　一個(gè)更加概念化的方法是由Engelsleben提出的,它集合這些功能并將之分為兩個(gè)主要團(tuán)體:一個(gè)是與實(shí)際流動(dòng)貨物和服務(wù)有直接關(guān)系的服務(wù)，另一個(gè)是不直接與實(shí)際貨物的流動(dòng)相關(guān)的服務(wù)。</p><p>　　然而,服務(wù)的這些功能及類型也可以根據(jù)定制的程度來(lái)分組。根據(jù)這一方法，聚類的物流服務(wù)提供商這個(gè)維度是由Niebuer來(lái)實(shí)施的

82、，他將物流服務(wù)提供商分為3個(gè)主要群體。第一組包括的服務(wù)提供商是,它只提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和孤立的物流服務(wù)或分布函數(shù),如運(yùn)輸和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)。他們完成了對(duì)他們的客戶服務(wù)是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化服務(wù),導(dǎo)致高度可互換這種類型的物流服務(wù)商之間。這些公司是高度專業(yè)化的,在他們的領(lǐng)域,不會(huì)為他們的客戶接管協(xié)調(diào)或行政的職能。他們主要是處理關(guān)于這些特殊的物流對(duì)象的均勻物體和優(yōu)化其整個(gè)物流系統(tǒng)。物流服務(wù)商的計(jì)劃、實(shí)施和規(guī)范控制是根據(jù)他們自己的物流系統(tǒng)要求來(lái)考慮的。比如：傳統(tǒng)的運(yùn)營(yíng)商和集成商

83、訂立承諾書,并且依據(jù)承諾書,通過(guò)UPS和聯(lián)邦快遞公司來(lái)提供郵寄服務(wù)。我們將把它們稱為規(guī)范的物流服務(wù)提供商。</p><p>　　第二組是根據(jù)其客戶的愿望將規(guī)范的服務(wù)集合到一束物流服務(wù)的物流服務(wù)商。我們因此稱他們?yōu)槔壩锪鞣?wù)商。運(yùn)行協(xié)調(diào)和安排這些服務(wù)是由LSP提供的,而部署則是由買方公司來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)的。這些一束束的服務(wù)經(jīng)常由一個(gè)物流活動(dòng)中心實(shí)施的,如交通、結(jié)合二次活動(dòng),如簡(jiǎn)單的裝配和質(zhì)量控制活動(dòng),由傳統(tǒng)的代理公司在汽車

84、行業(yè)實(shí)施。這些可為所有的潛在客戶提供未分化的服務(wù)并將因此而不會(huì)被視作定制服務(wù)。</p><p>　　我們將稱第三組是定制物流服務(wù)提供商,因?yàn)檫@些公司根據(jù)他們客戶的喜好來(lái)定制設(shè)計(jì)物流服務(wù)和物流系統(tǒng)。結(jié)合這些物流服務(wù)商和修改組件的物流服務(wù),特別是某一特定客戶的需求。這種類型的公司通常為他們的客戶接管協(xié)調(diào)和行政的責(zé)任。這些提供商也提供服務(wù),這并非歸屬于物流功能,而是為了融資和生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。定制的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是物流服務(wù)商可見(jiàn)的

85、概念和協(xié)調(diào)的一面,他們自己為了規(guī)范物流活動(dòng)而外包物流服務(wù)。個(gè)性化定制機(jī)制LSP接管負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)作的有效性和效率的物流系統(tǒng)客戶。比如：美國(guó)的德國(guó)WM組和萊德系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)定制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)闡述了物流服務(wù)商的聚類。</p><p>　　兩者的結(jié)合揭示了物流服務(wù)商的某些基本結(jié)構(gòu)。隨著產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì)決定了它定制的潛力。規(guī)范物流服務(wù)商提供主要核心物流過(guò)程。這些過(guò)程都受到經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模限制因此受到專業(yè)服務(wù)提供商的青睞。</p><p

86、>　　捆綁物流服務(wù)商練習(xí)超過(guò)一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化來(lái)銷售產(chǎn)品。他們提供的捆綁服務(wù)十之八九會(huì)由某些核心流程或增值服務(wù)以滿足不同客戶的需要。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的金融服務(wù),例如,保險(xiǎn)或支付服務(wù),還不如他們的部分產(chǎn)品目錄。然而,捆綁物流服務(wù)商不會(huì)提供管理支持服務(wù)或工具,因?yàn)檫@些產(chǎn)品都必須根據(jù)一個(gè)特殊的客戶來(lái)配置。這些工具因此由定制物流服務(wù)商提供。這組物流服務(wù)商主要是避免產(chǎn)生核心過(guò)程本身,就像他們是來(lái)源于專業(yè)(規(guī)范)的物流服務(wù)商。</p><p

87、><b>　　電子商務(wù)</b></p><p>　　為了了解在許多電子商務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)模式物流的重要性,我們將首先提出了電子商務(wù)的定義。隨后,我們會(huì)為每一個(gè)通用的電子商務(wù)物流供應(yīng)鏈模型指出物流的相對(duì)重要性,和描述電子商務(wù)如何影響供應(yīng)鏈。</p><p>　　從廣義上來(lái)講,電子商務(wù)包括通過(guò)電子連接而進(jìn)行的任何形式的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。盡管這是一個(gè)非常廣泛的電子商務(wù)的定義,它突出了兩

88、個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素:</p><p><b>　　(1)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng);</b></p><p><b>　　(2)電子連接。</b></p><p>　　一種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),或更精確的說(shuō),是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)交易，它一般可分為五個(gè)階段:</p><p><b>　　(1)開(kāi)始;</b></p>

89、<p><b>　　(2)協(xié)議;</b></p><p><b>　　(3)交流;</b></p><p><b>　　(4)檢驗(yàn)/控制;</b></p><p><b>　　(5)調(diào)整/服務(wù)</b></p><p>　　很明顯,這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)將經(jīng)

90、濟(jì)交易與電子手段結(jié)合起來(lái)。問(wèn)題是:五個(gè)階段里的哪一個(gè)進(jìn)行電子化實(shí)施以允許執(zhí)行電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用?</p><p>　　我們將包括最基本的交易階段,這是最為核心的定義。此外,電子啟動(dòng)的交易將會(huì)被認(rèn)為是不可或缺的電子商務(wù)的一部分。開(kāi)始階段是這樣一個(gè)階段,在這個(gè)階段中提供電子手段的感知是在物質(zhì)世界最激進(jìn)的變革與進(jìn)步。包括兩個(gè)階段排除了純粹的在線搜索產(chǎn)品資料,緊隨其后的是在傳統(tǒng)商店訪問(wèn)電子商務(wù)。同樣的道理,那只不過(guò)是廣告的發(fā)展

91、，不可能來(lái)結(jié)束這個(gè)交易網(wǎng)絡(luò)，也不會(huì)被當(dāng)作電子商務(wù)。</p><p>　　我們不將電子交換的商品或服務(wù)作為電子商務(wù)的必要條件。這中非常狹窄的方法將只包含數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品,因而減少物流完全信息物流和作出進(jìn)一步的討論。電子行為的交流階段將因此被看作為電子商務(wù)的不必要條件。同樣,電子控制和調(diào)整/服務(wù)階段也不是必要條件。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的第二個(gè)基本元素是電子連接。電子連接范圍從電話線路、電信電

92、線光導(dǎo)纖維電纜和衛(wèi)星通訊。定義電子商務(wù)使用術(shù)語(yǔ)，電子連接將包含簡(jiǎn)單的電話訂票。然而,這通常不被解釋成電子商務(wù)。因?yàn)槲覀兊哪繕?biāo),我們將通過(guò)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換(EDI)或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)連接。隨著全球資訊網(wǎng)以及經(jīng)典的電子數(shù)據(jù)交換(EDI)/貨車被連接到英特網(wǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)協(xié)議,利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。濃度的原因很簡(jiǎn)單:在網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)作為一種雙向通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間的平衡，達(dá)到克服與豐富信息,提供顯著降低交易成本的潛力。因特網(wǎng)似乎是目前進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)交易最有前途的骨干。我們將集

93、中在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上,像我們希望它成為唯一的介質(zhì)內(nèi)的電子交易活動(dòng)一樣。我們定義了電子行為的電子商務(wù)協(xié)議，至少引發(fā)和階段的主要任務(wù)是通過(guò)電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)交易,容許自動(dòng)化加工的交易數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　通過(guò)參照三種基本組演員(業(yè)務(wù)、管理、以及消費(fèi)者),電子商務(wù)的五個(gè)一般類型，可以被識(shí)別。</p><p>　　(1)企業(yè)間電子商務(wù);</p><p>　　(2)企業(yè)和客戶間的電子

94、商務(wù);</p><p>　　(3)消費(fèi)者與消費(fèi)者之間的電子商務(wù);</p><p>　　(4)企業(yè)與政府之間的電子商務(wù);</p><p>　　(5)消費(fèi)者與政府間的電子商務(wù)。</p><p>　　為了簡(jiǎn)化測(cè)試，我們要把政府和其他社會(huì)組織，比如商業(yè),在那里他們充當(dāng)買家。此外,我們可以忽略消費(fèi)者之間的交易,因此集中于b2b和b2c的這兩種交易模式。

95、</p><p>　　在這些類型的交易中,三個(gè)基本類生意模型能較好地被識(shí)別:</p><p><b>　　(1)門戶;</b></p><p>　　(2)市場(chǎng)制造者的角色;</p><p><b>　　(3)服務(wù)提供商。</b></p><p>　　門戶網(wǎng)站為他們的客戶提供資

96、訊和搜索服務(wù)。他們屬于認(rèn)可充當(dāng)進(jìn)入在線交易的額入口。他們主要來(lái)自廣告收入流以及提供網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸?shù)骄W(wǎng)站產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的提供者的費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　市場(chǎng)制造者不僅為客戶建立一個(gè)社區(qū)門戶網(wǎng)站,他們還能夠?yàn)樗麄冎g的經(jīng)濟(jì)往來(lái)提供安全、可信的作用機(jī)理，來(lái)進(jìn)行這樣的交易。他們的收入來(lái)源的費(fèi)用可以為開(kāi)發(fā)和建立電子市場(chǎng)提供每筆交易市場(chǎng)上的被激活或一次性費(fèi)用支出。</p><p>　　最后，產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)提供商

97、,公司產(chǎn)品直接通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來(lái)銷售。根據(jù)我們目前電子商務(wù)的定義，市場(chǎng)和銷售他們的產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)都是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上進(jìn)行的。根據(jù)產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的類型，結(jié)果都會(huì)是實(shí)體或貨物的數(shù)字交付或者是某種形式服務(wù)的表現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　供應(yīng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)的變化和物流服務(wù)提供商的角色</p><p>　　在傳統(tǒng)供應(yīng)鏈中，物流服務(wù)供應(yīng)商扮演著一個(gè)突出的角色,因?yàn)樨浳飳⒃诠?yīng)商和OEM生產(chǎn)者之間進(jìn)行裝運(yùn)，正如下游通過(guò)物流鏈一樣。在一

98、定程度上,在不同行業(yè)以及在個(gè)別的公司，這些活動(dòng)是外包給物流服務(wù)商的。他們既可以補(bǔ)充又能代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的供應(yīng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)。然而，網(wǎng)上商店時(shí)都代表更早描述的該產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)提供商的商業(yè)模型，電子交易市場(chǎng)能代表著市場(chǎng)制造者的商業(yè)模式。</p><p><b>　　下游階段的變化</b></p><p>　　第一個(gè)也是最明顯的一個(gè)干擾是消費(fèi)者和零售商之間這一階段。傳統(tǒng)上,這些產(chǎn)品都是推到下個(gè)

99、環(huán)節(jié)最后一階段物流，消費(fèi)者自己來(lái)實(shí)施最后步驟。在電子商務(wù)中，消費(fèi)者在他的個(gè)人電腦上通過(guò)由物流服務(wù)提供商控制的網(wǎng)上商店來(lái)選擇他的產(chǎn)品。這種轉(zhuǎn)變有重大的意義,因?yàn)榉稚⒌囊约安粎f(xié)調(diào)的物流活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為潛在的捆綁貨物流，這種方式至少在一定程度上是由供應(yīng)商方面控制的,為復(fù)雜的規(guī)劃和有效物流系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)留下了空間。事實(shí)正好相反，當(dāng)零售商階段被忽視后,仿佛生產(chǎn)商直接向消費(fèi)者提供他們的貨物。在這種情況下，高度捆綁發(fā)運(yùn)到零售商，正在取代低得多,捆綁發(fā)運(yùn)到最終消

100、費(fèi)。因此,零售商和生產(chǎn)商將不得不改變自己的物流系統(tǒng),建立了小包裝來(lái)鞏固發(fā)運(yùn)。兩種作用的結(jié)果都是導(dǎo)致了電子商務(wù)“去中介化”現(xiàn)象。在傳統(tǒng)的供應(yīng)鏈中，零售商是消費(fèi)者的唯一干擾因素。</p><p>　　“去中介化”的原因是來(lái)自于下列邏輯。鏈上的每個(gè)階段在操作形式、處理、航運(yùn)、利潤(rùn)和交易成本等方面增加了成本。一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者直接提供送貨到家，那就必須回答這樣的問(wèn)題——是否有關(guān)直接送貨到家的額外費(fèi)用更多的通過(guò)銷售鏈所錯(cuò)過(guò)額外的存

101、款來(lái)補(bǔ)償。然而,零售階段不僅增加成本,它們同樣會(huì)增加產(chǎn)品價(jià)值。</p><p>　　批發(fā)商和零售商不僅是一個(gè)額外的處理階段,它們同樣完成大量的功能。最重要的功能是提供各式各樣的商品,使消費(fèi)者能從不同的廠家的產(chǎn)品中選擇產(chǎn)品。然而,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是適合提供這個(gè)品種功能的一個(gè)中介。最受歡迎的網(wǎng)絡(luò)零售商,亞馬遜網(wǎng)站,提供一種產(chǎn)品的選擇將近500萬(wàn)種,其中包括超過(guò)400萬(wàn)冊(cè)的藏書。相比之下,有20萬(wàn)的書最大離線書店。但這種巨大的選